Firm-level innovation in Nigeria
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Transcript of Firm-level innovation in Nigeria
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Answers from an Industry-wide Survey
HOW CAPABLE ARE HOW CAPABLE ARE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN
NIGERIA TO INNOVATE?NIGERIA TO INNOVATE?
NATIONAL CENTRE FOR TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT, ILE-IFEwww.nacetem.org
At the Industrial Innovation and NIS Workshop organised by UNIDO
22-23 November, 2007
Abuja, Nigeria
W. O. Siyanbola (PhD) & A. A. Egbetokun
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
OUTLINEOUTLINEThe Implementing AgencyThe SurveyResultsWay Forward
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
The National Centre for The National Centre for Technology Management Technology Management (NACETEM)(NACETEM) Set up to:2. serve as training centre for the development of high level manpower in
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) management to all tiers of government and the private sector.
3. conduct policy research, evaluation and review with a view to making policy recommendations for dynamic technology-based development.
4. establish, maintain and provide access to databanks on STI research outputs and facilitate activities towards commercial exploitation.
5. Design and run PG Courses/Programmes in STI management in conjunction with appropriate Departments/Units/Centres of Universities/Institutions.
6. Assist government at all levels in the country in STI policy formulation and strategies for utilising such for development.
7. Collaborate with other countries especially African countries in STI policy research, training and consultancy.
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
NACETEM, so far.. .NACETEM, so far.. . 60 short-term relevant courses in various topics in STI management,
Over 500 participants in attendance.
Over 150 students (mid to high-level workers) trained through weekend PGD in Technology Management (Lagos and Ile-Ife; Abuja coming soon).
2 major Policy Discussion Fora for top-level policy makers Experts Forum on STI Management (National Assembly S&T Committee
Members; 2006) STI Policy Dialogue for State Ministries (Perm Secs/Technocrats from
States; 2007)
6 Concluded research projects
(see http://www.nacetem.org/concluded_research.htm)
9 ongoing research projects (see http://www.nacetem.org/research.htm)
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
The SurveyThe Survey
One of NACETEM’s several corporate research projects
Commenced in 2006
Data collection commenced in September 2007
Aims mainly to understand the innovative characteristics of Nigeria’s manufacturing industry and how best they can be helped
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Concept Innovation is application of knowledge in production
Innovation includes machinery/equipment acquisition
An innovation is relative only to the firm; focus is not on novelty in the industry, the country or the world
Firms’ innovation capability is manifested in their innovation activities
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Survey CharacteristicsSurvey CharacteristicsWork in progress; not to be quotedResponse rate, so far, is about 30%Used the ISIC Rev3Covered all industriesReference Period: 2003 - 2006Used stratified random samplingUsed questionnaire for data collectionQuestionnaire administered by the KIA
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Key Survey Constraints Firms are largely unwilling to give information Firms seem to have “lost faith” in government Data collection is expensive!
WE ARE OPEN TO COLLABORATION
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Zonal Representation in the Zonal Representation in the SampleSample
Firms from the South-West > South-East > North-West in the sample.
Is this indicative of the level of industrial activity in these zones? WE BELIEVE SO!
South East13%
South West66%
North Central2%
North West11%
South South8%
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Ownership Structure of the Ownership Structure of the FirmsFirms
Full Nigerian ownership > JVPs > other ownership types. Does this indicate health in the economy? MAYBE!
4.64100% Foreign Individual(s)
26.423Joint Venture
100.087Total
2.32100% Foreign Corporation
4.64Nigerian Public Ownership
62.154100% Nigerian Private
PercentFrequency
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Who are the JVPartners?Who are the JVPartners?
26.35Nigerian firms & Foreign Individual(s)
36.87Nigerian Firms & Foreign firms
100.019Total
21.14Unspecified
15.83Nigerian Govt. & foreign firm(s)
21.14Nigerian Public- Private Partnership
PercentFrequency
Most of the JVPs are firm-centred
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Where is FDI coming from?Where is FDI coming from?
Europe > Asia > Africa.
CAVEAT: This may not be the absolutely representative situation because the Asian-owned firms were less responsive to the survey.
Europe50%Asia
43%
Africa7%
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Organisational StructureOrganisational Structure
10 (12-2)Range
2.274Standard Deviation
4.94Mean
3Mode
ValueStatistic Manufacturing firms in Nigeria are relatively flat.
Does this indicate good management practice? WE BELIEVE SO.
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Age of the Firms
20 – 39 yrsMode
80 (81-1)Range
15.7Standard Deviation
23.9Mean
ValueStatistic
Industry in Nigeria has come of age
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% o f T o t a l S a mp l e
Le ss than 5
5 - 9
1 0 - 19
20 - 39
40 - 50
Ove r 50
U nspe c ifie d
Ag
e of
Firm
(Y
ears
)
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Size of the FirmsSize of the Firms
Most of the firms are in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) category. Average Firm size is 35 employees (2006 figures)
27.3
58.2
7.3 5.5
1.8
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Less than 10 10 - 49 50 - 99 100 - 299 Over 300
F i r m S i z e
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Innovation Indicators…Innovation Indicators…
44.8Diffusion-based
55.2Marketing
74.3Organisational
78.1Process
83.8In-house Activity based
84.8Product
88.6General
Percentage of FirmsInnovation Type
The firms are generally innovative; diffusion-based innovation is the least common
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
…… by Firm Sizeby Firm Size
100.0Over 300
100.0100 - 299
75.050 - 99
84.410 - 49
86.7Less than 10
% InnovatorsFirm Size Smaller firms appear to be more innovative…
…though firm size is not strongly associated with innovation (χ2 = 1.08; p>0.05 at 4 df)
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
…… by Firm Ageby Firm Age
% InnovatorsFirm Age
66.7Over 50
91.740 - 50
90.920 - 39
100.010 - 19
88.95 - 9
83.3Less than 5…and the younger ones too
…though firm age is not strongly associated with innovation (χ2 = 5.03; p>0.05 at 5 df)
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
…… and by Firm Locationand by Firm Location
90.5South-West
100.0North-West
100.0South-South
50.0North-Central
83.3South-East
% InnovatorsZone…firms in the North-Central are the least innovative (χ2 = 6.603; p>0.05 at 4 df)
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Sources of Information for Sources of Information for InnovationInnovation
44Fairs, exhibitions
52Education & research institutes (EROs)
45Parent firm
46Professional journals & trade pubs
47Business and industry associations
52Client firm
78Customers
61Internal
39Government
41Consulting firms
62Suppliers
% of Innovating FirmsVery important sources
EROs contribute little to innovation…
…government contribute the least
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Key Reasons for InnovatingKey Reasons for Innovating
% of innovatorsVery important reasons
70Improve working conditions
73Take advantage of new technology
75Extend product range
82Lower production costs
91Satisfy customers’ demands
100Improve product quality
Product Quality leads reasons for innovation…
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Key Reasons for InnovatingKey Reasons for Innovating
% of innovatorsVery important reasons
45Deliberate in-house efforts
50Avail of government support
50Replace old product generations
55Deal with new competitors in export markets
60Deal with the challenge of new technology
62Deal with new competitors at home
65Comply with Nigerian laws and standards
65Develop more environmental-friendly products/processes
…deliberate efforts is least important
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Impact of InnovationImpact of Innovation
24Rejection/Return of products
55Employment
76Diversification
80Positive environmental impact
82New product development
82Process improvement
86Compliance with regulations
89Product differentiation
90Market share (domestic)
93Profit
Increases in % of innovatorsVery Significant Impact
Innovators made more profit…
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Barriers to InnovationBarriers to Innovation
35Long administrative/approval process within firm
37Lack of skilled personnel
45Lack of information on technology
47Weak customer demand
47Legislation/legal restrictions
57High cost of innovation
64Lack of financing
72Domestic economic conditions
% of innovatorsVery Significant Obstacles to Innovation
Economy and funding require attention…
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Most important forms of Govt. Most important forms of Govt. SupportSupport
24Technical Support/advice
27Subsidies
29Infrastructure support
29R&D Funding
30Training
34Tax Rebates
36Loans and Grants
% of innovatorsForms of Govt Support
Firms think financial incentives are critical…
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National Centre for Technology ManagementNational Centre for Technology Management
……managing technology for sustainable developmentmanaging technology for sustainable development
Way Forward
We all have responsibilities Government (focus on macro-economics and
institutions) EROs (foster relationships) Development Partners (assist with funding) Industry (Be willing to cooperate)