FIREFIGHTER WOOD PRODUCT AND BUILDING SYSTEMS AWARENESS: A RESOURCE GUIDE

Lia Bishop, Martha Dow, Len Garis and Paul Maxim

March 2015

CENTRE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH

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Contents

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 2

FIREFIGHTING AWARENESS AND RESPONSE RESOURCES: AN INTRODUCTION ...................................... 2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AWARENESS ............................................................................................................. 2

General .................................................................................................................................................. 2 CONSTRUCTION SITE AWARENESS ..................................................................................................................... 4

WOOD BUILDINGS AND FIRE SAFETY ............................................................................................ 4 FIRE PROTECTION AND STATISTICS, BUILDING AND FIRE CODES, STRUCTURAL DESIGN .............................................. 4

Fire Protection and Statistics ................................................................................................................. 4 ELEMENTS OF FIRE SAFETY IN WOOD BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................... 8

General Fire Performance: Charring, Flame Spread and Fire Resistance .............................................. 8 Lightweight Wood-frame Construction – Including Trusses, I-Joists, Gypsum Board ........................... 9 Wood Panel Products .......................................................................................................................... 10 Heavy Timber Construction – Solid-sawn Timber and Glued-laminated Timber (Glulam) .................. 10 Cross-Laminated Timber ...................................................................................................................... 11 Structural Composite Lumber .............................................................................................................. 12

FIRE PROTECTION – PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS .................................................................................................. 12 Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood ............................................................................................................. 12 Fire-Retardant-Coated Wood .............................................................................................................. 13 Fire-Resistant-Coated Wood................................................................................................................ 13 Encapsulation ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Sprinkler Systems, Fire Alarms, Smoke Alarms .................................................................................... 14

DEVELOPMENTS AND STUDIES IN WOOD CONSTRUCTION .................................................................................. 15 National - Canada ................................................................................................................................ 15 British Columbia .................................................................................................................................. 16 International - USA .............................................................................................................................. 17

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................................. 17 VIDEOS ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 MEDIA RELEASES AND NEWS ARTICLES ............................................................................................................ 18 PRESENTATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 19 TRAINING RESOURCES AND PROGRAMS ........................................................................................................... 20

Training Resources .............................................................................................................................. 20 Training Programs ............................................................................................................................... 21

WEBSITES ................................................................................................................................................... 22 Wood Industry ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Building and Fire Codes ....................................................................................................................... 23 Firefighting Associations and Other Information ................................................................................ 24

OTHER RESOURCES ...................................................................................................................................... 26

GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................................... 27

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................... 30

AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION .................................................................................. 31

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Introduction

The construction industry continues to be a growing economic sector in Canada. Within this

market, various stakeholders are exploring traditional building products as well as innovating with

these and other products. Numerous jurisdictions are exploring reformative measures that have the

potential to enhance opportunities for the wood industry to respond to various economic,

sustainability, environmental, and safety challenges and opportunities. This resource guide focuses

on some of those safety issues by providing links to both general and more specialized information

sources regarding various fire safety factors related to wood building construction.

Firefighting Awareness and Response Resources: An Introduction

Building Construction Awareness

General

Manufacturing and Industrial Fires: Do You Know What You're Getting Into?

The article discusses several significant issues that fire departments should consider when looking

at manufacturing and industrial facilities. Fire departments with very old buildings in their

jurisdiction are required to have an understanding of what heavy timber construction is and how

fire affects it. Additionally, it is noted that a building’s purpose needs to be incorporated in any

operational assessment as manufacturing and industrial processes may involve raw material

substances.

Wood-frame Construction

Fighting Fires in Disposable Structures

In this article, the author explains the methods that firefighters should adopt when engaging with

fires in timber-based buildings. Topics explored include situational awareness and various

procedural recommendations associated with responding to burning timber buildings.

Modern Wood-Frame Construction: Firefighting Problems and Tactics

This article discusses the main challenges for the firefighting community in the rise of light-weight

wood-frame construction. The author discusses the relationship between the spread of fire and the

building’s design and associated information regarding firefighter safety.

It’s Not Lightweight Construction, It’s What Happens When Lightweight Construction Meets Fire

Exploring modern methods of light-weight wood construction, this article discusses concerns within

the firefighting community related to risk and awareness associated with fire safety and wood

buildings. Building code regulations, sprinkler systems and training techniques are strategies

investigated in the article.

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Enhancing Public and Firefighter Safety: What is it Going to Take?

The author discusses various dimensions of accountability in relation to firefighter safety given the

increase in wood-based buildings.

Residential Frame Dwelling Fire Injures Firefighter and Yields Important Lessons

Referencing a residential fire in which he sustained injuries, the author discusses what can

be/should be learned from the incident and what areas of building design and construction require

further education of firefighters. Increasing the knowledge of emergency crews and the correct use

of protective gear are some of the strategies presented as effective in mitigating risk to firefighters.

Collapse and Fire Extension in Wood-Frame Construction

When approaching a building engulfed in flames, the type of building construction plays a key role in

shaping how firefighters should respond. The author argues that improving firefighter knowledge of

construction designs, particularly in wood-frame buildings, is vital to responding effectively.

A Side-by-Side Comparison of New and Old Construction

Using a variety of examples, this article discusses key differences between new and old building

constructions and how these differences impact the efforts and risk factors of firefighters. Focusing

primarily on light-weight wood construction, the article explains different strategies and techniques

that could be applied based on the structural design of the building.

A Guide to Firefighter Safety and Modern Structural Firefighting

This guide is designed to increase firefighter awareness and safety when responding to modern

constructions, with a focus on residential buildings. The secondary purpose of this guide is to

develop local training programs and increase awareness of the potential hazards and risks when

responding to modern building structure fires.

Engineered Wood Products Primer Awareness Guide

This guide provides a review of the history and development of engineered wood products (EWPs)

in the marketplace and provides definitions that assist in the identification of these lightweight

products as they are used in building construction.

Mass Timber Construction

The World's Most Advanced Building Material is...WOOD and It's Going to Remake the Skyline

Concentrating mainly on newer mass timber construction methods, such as cross-laminated timber,

the author discusses how wood and timber materials have increased in popularity as building

components. The article compares CLT reaction to fire and its fire resistance ratings to that of steel

and concrete.

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Construction Site Awareness

Construction Site Fire Response: Preventing and Suppressing Fires During Construction of

Large Buildings

In this study, vulnerable aspects of wood buildings in the construction phase is examined. The study

concludes that prevention strategies on construction sites are the most effective measure of fire

safety standards, and it offers suggestions for how planning and fire personnel should develop

better communication with respect to security, inspection and monitoring to improve prevention

tactics.

Construction Site Fire Safety

Since construction sites are most vulnerable to fire and weather damage, it is useful for fire fighters

to understand the fire risks and site safety procedures during various stages of construction. Fire

safety in construction sites is vital especially considering the recent changes within building code

regulations that permits taller wood-frame building projects. This report provides information on

fire safety plans, as well as prevention and protection practices for construction sites.

Wood Buildings and Fire Safety

Fire Protection And Statistics, Building And Fire Codes, Structural Design

Fire Protection and Statistics

Fire Safety Design of Multi-Storey Timber Buildings

This paper examines fire protection and safety requirements for multi-storey lightweight wood-

frame (referred to in this paper as “light timber frame”) and heavy timber buildings. It is most useful

for differentiating between lightweight wood-frame and heavy timber construction, and breaks

down the various materials, structural components and active fire systems that act to protect the

building structure in the case of a fire.

Taller Wood Buildings and Fire Safety: Existing Evidence about Large Wood Construction

This comprehensive research project examines the increased use of wood materials in high-rise

constructions, as well as the current concerns, risks and benefits surrounding wood-based building

safety. The study finds that non-combustible building materials are commonly perceived as safer, yet

new technologies have allowed wood buildings to meet or exceed the fire protection ratings of non-

wood buildings. This study demonstrates that combustibility levels of materials is not the most

critical safety factor, but that “the contents and behaviour of the tenants (smoking, cooking and

having open fires) poses the gravest danger”. New mid-rise and taller wood building constructions

are designed with active and passive protection mechanisms (such as sprinkler systems) that make

them as safe as non-combustible buildings.

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Fire Protection in Wood Buildings

The rise of wood products in mid-rise buildings is a growing phenomenon across North America.

This educational article outlines the basics of fire protection in wood buildings, including the

principles of the International Building Code, active and passive fire protection mechanisms,

allowable wood use in buildings, tested fire-rated wood-frame assemblies, and, calculating fire

endurance using the Component Additive Method (CAM).

Tall Wood Takes a Stand

The increased safety measures and environmental impacts in tall and mid-rise wood buildings are

highlighted in this resource. The article explains that despite a public fear of fire risk, wood

buildings are being designed that can actually lead to better passive fire protection measures. The

article highlights the performance and efficiency of wood buildings in seismic events, thermal

pressure and acoustic impact as well.

Fire Safety, A Wood-Frame Building Performance Fact Sheet

This short fact sheet provides an overview of Canadian fire safety standards in wood-frame

buildings, particularly in relation to its structural design and passive fire safety measures. It explains

how fire prevention and safety is developed throughout various design facets, and that the

development of stricter building codes has changed the ability of fires to spread.

The New Mid-Rise Wood Opportunity

This article provides an overview of the potential opportunities, initiatives and impacts for

communities through the increase of mid-rise wood buildings across Canada. Explaining how

building codes and active fire protection tactics are the most crucial safeguards in fire protection,

this article is useful for those interested in the merits of this increase in this construction type in

urban environments.

Fire Safety of Wood Buildings is Not on Trial

Through detailing the essential technical aspects of fire safety in new wood-based buildings, the

article sheds light on the misconceptions that tend to be emphasized in public awareness and media

campaigns.

Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings

This comprehensive research study examines some of the missing links in awareness and education

in the construction of tall wood buildings. Noting that building codes often limit wood or timber-

based tall and mid-rise constructions, the study examines various framing and assemblage

blueprints for these types of buildings. It explains scientific tests that were completed to evaluate

the strength and durability of wood constructions during a fire and compares those results to

common assumptions of wood buildings. The report highlights a number of successful tall and mid-

rise wood constructions around the globe. Finally, this report lists various recommendations

associated with fire safety measures and the increase in wood building construction.

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The Wood-Frame Conundrum

This article highlights the importance of working sprinkler systems and how they minimize the risk

of fire spread in mid-rise wood buildings. The authors point to a recent study that did not find

evidence to support the assertion that mid-rise wood structures were at a higher risk than older

models of wood-based buildings. Stricter building code requirements and the use of sprinkler

systems decrease death and injury rates, reduce the spread of fire and enhance efforts of firefighters.

Residential Fire in Surrey, BC

This report provides an extensive examination of fire causation patterns and prevention and safety

measures undertaken in Surrey BC. A key finding was that smoke alarms were not functioning in

many homes involved in fire incidents. The study stresses that increasing public awareness of fire

safety measures can significantly decrease the risk of residential fires.

Building and Fire Codes

Fire Safety Design in Buildings

This publication provides detailed information on the techniques and materials used in wood

building construction in relation to fire safety and protection requirements in the National Building

Code of Canada. While the document references the 1995 National Building Code of Canada, many of

the fire safety requirements remain the same and much of the discussion of code assumptions and

objectives, as well as basic concepts such as fire resistance, flame spread and the NFPA Fire Safety

Concepts Tree, are still relevant today. It explains the advantages of various wood assemblies and

employs illustrations to guide readers through the techniques and methods used in reaching

national standards.

Wood Meets Code

This website provides information regarding how wood meets the current fire safety requirements

in building codes in Canada and the US. Supplying additional resources including relevant videos,

illustrations and presentations, this site provides information on the latest construction

technologies and industry developments that ensure wood constructions meet safety and

performance standards for customers and other stakeholders.

Fire Design & Code

This short video outlines fire-resistance ratings for the main types of building projects found in the

United States. The video details the International Building Code's Table 601, which highlights the

basic fire protection requirements for buildings depending on size. It provides details of fire testing

schemes for cross-laminated timber structures, as well as what other types of construction

materials have been used in wood structures to enhance, and in many cases surpass, the minimum

fire protection requirements.

Wood-frame Construction, Fire Resistance and Sound Transmission

This brochure provides background information on fire safety concepts in wood-based lightweight

framing systems, including statistical data and modern examples of fire protection in building

designs and codes. The use of images assists readers who may not be familiar with construction

units to comprehend the particulars of wood-frame construction.

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BC Residential Mid-Rise Wood-Frame Code Change

In May of 2008, Minister Rich Coleman announced government's intention to increase the maximum

height for wood-frame residential construction from four to six storeys. These new BC Building Code

requirements were approved in January 2009 and become effective April 6, 2009 giving the

residential construction sector time to prepare for implementation.

2015 Reference Guide: Mid-Rise Wood Construction in the Ontario Building Code

This report presents the 2015 amendments to the 2012 Ontario Building Code that permit some

mid-rise buildings to be of wood construction. Features, including those related to fire safety, that

are required to be provided for these buildings are identified, along with any conditions on the use

of wood in these buildings relative to the new code provisions.

Construction Code – Revised Regulation Published

The revised Building Chapter of the Quebec Construction Code permits, under certain conditions,

buildings of combustible construction up to six storeys in building height for Group C (residential)

or Group D (business) occupancies to be built. (Available in French only)

Structural Design

Structural, Fire Protection and Building Envelope Professional Engineering Services for 5- and

6-Storey Wood-frame Residential Building Projects (Mid-Rise Buildings)

The purpose of the bulletin is to provide basic technical and practice guidance on structural, fire

protection and building envelope professional engineering issues related to mid-rise buildings. An

important component is the explanation of enhanced requirements for fire safety with respect to

building materials and fire suppression systems. Though the bulletin is directed to engineering

professionals, the discussions of fire safety are informative for firefighters concerned with building

code requirements and more technical and specialized structural information.

Five-Story Wood-Frame Structure over Podium Slab

This structural design example provides general information on one type of mid-rise wood building,

as well as specific information on seismic and wind resistance as they relate to various design issues.

Fire Outcomes by General Construction Type: A Retrospective Analysis of British Columbia

Reported Fires

This paper examines fire incidents that occurred from 2008-2013 in British Columbia including all

reported fires regardless of the building type. The results indicate that fire spread and containment

were mostly related to the efficiency of active fire systems (i.e. sprinklers, alarms) rather than

building type.

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Taller Wood Buildings and Fire Safety: Existing Evidence about Large Wood Construction

Exploring the merits of using wood in taller buildings, this report offers a look at this construction

type and associated fire safety issues. The authors discuss how typical residential and mid-rise

wood constructions use fire protective and resistant properties and how these practices are

transferable to tall-rise wood-frames. The research findings conclude that abiding by minimum

building codes requirements, responsible occupant behaviours, and active fire safety systems all

contribute to proper management of fire risk.

Elements Of Fire Safety In Wood Building Construction

General Fire Performance: Charring, Flame Spread and Fire Resistance

Fire Performance of Wood Products

This guide provides an overview of the fire performance characteristics of wood building products,

including charring, flame spread and fire resistance

Fire Safety: An Introduction

This webpage offers introductory information on fire safety concepts related to wood buildings.

Design for fire

This webpage discusses fire rating in timber products and provides basic information that would be

valuable to firefighters and fire prevention personnel. By detailing information on charring tests on

specific timber products, this site provides an overview of a number of different codes and

regulations for timber and wood-based building types in an Australian context.

Fire Performance

This webpage is useful in providing a brief introduction to charring basics in regards to fire

performance.

Fire Safety of Wood Construction

This document is a crucial resource for firefighters and lumber industry professionals. Covering

many general aspects of fire safety of wood products, including charring and fire resistance, fire

testing standards, construction types and flame spread, this document is an essential framework on

the latest technology and safety standard requirements.

Flame Spread Performance of Wood Product

The interior of all buildings is vulnerable to surface flame spread, yet the type of interior finish

product and any flame retardant technology used with these products will all contribute to flame-

spread ratings. This document discusses American test methods, as well as charts the flame-spread

rating determined for a variety of wood products.

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Fire Resistance

Fire resistance and fire-resistance testing is a complex field of engineering and scientific study. This

webpage offers a summary of fire-resistance rating information related to wood products, as well as

testing methods in a language that is accessible and understandable to a variety of audiences. It also

includes information about fire-resistance test standards, which is useful as a reference and in

developing a better understanding of the issues for training and educational purposes.

Flame Spread

This webpage offers an overview of the concept of surface flame spread and flame-spread rating

information related to wood products, as well as testing methods in a language that is accessible and

understandable to a variety of audiences.

Lightweight Wood-frame Construction – Including Trusses, I-Joists, Gypsum Board

Solid Sawn Lumber Awareness Guide

This guide provides information on the types and properties of solid sawn lumber and how it is used

in residential construction.

Preventing Injuries and Death of Firefighters Due to Truss System Failures

This study examines the history of truss systems in wood buildings in relation to safety and

awareness for firefighters. Based on the study, it is recommended that firefighters be able to identify

the particular roof and floor truss systems of buildings to address potential hazards during a fire.

This study explains that the ability to plan and utilize defensive strategies when the structural

stability of a building’s roof and/or floor truss system is suspect or is being attacked by fire is

essential to the safety of firefighters.

Wood Truss Awareness Guide

This document explains the fundamentals of wood truss design and use in wood buildings. By

providing images and demonstrations, it describes the various truss structures in different parts of a

residential building. A firefighter’s ability to understand the roof truss structure while inside a

building is critical to enhancing safety and awareness in fire emergencies.

Quick Facts: I-Joists and Fire

This document includes the basic facts in relation to I-joists and fire safety and provides information

to firefighters regarding I-joist manufacturing, protection options, and firefighting safety

information. It includes information on code amendments and links to other related information

sources.

Preventing Deaths and Injuries of Firefighters Working Above Fire-Damaged Floors

This report examines the potential hazards to firefighters in the area of the floor joists of a building.

In the event of a fire, a building’s floor can be one of the areas most vulnerable to destruction. The

protection of firefighters begins with awareness and understanding of floor systems as well as

communicating fire safety procedures in floor alertness. This document includes recommendations

to the firefighting community for how to best prepare in consideration of floor vulnerability.

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Fire Safety

This webpage provides a brief summary fire safety information related to wood I-joists.

Wood I-Joists and Firefighter Safety

This presentation examines wood I-joists from the perspective of firefighter and fire safety. It

provides firefighters with information on issues related to training and education.

Wood-frame Construction, Fire Resistance and Sound Transmission

This bulletin includes a detailed section about gypsum board that employs photos, graphs and

diagrams to educate the reader about the role that gypsum board plays in both the fire and acoustic

performance of wood-frame wall and floor assemblies.

Drywall and Performance Wallboards

For a comprehensive understanding of fire-rated gypsum board, this webpage details the fire-

resistant reaction of gypsum board to heat and fire, explaining how its chemical properties retard

heat and flame transmission.

Fire Resistance and Sound Transmission in Wood-Frame Residential Buildings

In the section of this document entitled Fire-Rated Construction, the protection properties of

gypsum board are discussed. It offers key facts on why gypsum board is the most commonly used

material to deter fire spread. As well, other products related to fire safety and techniques important

to minimizing fire risks are examined.

Wood Panel Products

Wood Structural Panel Awareness Guide

The purpose of this guide is to provide information on the types and properties of wood structural

panels and how they are used in residential construction.

Meeting Fire Codes with OSB

Orientated Stand Board (OSB) is a common material used in many wood building structures. This

presentation discusses a specific proprietary fire-retardant-coated OSB in detail, including the

product’s advantages in regards to fire safety.

Heavy Timber Construction – Solid-sawn Timber and Glued-laminated Timber (Glulam)

Fire Safety

This webpage includes information about how specific wood member sizes and design features

work together to minimize fire risk in heavy timber construction. It is useful in understanding how

size and design in wood construction are comparable to non-combustible materials, such as steel.

One of the areas discussed relates to how carefully-engineered wood members can maintain

strength differently in a fire compared to non-combustible counterparts.

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Heavy Timber Construction

As one of the oldest types of construction methods used around the globe, heavy timber

construction is diverse and varied, as well as having its own unique properties of fire protection and

fire safety standards. This comprehensive resource package explains the logistics and principles

behind heavy timber structural design. This resource is most beneficial for those seeking greater

detail on various uses and protection properties of heavy timber construction.

Glulam Resource Kit

Through a series of articles, case studies and product information, this online resource kit increases

understanding of stock glulam properties.

Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings

This document focuses on tall buildings offering a detailed discussion of various types of

construction methods in heavy timber construction. Section 1.5 Timber Building Fundamentals,

explains the key fire safety differences between lightweight wood-frame and heavy timber

construction, as well as fire protection and fire safety benefits and challenges in wood structures.

Cross Laminated Timber

This webpage offers an introduction to the fundamentals of cross-laminated timber and provides

links to a variety of other websites, articles and information sheets regarding CLT and its fire-

resistant properties.

Cross-Laminated Timber

Introduction to Cross Laminated Timber

This article provides an introduction to the fundamentals of cross-laminated timber.

Full-Scale Fire Resistance Tests on Cross-Laminated Timber

CLT is a relatively new form of wood construction; therefore, research was conducted to explore its

fire resistance. This webpage explains the government-led testing on CLT and highlights that results

demonstrate that cross-laminated timber performs well in fire-resistance rating tests.

Fire-Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber (Fire Research and Testing)

This presentation details the specifics of fire-resistance testing for cross-laminated timber through a

step by step outline. It utilizes charring and testing charts to help audiences better understand the

processes involved in fire testing and the consequent results. It also highlights how CLT is

constructed and used in building construction.

Cross-Laminated Timber: Fire Protection

This detailed package examines CLT from an engineering standpoint and provides highly technical

information related to fire-rating testing in a European context.

Building with Cross-Laminated Timber

This document offers detailed information on the manufacturing and construction aspects of cross-

laminated timber in a European context.

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Cross-Laminated Timber: Taking Wood Buildings to the Next Level

This article discusses CLT in the new era of mid-rise wood construction. Cross-laminated wood is a

relatively new form of wood assemblage in North America, although it has been commonly used

across Europe for a couple of decades. Explaining the benefits, construction procedures and fire-

resistance ratings, this document offers a broad exploration of CLT.

Structural Composite Lumber

Structural Composite Lumber (SCL)

This webpage includes fundamental definitions and information on SCL products and their uses. It

categorizes the various SCL products and provides examples and photos to assist readers with less

experience in the engineered wood industry. This site will be beneficial to those firefighters who

want to learn more about the basic structural elements of wood buildings.

Engineered Wood Products (EWP)

This document provides in-depth information on building and manufacturing information for

laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallel strand lumber (PSL) and wood I-joist products. For every

product that is described, an overview of fire safety information is included.

Structural Composite

This website offers readers a clear introduction to the most basic SCL products in the contemporary

lumber and construction industry. It includes information about those aspects of a building’s

structure that are best suited to each type of engineered wood product.

Mass Timber and Fire Performance

This website provides an overview of mass timber and fire performance and includes a number of

links to related articles, videos and presentations. It offers diverse education materials and would be

beneficial for anyone within the fire service and associated industries seeking more information and

fire testing results.

Fire Protection – Products And Systems

Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood

Fire-Retardant Treated Wood

This webpage provides information about fire-retardant-treated wood (FRTW), including the basic

concept behind the reduction of surface flame spread using fire-retardant treatment, the use of

FRTW in the National Building Code of Canada, and the difference between FRTW and fire-

retardant-coated wood.

Fire Retardant Treated Wood

Bridging the benefits of wood utility and fire-retardant characteristics, this article highlights FRTW

testing techniques and the ability for wood products to resist combustion when treated with fire-

retardant technology.

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Fire-Retardant Treated-Wood (FRTW) For Commercial and Residential Structures

This presentation outlines the properties of fire retardant-treated wood, surface flame spread and

the specifics of pressure treatments. It distinguishes between terms that are commonly misused,

such as flame spread and fire resistance. For any fire safety and emergency personnel interested in

FRTW, this resource provides an informative framework, in the context of American building codes

and standards.

Fire-Retardant-Coated Wood

Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood

This webpage about fire-retardant-treated wood (FRTW) includes a discussion of the difference

between FRTW and fire-retardant-coated wood.

Fire Retardant Treated Wood, Residential Use

This website discusses how FRTW retards the spread of fire, how it is applied to products, and how

it is fire tested. The information provided specifies FRTW in residential constructions.

Fire Retardant-Treated Plywood

Focusing on fire-retardant treated plywood, this site gives insight for how these products are

manufactured and used in a buildings’ design.

Fire-Retardant Treated Wood: The Basics

Outlining the basic facts and uses of FRTW, this document includes how to identify FRT products,

correct installment and application processes, and building code requirements. It also provides

information on how FRT products provide fire protection.

Fire Retardant Treated Wood for Commercial & Residential Structures

This course outline discusses the features of FRT wood and various application types. It explores

how it used in building codes related to fire safety.

Treated Wood News (USA)

This newsletter locates fire-retardant treated wood is outlined in the 2010 California building code.

FAQ’s: Fire Retardant Treated Wood (USA)

A very brief description of FRTW is provided on this webpage and provides readers with access to

more information on its use in the US.

Fire-Resistant-Coated Wood

Wood Coatings and Fire Retardants

This technical document explores the chemical functioning and foundational make-ups of high

performance fire coatings and retardants.

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Fire Retardant & Fire Resistant Coatings

A brief description of fire retardant and resistant coatings is provided in this website. Included are

different definitions for retardant and resistant coating types.

Passive Fire Protection

How certain treatments and coatings can increase fire resistance is explored in this document. It

summarizes how FRTW products react when in contact with fire and includes the advantages of its

use in wood-based construction and materials.

Encapsulation

NRC Fire Researchers Making Strides in Mid-Rise Wood Research Project

The concept of encapsulation is discussed in this article. It explores how the encapsulation approach

in construction design is used to deter or limit the susceptibility to burning in the event of a fire.

Fire Safety of Multi-storey Wood Buildings

This document illustrates how encapsulation works on products and throughout building designs

through the use of images gives readers the ability to visualize how these techniques are used in

construction.

Chapter 13: Encapsulation

Detailing encapsulation manufacturing components, performance and system uses, and general

requirements, this source provides readers with a wide range of information on encapsulation.

Canadian Codes and Wood Buildings

A portion of this presentation (pages 37-41) illustrates how encapsulation techniques are used in

fire testing using images.

Sprinkler Systems, Fire Alarms, Smoke Alarms

The Wood-Frame Conundrum

This article discusses the importance of sprinkler systems in reducing fire risks in wood-frame

buildings. It outlines key findings of a study that examined the positive impact automatic sprinkler

systems have on human safety, fire spread and property damage. The study found that a wood

building with a sprinkler system can be safer than a non-combustible building with no sprinkler

system.

Fact Sheet: Fire Sprinkler

This webpage includes the latest building and fire code requirements in British Columbia with

regards to mandated sprinkler systems. It offers key information in relation to recent changes and

amendments in building sprinkler system requirements, as well as links to other resources and

contact information.

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Sprinkler System Installations and Annual Inspection Services

This webpage provides a comprehensive summary of the latest sprinkler system technologies

available. It also offers information on the design, installation and components of various wet and

dry sprinkler systems, as well as alarm systems, fire extinguishers and safety services.

Fire Alarms & Sprinklers is More Important for Safety than Residential Construction Materials

This news article explains how the use of active fire protection mechanisms, such as sprinklers and

alarm systems, are the most important aspects of fire safety, regardless of the types of materials

used in the building’s composition.

Sprinkler Systems and Residential Structure Fires

This research project explores the impact sprinklers have on safety and the spread of fire in wood

buildings. The study found that “residential sprinkler systems significantly reduced fire-related

casualties, reduced the significance of fire spread, and reduced the demand placed on fire

department resources”. Other evidence explores the significant impact that sprinkler systems and

smoke alarms have on reducing the risk to human life. The data gathered for this study illustrates

that in the absence of both of these, mortality and injury levels of building occupants increases

during fire events.

New BC Fire Code Provisions

This webpage outlines smoke alarm requirements as a result recent fire code changes in British

Columbia.

Sprinkler Systems and Fire Outcomes in Multi-Level Residential Buildings

By examining the effectiveness of sprinkler systems in multi-level residential buildings across BC,

this report demonstrates the reliability of sprinkler systems and how they contribute to setting high

fire safety standards in wood-based multi-level buildings. The report compares fires in buildings

with and without sprinkler systems and provides insight as to how the NFPA 13 standard mitigates

fire risk, regardless of the structures material base.

Smoke Alarms Work, but Not Forever

This report explains the importance of smoke alarms and includes data that represents the

argument that smoke alarms save lives while highlighting that smoke alarms are not distributed

equally among many Canadian cities and their communities. The report offers goals and strategies

to improve the coverage of smoke alarm installation including more rigorous dating, maintenance

and management.

Developments And Studies In Wood Construction

National - Canada

The Historical Development of the Building Size Limits in the National Building Code of Canada

This report provides a detailed account of how the building height and area restrictions contained in

the 2010 National Building Code of Canada evolved, as well as providing the historical context for

Canadian building codes.

16

21st Century Wood Design, Building and Construction Solutions

This resource provides an overview of the latest wood engineering trends, including the products

and structural systems used in modern wood building construction.

The Case for Tall Wood Buildings

This study differentiates between typical lightweight wood-framed construction and modern

techniques used with mass timber products. It summarizes how these structural changes are

informing the case for the rise of tall wood buildings in the Canadian construction industry.

Evaluating Stakeholder Concerns with Wood-Frame Buildings and Fire Risk

This report discusses stakeholder concerns related to increasing the height maximum in Ontario’s

building code to six storeys for wood buildings. The report discusses various aspects of Bill 52 (a

private member’s bill seeking approval for taller wood buildings in Ontario), as well as how fire

safety standards and procedures in similar cases have proven to be effective and successful.

The World's Most Advanced Building Material is Wood

This article discusses the architectural and construction industries’ growing reliance on wood

materials and uses examples from around the world of modern wood-based buildings. In particular,

it examines CLT (Cross-Laminated Timber) based apartment towers and the sustainability,

economic and fire-resistant benefits. Explaining how wood members, particularly in CLT, are at

least as fire safe as steel and other non-combustible materials, this article is beneficial for

firefighters in enhancing their knowledge base of the latest and most innovative engineering

designs for wood buildings in relation to fire safety.

British Columbia

Wood First, Building with Wood

This website explores British Columbia's wood products and wood manufacturing industry.

Building codes, engineered wood products and local research and development are some of the

areas explored. This website is particularly informative for BC's firefighter community in search of

local information and resources.

BC Building Info

For a wide range of resources, links and partner organizations, this website provides easy access to

a diverse array of issues related to the materials used in buildings in BC.

Historical Perspective on Building Heights in BC Building Code

Information regarding the historical perspectives of BC's building height restrictions and

information on recent amendments that allow six storey wood-frame constructions in BC.

17

Mid-Rise Construction in British Columbia

This publication details a case study examining the Remy Project in Richmond, BC which was the

first six-storey lightweight wood-frame construction built after BC's revised building code

permitted its development. It details the rise of such developments in BC. For any firefighting

personnel interested in the basics of lightweight wood-frame construction, including what

equipment, building techniques and designs are used to increase fire protection, this document

offers clear and illustrative examples of the strategies used to improve fire and safety levels in

modern wood developments.

International - USA

Multi-Storey Wood Construction: A Cost-Effective and Sustainable Solution for Today’s

Changing Housing Market

This presentation explains how wood construction is environmentally efficient and economically

sound for home-buyers, construction companies and the lumber industry. The approval of wood-

based five-to-six storey multi-family housing units by the International Building Code has increased

the green initiatives and versatile construction designs available on the market. An important aspect

of this article is the discussion of mandatory fire protection requirements in the building code that

must be followed in all new constructions. While written in the context of the United States, much of

the general information is relevant to Canada, as well.

Construction Methods: What are Your Options?

This website outlines the basic methods for building construction using the three main types of

materials – wood, steel and concrete – and briefly explains the primary differences between what is

commonly referred to as heavy-frame and light-frame methods and design. As a basic overview, this

site would be useful to those less familiar with residential and commercial based buildings.

Additional Resources

Videos

Fire Safety Challenges in Tall Wood Buildings Webinar

This webinar offers firefighters and fire experts an overview of fire safety concerns in tall wood

buildings. It discusses the various building components of timber buildings, construction blueprints,

recent building examples, regulation summaries and fire behaviour.

How to Engineer Buildings for Fire Safety

This video explains how to predict smoke behaviour and provides estimations of escape time for

occupants fleeing a building on fire.

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Benefits of Wood in Building Construction

This video highlights the benefits of wood-based building constructions. It highlights the many

benefits and positive attributes of wood, as well as how wood structures are strong, durable and

resilient.

Timber Skyscrapers: Innovations in Wood Architecture and Design

Leading Architects present their latest wood and forest products & designs at a Yale University

presentation. This unique project highlights some of the latest building ideas, methods and designs

possible using a variety of wood products.

Media Releases and News Articles

Future of wood-frame homes is looking up, The Star, April 3 2014

The author explains how building code amendments will allow six-storey wood-frame constructions

in Ontario. Given that wood is a renewable, recyclable and durable material, the article discusses the

advantages of this change.

Developers call on province to okay larger wood-frame buildings, The Star, May 23, 2013

The article discusses the potential growth in affordable housing units since mid-rise wood buildings

were approved. Fire safety concerns are discussed by Canada’s top fire chiefs.

North America’s tallest wood building to be built in B.C., Global News, March 22 2012

Prince George may acquire a new landmark and the tallest wood building in BC. This article

discusses the proposed development, fire safety concerns and the structure’s purpose.

Are mid-rise buildings safe? New West Record, July 29 2011

This article focuses on New Westminster’s development and fire services concerns in mid-rise

wood-frame buildings and the 2009 building code regulations that permit these types of

construction.

The future points to manufactured wood buildings, Vancouver Sun, February 3 2015

Pointing to the fact that prefabricated wood products have been used extensively across Europe in

new building structures, this article highlights the technological advances in lumber engineering

that can illustrate how mid-rise structures will be built and perform in Vancouver developments.

Code changes allow for taller wood-framed buildings in Calgary, The Calgary Herald November

12 2014

This article discusses the recent building code changes in the City of Calgary in regards to firefighter

safety and projected six storey wood-frame building developments.

Green light for taller wood construction a game changer, the Star, Published on September 26

2014

This article highlights the reasons for the rise in mid-rise wood buildings in Ontario communities.

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Ontario to allow taller wood-frame buildings with new fire safety requirements, Canadian

Underwriter, 2014

This article focuses mostly on the building code amendments in Ontario after increasing height size

for wood buildings was approved.

Presentations

The Evolution of Fire Life Safety in Building Codes

Focusing primarily on building codes given the recent changes in height restrictions, this course

outline discusses techniques to mitigate fire damage and the spread of fire. The authors use

examples of previous fires in tall-rise buildings and compares them to the recent changes in

technology, safety equipment, sprinkler systems and fire reaction procedures, all of which mitigate

risk to a much greater extent than in the past. Discussing the current context of firefighting abilities

and innovative fire safety schemes, the presentation provides insight to how advancements have

changed typical understandings of fire patterns and behaviour in new buildings.

Building Enclosure Design and Best Practices for Wood-Frame Buildings

This presentation focuses on design options for building energy efficient and durable mid-rise

structures when using light-weight wood-framing techniques in construction. It also includes

building designs when using or including mass timber products.

Canadian Codes and Wood Buildings

This presentation offers extensive coverage of the changes and amendments in building codes, as

well as fire resistant mechanisms, CLT fire performance and current mid-rise research projects.

Innovations That Make Mid-Rise and Tall Wood Buildings Possible

Through this presentation, audiences learn about some of the latest technology and developments in

the construction of mid-rise wood buildings across Canada. Information on fire safety improvements

and research activities associated with these developments is provided. This is a useful resource for

anyone looking for more information on the recent activities in mid-rise construction, as well as for

firefighters seeking information on current trends in fire testing and other fire-related issues.

British Columbia Fire Chiefs

This presentation includes discussion of recent fire trends and strategies for reducing fire rates.

Some of the priorities included in this briefing are related to creating stronger communication

networks among all stakeholders in regard to mid-rise wood-frame constructions and improving

firefighter training.

Canadian Design Guide to Tall Wood Buildings

This presentation examines the building and design trends in tall wood buildings in Canada. It

includes information about the FPInnovations guidance package around fire and protection

advantages.

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Training Resources And Programs

Training Resources

Knowing Your Buildings: A Firefighter's Reference Guide

This reference guide is useful for developing an understanding of fire safety and building specific

language.

Collapse of Burning Buildings: A Guide to Fire Ground Safety

This guide to firefighting safety is a useful resource for firefighters who are searching for descriptive

information on wood-based structural hazards, roof and timber collapse training and safety

information on light-weight building structures.

First Nations Emergency Services: Basic Firefighter Training Program

This resource is a complete training program for firefighters, with a specific focus on First Nations

communities.

BC Housing: Fire Safety Procedures

This document covers provincially mandated fire safety procedures. The information in this

document will be useful for fire departments seeking education and training resources.

FireHall - BC

A comprehensive webpage for BC’s fire service industry, including information related to upcoming

events and conferences.

Firefighting- Alberta

Information and registration for firefighting training program in Alberta, Canada through the

Emergency Services Academy.

Firefighting in Canada

This website offers a wide array of training programs and information sources for fire services in

Canada. It includes upcoming training programs around the country and online tutorials.

Exam Prep: Building Construction for the Fire Service

This exam booklet aims to help those in the fire service who are training or specializing in the

building construction field. It covers a wide array of topics and offers readers in-depth information,

examples and practice tests.

Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service

This book raises the awareness of firefighters through education and training in relation to wood-

frame buildings. It includes information on fire codes, a history of building codes and clarifies the

most typical construction elements in everyday residential and commercial buildings.

Building Codes Illustrated: A Guide to Understanding the 2006 International Building Codes

For any fire service professional interested in buildings around the globe, this illustrative book

makes the complex field of building structures and codes accessible.

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Informative USFA Coffee Break series postings related to Building Types & Fire Resistance

This five piece ‘coffee-break’ series from the US Fire Administration includes unique learning

objectives per segment. The series discusses building construction safety and fire procedures and

training tips. They are useful to fire service professionals for a deeper glimpse into fire patterns and

challenges in construction.

Coffee Break Series- 45: Building Construction: Part 1: Understanding Construction “Types”

Coffee Break Series- 46: Building Construction: Part 2: Where Fire Resistance May Be

Required

Coffee Break Series- 47: Building Construction: Part 3: Fire-Resistive Assemblies

Coffee Break Series- 48: Building Construction: Part 4: How Fire Resistance Ratings are

Measured

Coffee Break Series- 49: Building Construction: Part 5: Understanding Construction: Fire Test

“Survival”

April Newsletter by Vincent Dunn Deputy Chief FDNY (Ret): Structural Fire Spread

Deputy Chief Vincent Dunn offers insight into structural fire spread specific to different types of

buildings. The newsletter provides comprehensive descriptions of important terms, as well as a

practice test.

October-November Newsletter by Vincent Dunn-Three Story Wood-frames

In this newsletter, Vincent Dunn discusses three storey wood-frame buildings. From the perspective

of firefighters, Dunn provides emergency examples of wood-frame collapses during a fire.

Training Programs

Alberta

Lakeland College, Fire & Emergency Services

British Columbia

Justice Institute of British Columbia

College of the Rockies, Fire Services Training

Manitoba

Manitoba Emergency Services College

Southern Manitoba Academy of Response Training

New Brunswick

New Brunswick Fire Investigator Training

Newfoundland and Labrador

Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University

Fire and Emergency Services, Certification

Fire and Emergency Services, Training

22

Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia Firefighters School

Nunavut

Nunavut Municipal Training Organization

Ontario

Algonquin College, Police and Public Safety Institute

Eastern Ontario Fire Academy

Ontario Fire Academy

Seneca College, Firefighting

Firefighting and Fire Systems Programs at Ontario Colleges

Humber College, Pre-Service Firefighter Education and Training (2015/16 Program)

Prince Edward Island

Holland College, Basic Firefighting

PEI Firefighters Association: Training Schedules

Saskatchewan

Parkland College, Professional Firefighter Qualifications

Yukon

Department of Community Services, Ember Fire Academy

Department of Community Services, Firefighter Training

Websites

Wood Industry

Canada

Canadian Wood Council: http://www.cwc.ca/

Woodworks: http://wood-works.ca/

Wood Preservation Canada: http://www.woodpreservation.ca/index.php/en/

Canada Wood: http://www.canadawood.org/

FPInnovations: https://fpinnovations.ca/Pages/home.aspx

United States

American Wood Council: http://www.americanwoodcouncil.org/

reThinkwood: http://www.rethinkwood.com/

Wood Aware: http://www.woodaware.com/

APA – The Engineered Wood Association: http://www.apawood.org/

23

Building and Fire Codes

National – Canada

Canadian Codes Centre: http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/advisory/ codes_centre_i

ndex.html

National Building Code of Canada 2010: http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/publications/codes_

centre/2010_national_building_code.html

National Fire Code of Canada: http://www.nrc-

cnrc.gc.ca/eng/publications/codes_centre/2010_national_fire_code.html

Alberta

Alberta Municipal Affairs – Building Codes & Standards:

http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cp_building_codes_standards

Alberta Municipal Affairs – Fire Codes & Standards:

http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cp_fire_codes_standards

Alberta Safety Codes Council: http://www.safetycodes.ab.ca/Council/Pages/default.aspx

British Columbia

British Columbia Codes 2012: http://www.bccodes.ca/fire-

code.aspx?vid=QPLEGALEZE:bccodes_2012_view

BC Building, Fire and Plumbing Codes:

http://www.bccodes.ca/default.aspx?vid=QPLEGALEZE:bccodes_2012_view

BC Office of Housing and Construction Standards: http://www.housing.gov.bc.ca/building/

City of Surrey, BC Fire Prevention: http://www.surrey.ca/city-services/675.aspx

Manitoba

Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner – Codes and Standards:

http://www.firecomm.gov.mb.ca/codes.html

The Buildings and Mobile Home Act: http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/index.php?act=b93

New Brunswick

New Brunswick – Building Regulation: http://laws.gnb.ca/en/showpdf/cr/2002-45.pdf

Newfoundland & Labrador

Fire Protection Services Regulations under the Fire Protection Services Act:

http://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualregs/2012/nr120045.htm

Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia – Building Code: http://novascotia.ca/lae/buildingcode/

Nova Scotia – Fire Safety: http://novascotia.ca/dma/firesafety/

Northwest Territories

Fire Prevention Act:

http://ccinfoweb2.ccohs.ca/legislation/documents/nwt/ntefp/ntafire0.htm

24

Nunavut

Nunavut Municipal Training Organization: Protection Services:

http://www.nmto.ca/course/protection-services-firefighter-gsar

Ontario

Ontario Building Code: http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page7393.aspx

Ontario Fire Code:

http://www.mcscs.jus.gov.on.ca/english/FireMarshal/Legislation/FireCode/FireCode.html

Quebec

La Re gie du ba timent du Que bec (RBQ) – Chapitre Ba timent du Code de construction et Chapitre

Ba timent du Code de se curite :

https://www.rbq.gouv.qc.ca/batiment/la-reglementation/ce-qui-sapplique.html

Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan - National Building and Fire Code Information:

http://www.saskatchewan.ca/work/building-standards-and-licensing/national-building-

and-fire-code-information

Yukon

Yukon Government – Building Safety: http://www.community.gov.yk.ca/building_safety.html

Yukon Government – The Fire Marshal’s Office:

http://www.community.gov.yk.ca/fireprotection/about.html

International - US

International Building Code: http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/

Firefighting Associations and Other Information

National Organizations - Canada

Aboriginal Firefighters Association of Canada: http://www.aadnc-

aandc.gc.ca/eng/1412773535811/1412773604061

Canadian Association of Fire Chiefs: http://cafc.ca/en/

Canadian Association of Fire Investigators: http://www.cafi.ca/

Canadian Fallen Firefighters Foundation: http://www.cfff.ca/EN/index.html

Canadian Fire Safety Association: http://canadianfiresafety.com/

Canadian Volunteer Fire Services Association: http://www.cafi.ca/

International Association of Firefighters Canada: http://www.iaff.org/canada/index.htm

Emergency Services Association Canada: http://www.esacanada.com/

Fire Marshal’s Public Fire Safety Council: http://www.firesafetycouncil.com/

Maritime Fire Chiefs Association: http://www.mfca.ca/

25

Alberta

Alberta Fire Chiefs Association: http://wwwafca.ab.ca/

Alberta Firefighters Association: www.albertafirefighters.com

Alberta Industrial Fire Protection Association: http://www.aifpa.org/

Fire Investigation Association of Alberta: https://www.fiaa.ca/

Foothills Firefighters Association: http://foothillsfire.tripod.com/

British Columbia

British Columbia Fire Training Officers’ Association: http://bcftoa.com/

Fire Chiefs’ Association of BC: www.fcabc.ca

Fire Prevention Officers’ Association of BC: http://www.fpoa.bc.ca/

Vancouver Island Firefighters Association of BC: http://www.viffa.org/

Manitoba

Manitoba Association of Fire Chiefs: www.mafc.ca/

Manitoba Association of Native Fire Fighters: http://www.manff.ca

New Brunswick

New Brunswick Association of Fire Chiefs: http://www.nbafc.ca/

New Brunswick Association of Fire Prevention Officers: http://www.nbafpo.org/

Capital District Firefighters Association: http://www.cdffa.org/

Fundy Firefighters Association: http://www.ffa.20fr.com/

Newfoundland & Labrador

Newfoundland & Labrador Association of Fire Chiefs and Firefighters:

http://www.nlfireservices.com/

Nova Scotia

Fire Service Association of Nova Scotia: http://www.fsans.ns.ca/

Clare Firefighters Association: http://www.cffans.com/

Ontario

Firefighters Association of Ontario: http://www.ffao.on.ca/

Ontario Association of Fire Chiefs: http://www.oafc.on.ca/

Ontario Professional Firefighter’s Association:

http://www.opffa.org/index.cfm?section=1#.UK_9J4fxYo4

Ontario Association of Fire Training Officers: http://wwwfiretraining.ca

Ontario Fire Communicators’ Association: http://www.firecommunicators.com

Ontario Municipal Fire Prevention Officers Association: http://www.omfpoa.com/

Ontario Industrial Fire Protection Association: http://www.oifpa.org/

Prince Edward Island

PEI Firefighters Association: http://www.peiffa.com/

26

Quebec

Quebec Association of Fire Chiefs: http://www.acsiq.qc.ca/cms/

Quebec Association of Fire Instructors: http://www.lapiq.org/

Association des Pompiers Professionnels de Que bec: http://www.pompiersquebec.org/

Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan Association of Fire Chiefs: http://www.safc.sk.ca/Home/tabid/38/Default.aspx

Saskatchewan Professional Fire Fighters Association: http://wwwspffa.com/

Saskatchewan Volunteer Firefighters Association: http://www.svffa.ca/

Yukon

Whitehorse Professional Fire Fighters: http://whitehorsefirefighters.org/index.cfm?section=1

International

International Association of Firefighters: http://www.iaff.org/

National Fire Protection Association: http://www.nfpa.org/

General

Fire Engineering: http://www.fireengineering.com/index.html

Firefighter Nation: http://www.firefighternation.com/

Firefighting in Canada: http://www.firefightingincanada.com/

Fire Hall: http://www.firehall.com/

Fire Prevention Canada: http://www.fiprecan.ca/

Fire House: http://www.firehouse.com/

Fire Rescue1: http://www.firerescue1.com/

Firefighter Close Calls: http://www.firefighterclosecalls.com/

Safe at Home: http://www.safeathome.ca/

Other Resources

Wood Handbook, Wood as an Engineering Material (All Chapters)

Chapter 01: Wood as a Sustainable Building Material

Chapter 02: Characteristics and Availability of Commercially Important Woods

Chapter 03: Structure and Function of Wood

Chapter 04: Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood

Chapter 05: Mechanical Properties of Wood

Chapter 06: Commercial Lumber, Round Timbers, and Ties

Chapter 07: Stress Grades and Design Properties for Lumber, Round Timber, and Ties

Chapter 08: Fastenings

Chapter 09: Structural Analysis Equations

Chapter 10: Adhesives with Wood Materials- Bond Formation and Performance

Chapter 11: Wood-Based Composite Materials-Panel Products- Glued-Laminated Timber,

Structural Composite Lumber, and Wood-Nonwood Composite Materials

Chapter 12: Mechanical Properties of Wood-Based Composite Materials

27

Chapter 13: Drying and Control of Moisture Content

Chapter 14: Biodeterioration of Wood

Chapter 15: Wood Preservation

Chapter 16: Finishing of Wood

Chapter 17: Use of Wood in Buildings and Bridges

Chapter 18: Fire Safety of Wood Construction

Chapter 19: Specialty Treatments

Chapter 20: Heat Sterilization of Wood

Glossary

Active Fire Protection: “Active fire protection is characterized by detection and response. Detection

of a fire through smoke or heat sensors initiates a chain of events that reduces threats from the fire.

Once a detection system is activated, other programmed [protective] actions ensue, including:

sounding of alarms, closure of smoke and fire dampers, closure of automated fire doors through de-

energizing of magnetic door stops, and opening of fire sprinklers or other fire suppression system”.

Building Area: “The maximum projected horizontal area of the building at or above grade within

the outside perimeter of the exterior walls or within the outside perimeter of exterior walls and the

centre line of firewalls”.

Building Code: “A set of regulations that defines the health and safety, functionality, accessibility,

egress and other requirements for building construction”.

Charring: The action of decomposition due to chemical processes that occur when wood is exposed

to high temperatures, resulting in carbon-based residue. “The load carrying capacity of a structural

wood member depends upon its cross-sectional dimensions. Thus, the amount of charring of the

cross section is the major factor in the fire endurance of structural wood members”.

Combustible and non-combustible material: “Generally, combustible material is any material that

burns, while non-combustible material does not burn. [In Canadian building codes, the term non-

combustible is generally applied to materials that meet the acceptance criteria of CAN/ULC-S114,

“Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials”, which include limits on flaming,

heat output and mass loss. (CWC)] Materials are classified as combustible or non-combustible

within the range of temperatures that may occur in a building either normally or under fire

conditions.”

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT): “Cross-laminated timber refers to large engineered wood panels

manufactured by cross laminating three [or more] layers [usually an odd number of layers] of

softwood lumber and bonding the laminations with adhesives”. [Similar panels that use fasteners

rather than adhesives to connect the laminations are called nail-laminated timber. (CWC)]

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Dwellings, Multiple: “A building or part of a building designed for residential occupancy and

consisting of more than two units. Multiple dwellings include triplex, row and group houses, stacked

townhouses, and apartment buildings”.

Engineered Wood Product: “A term used to refer to manufactured composite wood products made

up of a combination of smaller wood members, wafers or fibres bonded together with adhesives to

make larger structural products.”

Fire Compartment: “Means an enclosed space in a building that is separated from all other parts of

the building by enclosing construction providing a fire separation having a required fire-resistance

rating”.

Fire Detector: “A device that detects a fire condition and automatically initiates an electrical signal

to actuate an alert signal or alarm signal and includes heat detectors and smoke detectors”.

Fire Load: “The combustible contents of a room or floor area, including furnishings, finished floor,

wall and ceiling finishes, trim, and temporary and movable partitions, expressed in the average

weight of combustible materials per square metre”.

Fire-Protection Rating: “The time in hours or minutes that a closure will withstand the passage of

flame when exposed to fire under specified conditions of test and performance criteria, or as

otherwise prescribed in the [provincial] Building Code”.

Fire Resistance: “The property of a material or assembly to withstand fire or give protection from

it."

Fire-Resistance Rating: “The time in hours or fraction thereof that a material or assembly of

materials will withstand the passage of flame and the transmission of heat when exposed to

fire under specified conditions of test and performance criteria”.

Fire-Retardant Treated-Wood: “A wood product whose surface burning characteristics are

reduced by [pressure]-impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals”.

Fire Wall: “A wall of non-combustible construction that subdivides a building into limited fire areas

or separates adjoining buildings to resist the spread of fire, and that has a prescribed fire-resistance

rating and the ability to remain structurally intact for the required fire-rated time”.

Flame Spread, Surface: “The propagation of a flame away from the source of ignition across the

surface of a material or assembly of materials.”

Flame-Spread Rating: “An index or classification indicating the extent of flame spread on the

surface of a material or an assembly of materials as determined in a standard fire test”.

Framing: “The rough timber work of a house, including the flooring, roofing, exterior walls, interior

partitions, ceiling and beams”.

29

Gypsum Board (Drywall): “A panel product made from gypsum plaster with a paper covering on

the front and back”.

Glulam: “A beam or column made by gluing laminations of dimension lumber. Also called glued-

laminated timber”.

Heavy Timber Construction: “Means that type of combustible construction in which a degree of

fire safety is attained by placing limitations on the sizes of wood structural members and on the

thickness and composition of wood floors and roofs and by the avoidance of concealed spaces under

floors and roofs”.

I-Joists: “An engineered wood product formed by two dimensional lumber or LVL flanges (the

horizontal members at the top and bottom of the joist) that are adhered to the edges of an OSB or

plywood web (the vertical portion of the joist). I-joists are used to construct floors and may also be

used as rafters”.

Mass Timber Construction: “Mass timber construction uses large prefabricated wood members

such as CLT, LVL, and LSL for wall, floor, and roof construction. Glulam can also be used in beam and

column applications”.

Mid-Rise Building, BC: “Starting on April 6, 2009, builders are able to build up to six storeys out of

wood for residential buildings. The code change also allows 'hybrid' buildings with wood-frame

upper storeys on top of a concrete or steel lower storey(s), provided the overall building height

doesn't exceed the 18-metre height limitation”.

Non-Combustible Construction: “Type of construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained

by the use of non-combustible materials for structural members and other building assemblies”.

Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL): “A wood product made by gluing wood strands into a billet that

is then cut to size for uses such as headers, rim-joists for floor systems, columns, joists and studs,

headers, lintels and rim boards”.

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL): “Lumber made of veneers of wood glued together using exterior

grade glue”.

Oriented Strand Board (OSB): “A structural panel product manufactured by gluing and high-

temperature pressing of layers of thin wood strands, with each layer oriented at a right angle to

adjacent layers”.

Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL): “A structural wood product made by gluing long, thin strands of

wood”.

Passive Fire Protection: “The passive fire protection system is part of the building's overall

construction and is meant to work in [parallel] with the building's active fire protection system. This

30

system works to slow the spread of fire and smoke through a building with the use of fire and smoke

barriers to compartmentalize and contain the fire to a specific area. Through the use of fire-rated

walls, ceilings and floors in combination with fire stopping materials, fire and smoke dampers and

fire and smoke doors, this system allows the fire to be contained so that firefighters can concentrate

on a fire before it has the ability to spread to other areas of the building”.

Plywood: “A wood panel made of layers of veneer joined with glue and usually laid with the grain of

adjoining plies at right angles”.

Smoke Alarm: “A combined smoke detector and audible alarm device designed to sound an alarm

within the room or suite in which it is located upon the detection of smoke within that room

or suite”.

Smoke Detector: “A fire detector that is part of a fire alarm system and is designed to operate when

the concentration of airborne combustion products exceeds a predetermined level”.

Sprinkler System, Fire, Automatic: “An assembly of pipes and fittings and nozzles that coveys

water from the water service pipe or fire service main within the building to automatically or upon

detection control a fire within a building”.

Structural Composite Lumber (SCL): “Generic terms for solid structural engineered wood

products created by layering wood veneers, strands or flakes with exterior type adhesives into

blocks of material known as billets. The billets are cured in a heated press and sawn to consistent

sizes that are easily worked in the field using conventional construction tools. Includes products

such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallel strand lumber (PSL), laminated strand lumber

(LSL)”.

Structural Lumber: Lumber “used in construction to bear [structural] loads and therefore graded

on the basis of the suitability of the entire piece for that purpose”.

Truss: “A rigid, open web, metal or wood framework used to support floors or roofs. Trusses can

also be used in the walls of highly energy efficient houses as a way to provide increased wall

thickness for insulation”.

Wood-frame Construction: “A type of construction using small, repetitive members in which the

predominant structural parts are of wood or are dependent upon a wood frame for support”.

Acknowledgments

This resource guide was commissioned by the Canadian Wood Council, with thanks to Natural

Resources Canada for their financial contributions that made this document possible. The Canadian

Wood Council would like to thank all the emergency responders who serve Canadians in

communities across the country and dedicate this resource to all those who work tirelessly to

reduce the advent and impact of fire.

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Authors’ Biographical Information

Lia Bishop completed her undergraduate studies at the University of the Fraser Valley. She works

as a project coordinator with Abbotsford Community Services and has consulted on various

community-based initiatives.

Martha Dow is an Associate Professor in the Department of Social, Cultural and Media Studies at the

University of the Fraser Valley. She obtained her MA in sociology from the University of Western

Ontario and her PhD in education from the University of British Columbia. She is a researcher and

consultant working in the areas of public safety, education, and organizational change and. Contact

her at martha.dow@ufv.ca for further information.

Len Garis is the Fire Chief for the City of Surrey, BC; Adjunct Professor in the School of Criminology

and Criminal Justice at the University of the Fraser Valley; a member of the Affiliated Research

Faculty at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York; and a faculty member of the Institute of

Canadian Urban Research Studies, Simon Fraser University. Contact him at LWGaris@surrey.ca.

Paul Maxim obtained his MA in criminology at the University of Ottawa and his PhD in sociology at

the University of Pennsylvania where he specialized in criminology and research methods. He is

currently a professor in the Department of Economics and the Balsillie School of International

Affairs at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario. His primary areas of research interest are

population and labour economics.