Fire Training Manual (Revised 27-06-2006)

7/17/2019 Fire Training Manual (Revised 27-06-2006)

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Page: 1of 66Fire Training Manual

FIRE TRAINING

MANUAL

This manual is prepared in accordance with SOLAS Chapter II- Part ! "egulation 1# $%

Please note that this is a training manual and is intended for the education of Officers and

Crew in &ire safet'( reference should also )e made to the Compan' Safet' *anagement

S'stem manuals$

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CONTENTS

1$ &ire Training *anual

List of SOLAS re2uirements in Chapter II- Part ! "egulation 1# paragraph $%$3

Section 1 Introduction to Fire Safety

1$1 The O)4ecti+es of &ire Safet'

1$ The ature of &ire

1$% &ire !5tinguishing principles

1$3 &ire Safet' Practice and Precautions

1$# "aising The Alarm

Section 2 Fire Figting Organi!ation

$1 Ships Alarms and Signals

$ On)oard !mergenc' Organisation and Team uties

$% The !mergenc' *uster List 7 *OLT /18

$3 &ire 9allet

Section " Fire Figting E#ui$%ent

%$1 Porta)le !5tinguishers

%$ Semi-Porta)le !5tinguishers

%$% .oses( Couplings and oles

%$3 International Shore Connection%$# Porta)le foam ma;ing e2uipment

%$6 &ire ,lan;et

%$0 &iremans Outfits

%$8 !mergenc' !scape ,reathing e+ices

%$< &i5ed CO S'stems

%$1/ &i5ed .alon S'stems

%$11 &i5ed &oam S'stems

%$1 &i5ed r' Powder S'stems

%$1% &i5ed 9ater Spra' S'stems

%$13 &i5ed .i-&og S'stems

%$1# &ire etection and Alarm S'stems%$16 !2uipment *aintenance

Section & Structural Fire $rotection

3$1 &ire oors and i+ision Classification

3$ &ire ampers

3$% !scape S'stems and Appliances

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Section ' Fire Figting Tecni#ue!

#$1 &ire Control#$ &ire &ighting on the Same le+el

#$% &ire &ighting from A)o+e

#$3 &ire &ighting from ,elow

#$# Search Techni2ues

#$6 &ighting Accommodation &ires

#$0 &ighting machiner' Space &ires

#$8 &ires in Port

Section ( )e!!el S$ecific In!truction Manual!

6$1 Porta)le 9ater &ire !5tinguishers

6$ Porta)le CO &ire e5tinguishers6$% Porta)le &oam &ire e5tinguishers

6$3 Porta)le r' Powder &ire e5tinguishers

6$# Semi-Porta)le &oam &ire e5tinguishers

6$6 Semi-Porta)le r' Powder &ire !5tinguishers

6$0 Porta)le &oam *a;ing !2uipment

6$8 &iremans Suits

6$< Porta)le lights for &iremans Outfits

6$1/ Self Contained ,reathing apparatus

6$11 !mergenc' !scape ,reathing e+ices

6$1 &i5ed &ire !5tinguishing S'stems

Section * Fire Safety O$erational +rocedure!

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SOLAS Chapter II- Part ! "egulation 1#( paragraph $%$3

The Training *anual shall e5plain the following in detail:

$1 general fire safet' practice and precautions related to the dangers of smo;ing( electrical

haards( flamma)le li2uids( and similar common ship)oard haards$ =See section 1$3 of this

manual>

$ general instructions on fire-fighting acti+ities and fire fighting procedures( including

procedures for notification of a fire and use of manuall' operated call points$ =See section 1$#

and section # of this manual>

$% meanings of the ships alarms$ =See section $1 of this manual>

$3 operation and use of fire-fighting s'stems and appliances$ =See section % of this manual>

$# operation and use of fire doors$ =See section 3$1 of this manual>

$6 operation and use of fire dampers$ =See section 3$ of this manual>

$0 escape s'stems and appliances$ =See section 3$% of this manual$

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T,E +RE)ENTION OF FIRES ON T,IS )ESSEL IS T,E

RES+ONSI-ILIT. OF E)ER. +ERSON ON -OAR/

SECTION 1 0 INTRO/UCTION TO FIRE SAFET.

11 T,E O-ECTI)ES OF FIRE SAFET.

a> Pre+ent the occurrence of fire and e5plosion$

)> "educe the ris; to life caused )' fire$

c> "educe the ris; of damage caused )' fire to the ship( its cargo and the en+ironment$

d> Contain( control and suppress fire and e5plosion in the compartment of origin$

e> Pro+ide ade2uate and readil' accessi)le means of escape for all persons on )oard$

12 T,E NATURE OF FIRE

&ire is a chemical reaction that occurs when FUEL and O3.GEN are )rought together

with sufficient ,EAT to cause ignition$ This can )e easil' represented )' the fire triangle:-

T,E FIRE TRIANGLE

FUEL can )e a solid( li2uid or gas which in their natural state( or when heated( gi+e off

flamma)le +apours$ !5amples include wood( paper( card)oard( fa)rics( oils( paints(

chemicals( etc$

O3.GEN the normal atmosphere around us contains 1? of o5'gen )ut com)ustion can

ta;e place with as little as 1? of o5'gen in the surrounding atmosphere$

,EAT is the source of ignition that starts the fire and it is also a product of com)ustion that

helps maintain the fire$ .eat ma' )e applied deli)eratel' or accidentall'$ Stri;ing a match to

light a cigarette is the deli)erate application of heat$ Placing dr'ing clothes to close to an

electric heater( lea+ing a pan of oil heating on a sto+e unattended( or allowing a cigarette to

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fall unnoticed onto cloth co+ered chair( are all e5amples of the accidental application of

heat$

&ires are di+ided into FOUR classes depending upon the t'pe of com)usti)le material:-

CLASS 4A5 6 These are fires in+ol+ing solid materials such as wood( paper( fa)rics(

plastics( etc$

CLASS 4-5 6 These are fires in+ol+ing li2uids such as crude oils( refined products( paints(

coo;ing oils( sol+ents( wa5es( etc$

CLASS 4C5 0 These are fires in+ol+ing gases or li2uefied gases such as methane( propane(

)utane( etc$

CLASS 4/5 6 These are fires in+ol+ing )urning metals such as aluminium( magnesium(steel( metal allo's( etc$ It should )e noted that this t'pe of fire cannot )e

dealt with effecti+el' )' using an' of the normal e5tinguishing agents

discussed in this manual$ Special measures are re2uired to e5tinguish this

class of fire such as the remo+al of o5'gen and the reduction of heat

generated )' the fire$

ELECTRICAL FIRES 6 !lectricit' is not a com)usti)le material )ut it is an ignition

source$ An' fire called an electrical fire would )e a Class @A( @,( @C or @

fire in+ol+ing electrical e2uipment and li+e electric circuits$ Once the

electric circuits ha+e )een isolated it should )e treated as normal fire of its

Class t'pe$

&ire and the heat caused )' fire ma' spread in four different wa's:-

Conduction 6 This is the direct transfer of heat such as through non-thermall' insulated

steel girders( dec; plating( )ul;heads( etc$

Con7ection 6 This is the spread of heat through gasses such as hot air from a fire spreading

through stairwells( +entilation trun;s( ele+ator shafts( etc$

Radiation 6 This is the spread of heat from a heat source to another item due to their

pro5imit'( e$g$ clothing placed to close to an electric heater$

/irect -urning 6 This is the spread of fire caused )' a )urning item coming into contact

with another com)usti)le item( flamma)le +apour or flamma)le li2uid(

e$g$ a lighted cigarette falling onto a mattress or )lan;et$

&ire ma' spread from an enclosed compartment )' an' one of the a)o+e wa's in an' one or

more of si5 directions - upwards( downwards( or horiontall' through one of the

compartments four )ul;heads$ It ma' also spread through an' +entilation trun;ing( electrical

conduit or +oid space connecting the compartment with other compartments$ The most

effecti+e means of dealing with fire spread is that of -OUN/AR. COOLING( spra'ing

water onto the outer )oundaries of the compartment$

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1" FIRE E3TINGUIS,ING +RINCI+LES

Fire cannot !tart or continue if one of te !ide! of te triangle i! %i!!ing8 or if tere i!an interru$tion in te ce%ical cain reaction tat !u!tain! co%9u!tion

T,E FIRE TRIANGLE

STAR)ATION 7 remo+al of the fuel from a fire means that com)ustion is no longer sustaina)le$ "emo+e fuel such as wood and paper from the area( shut off +al+es to stop the

flow of com)usti)le li2uids into the area$

SMOT,ERING 6 reduce the o5'gen content of the surrounding atmosphere )' introducing

CO or .alon$ Co+er the fire with foam( sand or a fire resistant )lan;et$

COOLING 6 reduce the temperature of the )urning material )elow its ignition temperature

)' spra'ing it with water$

INTERFERENCE :IT, T,E C,EMICAL REACTION 6 .alons and some dr'

powders ha+e an anticatal'tic effect that )rea;s the chemical chain reaction that sustains thefire$

FIRE E3TINGUIS,ING ME/IA

a; :ATER 6 principall' a cooling agent( with the added ad+antage that steam produced

through its contact with hot surfaces will help to smoother the fire )' diluting the

o5'gen in the surrounding atmosphere$

9ater is readil' a+aila)le at sea( it has a large capacit' to a)sor) heat and generate steam

and it is +ersatile in its mode of application 7 it can )e applied from a hose as a 4et for

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penetration or a spra' for cooling large areas( e$g$ )oundar' cooling$ It can also )e

applied from fi5ed water spra' s'stems$

9ater ma' ha+e an ad+erse effect on the +essels sta)ilit'$ It ma' cause the spread of li2uid fires and it is not safe for use on fires in+ol+ing li+e electrical e2uipment or in the

+icinit' li+e electric ca)les$ 9ater ma' react with some su)stances to produce to5ic

fumes$

9; CAR-ON /IO3I/E <CO2; 6 used to smoother fires )' replacing the o5'gen in the

surrounding atmosphere$

CO is an inert gas that is relati+el' cheap to o)tain$ It will not harm oil( chemical or

L cargoes and it does not form to5ic or e5plosi+e gases through contact with most

su)stances$

There will onl' )e a limited suppl' of CO a+aila)le on )oard$ It has no cooling effect

and )' replacing o5'gen in the atmosphere there is a danger of asph'5iation$ It is not

suita)le for use on e5ternal fires due to possi)le dilution caused )' wind$

c; FOAM 6 is a smothering agent that is used to form an airtight seal o+er the fire thus

remo+ing the source of o5'gen$ The airtight foam )lan;et also pre+ents the spread of

flamma)le +apours$ &oam has some cooling effect )ut must not )e used on fires

in+ol+ing li+e electrical e2uipment$ There are different t'pes of foams details of which

are gi+en in Section $1$

d; /R. +O:/ER 6 the most common dr' powder e5tinguishant is Sodium ,icar)onatewith +arious additi+es to impro+e flow( foam compati)ilit'( water resistance and shelf

life$ Other dr' powders include *onoammonium Phosphate( Potassium ,icar)onate and

Potassium Chloride$ r' powder e5tinguishes fire mainl' )' interference with the

chemical chain reaction although there is some smothering effect$ r' powder gi+es fast

flame ;noc; down )ut has no cooling effect$

e; ,ALONS 6 ha+e an anticatal'tic effect on the chemical chain reaction that e5tinguishes

the fire$

.alons ha+e +er' fast flame ;noc; down and onl' re2uire small 2uantities to )e

effecti+e$ It is a @searching gas that reaches all areas of compartment$

There will onl' )e a limited suppl' of halon a+aila)le on )oard$ It has no cooling effect

and )' replacing o5'gen in the atmosphere there is a danger of asph'5iation$ It is not

suita)le for use on e5ternal fires due to possi)le dilution caused )' wind$ There are

possi)le to5ic )'-products if used to fight fires generating e5tremel' high temperatures$

As a searching gas( it is lia)le to escape if the compartment is not tightl' sealed$

It is no longer permitted to suppl' halon( so once an e5tinguisher has )een used it should

)e replaced with another suita)le for the area of ris;$

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1& FIRE SAFET. +RACTICE AN/ +RECAUTIONS

&ire pre+ention discipline should )e part of the e+er'-da' attitude of all persons on )oard

who must )e aware of the following:-

,ig Ri!= Area! and +oint! of Concern

♦ Store rooms

♦ Laundries and dr'ing rooms

♦ Areas around incinerators

♦ alle' e5hausts

♦ Oil spills

♦ 9aste paper )as;ets

♦ Com)usti)le material near heat sources

♦ The )ottom of ele+ator shafts

Good ,ou!e=ee$ing

Attention to these items will help to ensure the control or remo+al of the fuel element from

the Fire Triangle$

♦ !nsure compliance with gar)age control procedures

♦ Beep storerooms tid' and ensure their contents are stowed in a secure manner

♦ !nsure that )ins for the collection of oil' waste and oil soa;ed materials are emptied

regularl'

♦ !nsure that paints( sol+ents and cleaning fluids are stored in accordance with

manufacturers instructions$♦ !nsure that all spillages are wiped up immediatel' and that dirt' rags are disposed of

safel'$

♦ Beep doors to empt' compartments closed and switch off unnecessar' lighting and

electrical e2uipment$

Electrical

Attention to these items will help to ensure the control or remo+al of the source of ignition

from the Fire Triangle$

♦ o not tamper with electrical fittings or e2uipment$

♦ o not push )are wires into electric soc;ets$

♦ o not o+erload electric soc;ets$

♦ !nsure that fault' electrical e2uipment is ta;en out of ser+ice immediatel'$

♦ !nsure that electrical e2uipment is properl' and regularl' inspected and maintained )'

suita)l' 2ualified persons$

♦ Allow irons( soldering irons and other heated electrical items to cool )efore stowing

awa'$

♦ !nsure that onl' electrical e2uipment certified for use in an e5plosi+e gas atmosphere is

appro+ed for use outside the machiner' space and accommodation spaces$

♦ The use of mo)ile telephones is prohi)ited outside of the accommodation$ isitors when

)oarding the +essel must demonstrate to the gangwa' watch that mo)ile phones and pagers

are switched off$

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S%o=ing

Attention to the following will help to ensure the control or remo+al of the source of ignitionfrom the Fire Triangle$

♦ !nsure strict compliance with smo;ing regulations at all times$

♦ e+er flic; cigarette ash( tap it gentl' into a proper ashtra'$

♦ e+er lea+e a lighted cigarette l'ing on an ashtra'$

♦ Dse onl' safet' matches pro+ided on )oard$ Cigarette lighters must not )e used( ensure

that the' are handed to the *aster for safe ;eeping$

♦ !nsure that matches and cigarettes in clothing are not ta;en outside of the

accommodation area$

♦ !nsure that matches and cigarettes are full' e5tinguished )efore discarding them$

Galley Fire! and E>au!t!

!lectric ranges and o+ens are a dangerous source of ignition( e+en though the' are located

inside the accommodation$ Their use ma' )e restricted )' terminal regulations$ alle' e5hausts

and filters *DST )e cleaned regularl' to a+oid )uild up of grease$

,ot Surface!

.igh-pressure steam pipes and diesel engine e5haust piping are a source of ignition if fuel or

other flamma)le li2uid comes in to contact with them$

,ot :or=

.ot wor; is an' wor; in+ol+ing welding or )urning( and other wor; including certaindrilling and grinding operations( electrical wor; and the use of non-intrinsicall' safe

electrical e2uipment( which might produce an incendi+e spar;$ .ot wor; is onl' permitted

under controlled conditions detailed within the Compan's Safet' *anagement S'stem$

E>ternal Source! of Ignition

Spar;s from the funnel must )e pre+ented from )lowing on to the tan; dec;$ 9hen there is

a ris; of spar;s emanating from the funnel( such as when )lowing down )oiler tu)es( the

ships course at sea must )e altered( if necessar'( to put the relati+e wind on the )ow )ut

onl' if the na+igational situation allows this$ either soot )lowing nor the use of the

incinerator is allowed in port$ Special care is necessar' when a tug)oat( line handling )oat

or wor;)oat is alongside the +essel as their funnel e5hausts are often at the same height asthe tan; dec;$

Metal0to0Metal Contact S$ar=!

Chipping operations and maintenance in+ol+ing the use of steel tools ma' produce spar;s

which are potential sources of ignition$ Care must )e e5ercised when using an' t'pe of tool

on the tan; dec;$ The use of non-ferrous tools is not recommended as spec;s of steel ma'

)ecome em)edded in the softer metal and cause spar;s when struc; against steel$

Tools carried in poc;ets or )uc;ets can easil' fall and there)' create an incendi+e spar;$

Impact )etween light metals such as magnesium( aluminium( or their allo's( and rust'

steelwor; can also produce an incendi+e spar;$ Special caution is therefore re2uired when

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aluminium e2uipment is used on )oard tan;ers$

S$ontaneou! Co%9u!tion

Spontaneous com)ination can occur when rags or other oil( paint or chemical soa;ed waste isdiscarded$ O5idisation of the impregnated material produces heat( which can raise the

temperature of the material to its ignition point$ As hea+' oil has a low ignition point( rags

soa;ed with hea+' oil in the engine room are especiall' suscepti)le to ignition$ "eceptacles for

oil' rags must )e emptied fre2uentl' and the waste disposed of in a safe manner$ An' oil

spillage in the engine room must )e cleaned up immediatel'$

Electric S$ar=!

The use of electric appliances and instruments must )e carefull' controlled to eliminate the

possi)ilit' of spar;ing as a source of ignition$ 9hen the +oltage )etween two poles is high( the

insulation pro+ided )' the air gap is partiall' destro'ed and a corona discharge )egins$ If the

+oltage rises further it de+elops into a discharge and is accompanied )' spar;s =e$g$electrostatic discharges( and lightning$> A discharge of +er' short duration often occurs with

switching gear$ This can ta;e place when earth wiring is cut( when there is defecti+e contact(

electricit' lea;age( destruction of electric )ul)s( or the ma;ing or )rea;ing of an electric circuit$

Self-induced current( when switching on or off a low +oltage de+ice or low current circuit(

generates minute spar;s$ The' commonl' occur with small electrical appliances such as

cameras and personal stereo e2uipment$ Spar;s caused )' the operation of e2uipment such

as the following can )e incendi+e:

a> !lectric motors$

)> Porta)le lighting e2uipment and flashlights$

c> Personal electrical appliances( including *o)ile Phones( Pagers and Cameras$d> Communications e2uipment$

e> 9elding e2uipment$

f> *easuring instruments$

g> Switchgear$

h> Porta)le electric tools$

!lectric circuit o+erheating or mechanical heating can result in e2uipment failure and fire$

Proper maintenance and correct operation of e2uipment of this ;ind is therefore essential$

S?itce! and Fu!e!

Onl' e2uipment certified for use in an e5plosi+e atmosphere is appro+ed for use on the tan; dec; and in an' other location where ignition sources are a haard$ 9hene+er the use of

porta)le lights or electric appliances is proposed( the intended location must )e tested for the

presence of gas$ !lectric ca)les must not )e run through an' space where gas ma' )e

present$

Stray Current

A difference in electrical potential )etween the +essel and a shore installation presents a

haard )ecause spar;s ma' )e generated when cargo hoses are connected or disconnected$

Impressed-current corrosion protection of a terminal 4ett' or the shipEs hull can produce a

situation of this ;ind$ If the +essel is fitted with such a s'stem( it must )e shut down prior to

hose connection and onl' )e restarted after hose disconnection$

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Electrical Stor%!

Lightning should )e a+oided at sea )' steering a course to clear it if possi)le$ All cargooperations must cease and an' discharge of gas to atmosphere must )e stopped$ In the e+ent

of ignition of gas emission from a mast riser +ent( stop the flow of gas and cool the area )'

means of fire hose water spra's$ Consideration should also )e gi+en to the possi)ilit' of

+apor clouds forming and their ignition from latent heat within the riser$

Electro!tatic /i!carge

!lectric charge accumulation and su)se2uent electrostatic discharge is a fre2uent cause of

e5plosions on )oard tan;ers$ A static electrical charge can )e )uilt up within a h'drocar)on

li2uid or li2uefied gas as it is )eing pumped$ It has )een found that the charge will increase as

pumping +elocit' rises$ This phenomenon occurs due to charge-separation )etween la'ers

within the fluid$ The charge is then retained for some time within the li2uid mass )' its non-conducting propert'$ The danger of such charges is that the' can attain sufficient potential to

create incendi+e spar;s and( particularl' in cargo tan;s( electrical arcing is possi)le$ It is

therefore( +ital that the handling of h'drocar)on li2uid and li2uefied gas cargoes onl' ta;es

place in spaces ha+ing atmospheres outside the flamma)le range$ On crude oil( product and

chemical tan;ers the atmosphere in cargo tan;s is ;ept )elow the flamma)le range )' the use

of inert gas or nitrogen$ On L +essels cargo tan; atmospheres are alwa's maintained in the

o+er-rich condition$

Pro)lems with static electricit' can also arise within +apour flows )ut onl' when the gas is

contaminated with de)ris( dust particles or when a condensed mist is present$ In such cases it is

the de)ris =or the mist which forms as it e5its to atmosphere>( which attains a static charge$apours that can attain a static charge in this wa' include car)on dio5ide =as a fire

e5tinguishing agent> and steam$

Clote! /ryer!

9hen using dr'ing ca)inets( tum)le dr'ers or similar appliances( the +entilation apertures

should not )e o)scured )' o+erfilling of the dr'ing space( and e5ternal +entilation e5haust

flaps must )e confirmed open$ An' screens or fine mesh co+ers around the e5ternal

+entilation apertures and within the machines should )e regularl' inspected and cleaned so

that the' do not )ecome )loc;ed )' accumulated fluff from clothing and cause the machine

to o+erheat$ Clothing must not )e placed on the top of dr'ers( as this ma' o+erheat and

result in spontaneous com)ustion$

See photo )elow for result of fire on tum)le dr'er$

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Clothing must not )e left to dr' on engine room handrails as it ma' fall down on to a hot

surface )elow$

+orta9le eater!The use of porta)le heaters should )e a+oided where+er possi)le$ .owe+er( if the' are

re2uired in e5treme cold conditions( a protecti+e sheet of a non-com)usti)le material should

)e pro+ided to stand them on to protect flooring$ Porta)le heaters should )e pro+ided with

suita)le guards and should not )e positioned close to furniture or other fittings$ These

heaters should ne+er )e used for dr'ing clothes etc$

Electrical Sort Circuit

&ires can start as a result of an electrical short circuit( for e5ample insufficient maintenance

to a motor starter panel can result in an electrical fire$ The photograph )elow illustrates an

e5ample of such electrical fire due to a short circuit fault on the incoming power ca)le

connections$

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Re!ult of fire in a %otor !tarter $anel

Safety In!$ection!

It is important that all persons performing Safet' Inspections are full' o)ser+ant and ta;e

immediate action to rectif' an' fire haard found and replace an' item of fire fighting

e2uipment found missing$ If the person is una)le to ta;e immediate action then the

deficienc' must )e reported to a senior officer or engineer as applica)le$

1' RAISING T,E ALARM

Ta;ing the correct initial actions when disco+ering a fire will ma5imise the chances of

e5tinguishing it and so minimise possi)le damage and danger to human life$ It is the actions

of the person disco+ering a fire that ma;e the difference )etween a small fire )eing 2uic;l'e5tinguished and a catastrophic fire that could lead to the loss of the ship and e+en loss of

life$

On finding a fire sta' calm and follow the procedures )elow:

♦ Shout @FIRE8 FIRE8 FIRE and gi+e its location$

♦ Operate the nearest &ire Alarm Acti+ation point$

♦ If there is a telephone near)' inform the )ridge( or Cargo Control "oom =CC"> during

cargo operations( ad+ising them of the following:

The location of the fire$

The t'pe of fire( if ;nown$

The sie of the fire$

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etails of an' casualties$

ames and details of other persons present$

9hat actions are )eing ta;en to fight or control the fire$

/O NOT ATTEM+T TO FIG,T T,E FIRE -EFORE RAISING T,E ALARM AN/

A/)ISING OT,ERS OF AN. INTEN/E/ ACTIONS

IF T,E FIRE IS -E,IN/ CLOSE/ /OORS

If smo;e is o)ser+ed coming from )ehind a closed door there is no indication as to the sie

or nature of the fire$

♦ /o Not O$en Te /oor

♦ "aise the alarm as detailed a)o+e$

♦ /o Not Tac=le te Fire

♦ Once the ,ridge or CC" has )ee notified( start preparing fire-fighting e2uipment$

♦ 9hen the !mergenc' Part' arri+es ad+ise the Team Leader of what 'ou ha+e o)ser+ed

and what 'ou ;now a)out the situation$

IF T,E /OOR OF T,E COM+ARTMENT ON FIRE IS O+EN

♦ "aise the alarm as detailed a)o+e$

♦ If the person finding the fire is full' clothed( and onl' if it is safe to do so( attac; the fire

using appropriate fire fighting e2uipment located in the +icinit'$

Beep low$

o not let the fire or smo;e come )etween 'ou and 'our line of escape$

♦ If 'ou are )eaten )ac; )' the fire or smo;e CLOSE T,E /OOR

♦ Start preparing fire-fighting e2uipment read' for use )' the !mergenc' Part'$

♦ *o+e an' casualties to a safe area$

♦ "emo+e an' flamma)le items from the fire area if possi)le$

♦ Isolate an' local +entilation$

♦ Switch off an' local electric circuits$

♦ Sta' in the +icinit' of the fire )ut at a safe distance read' to )rief the !mergenc' Part'

Leader$

9here the fire is located$ 9hat is )urning$

An' haardous su)stances in the localit' of the fire$

um)ers and location of an' casualties$

9hat actions ha+e alread' )een ta;en and what e2uipment has )een

prepared$

9hat +entilation and electrical circuits ha+e )een isolated$

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SUMMAR.

F 0 Find

I 0 Infor%

R 0 Re!trict

E 0 E>tingui! or E!ca$e

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SECTION 2 0 FIRE FIG,TING ORGANISATION

21 S,I+5S ALARMS AN/ SIGNALS

♦ Continuou! ringing of te alar% 9ell! or =la>on8 togeter ?it continuou! !ounding

of te !i$5! ?i!tle 0 Local !mergenc' Signal 7 all hands proceed to emergenc'stations$

♦ Se7en or %ore !ort 9la!t! follo?ed 9y one long 9la!t on Si$5! ?i!tle8 %ade

!i%ultaneou!ly on te alar% 9ell! or =la>on 6 eneral alarm Signal 7 all hands

proceed to their life)oat stations and don their life 4ac;ets$

♦ :ord of Mout fro% Ma!ter 6 A)andon Ship$

22 T,E ON-OAR/ EMERGENC. ORGANISATION

-ridge Tea%

*aster

Third Officer

.elmsman

Supernumeraries

-ac=0u$ +arty

&irst officer =L>

Snr Second Officer

=If carried>

Second officer

&itter

OFS

OFS

Oiler

Chief Coo;

Second Coo;

*essman

Ro7ing Co%%i!!ion

+artyChief !ngineer

!lectrician =If on)oard>

as !ngineer to CC"

=L +essels>

E%ergency +arty

CFO

1AF!

AF! or %AF!

,osun

A,-A =Tan;ers>

A,

A,

A,

Oiler

Engine Control Roo%

+arty

ut' !ngineer

=or FAF! if 1FAF! is

ut' !ngineer>

ut' Oiler




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/utie! of eac tea%B

-ridge Tea% - This team shall muster on the )ridge and consist of: -

1$ *aster

$ Third Officer

$ .elmsman =A,> =ut' .elmsman remains on dut'>

The *aster is in o+erall control of the emergenc' and shall maintain direct contact with the

emergenc' and )ac;-up teams( primaril' )' means of porta)le .& or D.& radio$ The Third

Officer is responsi)le to the *aster for the safe na+igation of the +essel during the emergenc'(

for ;eeping a full record of all e+ents and for all communications to and from the ship$

The following items must )e a+aila)le on the )ridge for use )' this team:

A cop' of the &ire Control Plan

An updated crew list

Cop' of the !mergenc' *uster List =*OLT /18>

The *aster must ma;e full use of the &ire Control Plan when considering the location of the

fire and of the +arious parties$ The location of each part' should )e indicated on the plan

throughout the emergenc'$

E%ergency +arty - The !mergenc' Part' shall muster at the emergenc' head2uarters =!.G>$

If the primar' !.G is damaged or inaccessi)le( then this part' should muster on the openafterdec; for roll call( )efore proceeding to the secondar' !.G$

The !mergenc' Part' shall comprise:

1$ Chief Officer #$ AF,- A =Tan;ers>

$ 1st !ngineer 6$ AF,

%$ nd !ngineer or %rd !ngineer 0$ AF,

=9hoe+er is not ut' !ngineer> 8$ AF,

3$ ,osun <$ Oiler

!+er' mem)er of this part' must )e trained in the use of all firefighting and lifesa+inge2uipment$ &amiliarit' and confidence with the SC,A is of particular importance$ The Chief

Officer is in charge of the part' for all emergencies that ma' arise outside the engine room

=including compressor and motor rooms on L +essels>( while the &irst !ngineer will lead the

part' during an' emergenc' that occurs in the machiner' spaces$ The Part' Leader must ;eep the

)ridge updated with regular situation reports$

The Chief Officer or 1st !ngineer( as applica)le( will )e the On Scene Commander$

NoteB If an emergenc' is signaled during cargo operations the Chief Officer =and the Cargo

!ngineer on L +essels> will effect the emergenc' shutdown of the cargo s'stem )efore

mustering at their emergenc' stations$

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Engine Control Roo% +arty - The !ngine Control "oom Part' shall comprise:-

1$ ut' !ngineer or

nd

!ngineer if 1

st

!ngineer is ut' !ngineer$$ Oiler =ut' Oiler remains on ut'>$

9hen the emergenc' signal is sounded the' shall proceed to the engine control room =!C"> to

relie+e an' personnel there( and then report to the )ridge that the' are closed up to emergenc'

stations$ If it is found that it is not safe to enter the engine room( this fact must )e reported at

once to the )ridge$

-ac=0u$ +arty - The )ac;-up part'( led )' the &irst Officer on L +essels and the nd Officer

on all other +essels( shall muster outside the accommodation )loc; on the after dec;$ The' shall

assist the !mergenc' Part' as instructed )' the ,ridge Team$ The ,ac;-up Part' ma' )e

assigned to support firefighting or damage control( or to carr' out other functions such as closingoff +entilation( )oundar' cooling( the preparation of Life Sa+ing Apparatus( and the pro+ision of

first aid and stretcher parties$ This Part' will comprise all those crew mem)ers not assigned to

an' of the other parties$ The composition of the )ac;-up team should therefore appro5imate to

the following:

1$ &irst Officer =L +essels> 0$ Oiler

$ Snr Second Officer =if carried on )oard> 8$ Chief Coo;

%$ Second Officer <$ Second Coo;

3$ &itter 1/$ *essman

#$ OFS 11$ nd *essman =If carried on )oard>

6$ OFS

Ro7ing Co%%i!!ion +arty - This part' shall comprise as follows:-

1$ Chief !ngineer

$ !lectrician =If carried>

This Part' has an independent ro+ing commission$ Part' mem)ers should first muster at the

station detailed on the !mergenc' *uster List =*OLT /18> and report to the ,ridge Team at the

start of an' emergenc' as part of the initial roll call( and thereafter ;eep them informed of their

wherea)outs and acti+ities$ Then( if safe to do so( the Chief !ngineer should proceed to the

engine room to satisf' himself that the plant is safe( running normall' and that emergenc' related

ser+ices are a+aila)le$ If an !lectrician is on )oard he shall accompan' the Chief !ngineer unlessdirected to do otherwise )' the ,ridge Team$

Ga! Engineer <LNG )e!!el!; 7 Should proceed to the Cargo Control "oom and then report to

the ,ridge Team

Su$ernu%erarie! =including +isitors to +essel> - All supernumeraries shall report to the *aster

on the )ridge$ The' ma' then )e re-deplo'ed at the discretion of the *aster$ In port and dr'-

doc;( all shore personnel and +isitors should )e directed to lea+e the +essel( pro+ided it is safe to

do so( if not the' shall proceed as directed )' the *aster$

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2" T,E EMERGENC. MUSTER LIST 6 MOLT 1D

The !mergenc' *uster List =*OLT /18> pro+ides details of all emergenc' signals and all

parties in the &ire &ighting Organisation( including muster positions( names and ran;s of

TeamFPart' mem)ers$ A cop' of the *uster List is displa'ed on each dec; in the

accommodation( in the !ngine Control "oom and on the )ridge$ The !mergenc' *uster List

must )e updated at e+er' crew change$

2& FIRE :ALLET

A &ire 9allet shall )e located outside of the accommodation( in port it shall )e located at the

gangwa'$ The &ire 9allet shall contain the following items:-

♦ A cop' of the +essels fire control plan$

♦ A cop' of the present cargo plan$

♦ An up to date crew list$

See section #$8 for further information regarding the use of the &ire 9allet

SECTION " 0 FIRE FIG,TING EUI+MENT"e+ision date:

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"1 +ORTA-LE E3TINGUIS,ERS

Porta)le fire e5tinguishers are designed to attac; a fire in the earl' stages$ Pressure inside the

e5tinguisher is used to e5pel the content( which will smother( cool or chemicall' interfere

with the fireH or fight the fire )' com)ining two or more of these effects$ Porta)le

e5tinguishers are colour coded with )ands around the top or upper )od' to indicate their contents:-

RE/ :ATER

-LUE /R. +O:/ER

.ELLO: FOAM

-LAC CAR-ON /IO3I/E <CO2;

:ater8 Foa% /ry +o?der

!5tinguishers containing water( foam or dr' powder ma' )e similar in appearance( e5cept that

the' will )e clearl' la)eled and colour coded as a)o+e so that the content ma' )e easil'identified( and the' all operate on the same principal$ 9hen acti+ated( CO gas e5erts a

downward pressure on the water( foam or dr' powder forcing it up a siphon tu)e and out

through the deli+er' hose$ The discharge will )e controlled )' either( s2ueeing and releasing

the operating head le+er( or )' a control le+er at the end of the discharge hose$ Alternatel'( A

and , compound foam e5tinguishers rel' on a chemical reaction to generate CO which

occurs when the two compounds are mi5ed together )' in+erting the e5tinguisher$

Car9on /io>ide <COH;

9here the e5tinguishing medium is itself CO( the gas is stored as a li2uid under pressure$Dpon discharge the li2uid e5pands into CO gas$ The e5tinguisher is operated )' s2ueeing

the trigger on the top of the e5tinguisher( care should )e ta;en to ensure that the discharge

horn is onl' held )' the insulated handle

Coo!ing te correct E>tingui!erB0

The different t'pes of e5tinguishers are normall' located according to the fire ris; in the

+icinit'$ This ma' not alwa's )e the case where there is more than one ris; in the same area$

&or instance( in a Control room there ma' )e h'draulics( computers and other electrical

e2uipment( papers and )oo;s$ If the wrong t'pe of e5tinguisher is used on a fire the alread'

serious situation ma' )e made considera)l' worse$ Dsing a water e5tinguisher on a coo;ingoil fire could result in a contained( controlla)le situation )ecoming a catastrophe( as the effect

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of directing water into )urning hot fat is to cause the fire to spread$ It is important that e+er'

crewmem)er is familiar with the ad+antages and limitations of each fire-e5tinguishing

medium$

♦ :ATER 0 Suita9le for u!e on ?ood8 $a$er8 $la!tic! and te>tile! <Cla!! A fire!;

/O NOT USE on fires in+ol+ing li2uid =oils( paints( fats( cleaning fluids( etc$>

/O NOT USE on fires where there is li+e electricit' in the +icinit'$

irect the 4et in to the heart of the fire and low down$ Start at the )ase of the fire nearest

'ou and using a horiontal sweeping action wor; upwards and awa' from 'ourself$ If

possi)le )rea; up the )urning material to dissipate heat )ut ma;e sure that it is thoroughl'

wetted$

♦ FOAM 0 Suita9le for u!e on li#uid !$ill! and contained li#uid fire! of oil!8 $aint!8

cleaning fluid!8 etc and fire! in7ol7ing li#uifia9le !olid! !uc a! fat! and ?a>e!<Cla!! - fire!;

/O NOT USE on fires where there is li+e electricit' in the +icinit'$

Position 'ourself where 'ou are a)le to use the full throw of the e5tinguisher$ If the fire is

contained =as shown )elow> steadil' direct the foam on to a +ertical surface )ehind the

fire and let it spread in an un)ro;en flow o+er the )urning surface$

In the case of an open spill fire =as shown )elow> aim the foam upwards and slowl' sweep

from side to side so as to create a foam )lan;et )' allowing the foam to fall gentl' on to

the fire$

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♦ /R. +O:/ER 0 Te ty$e of $o?der =no?n a! -C +o?der i! !uita9le for u!e on

li#uid! and li#uifia9le !olid! a! de!cri9ed under FOAM a9o7e <Cla!! - fire!; -C

+o?der %ay al!o8 ?it te correct tecni#ue8 9e u!ed to e>tingui! a ig0$re!!ure

ga! fla%e <Cla!! C fire!; Additionally A-C +o?der or Multi0+ur$o!e +o?der %ay9e u!ed again!t car9onaceou! fire! <Cla!! A fire!;

r' Powder gi+es a fast flame ;noc;-down( and ma' )e used on fires in+ol+ing li+e

electrical e2uipment$ .owe+er( it ma' not )e effecti+e against a deep-seated fire$

A)OI/ inhalation of powder$

Beeping low( use a swift sweeping action$ Starting at the closest point of the fire and

wor;ing towards the furthest point( drive the flames off$ 9hen the fire is e5tinguished

stop the discharge and ;eep watch in case of re-ignition$

♦ CAR-ON /IO3I/E 0 Suita9le for u!e on Cla!! A - fire! and for Cla!! C fire!?en in a li#uid !tate <eg li#uid ga! lea= !uc a! %etane8 $ro$ane8 9utane8

acetylene or ydrogen;

Safe for use on fires in+ol+ing electricit'$

/ANGER 7 .old onl' the insulated parts of the discharge hose and horn$ 9ith the

e5pansion and e+aporation of the CO there are cooling processes and a danger of frost

)urn if the discharge horn is not correctl' held$

/ANGER 7 If using a CO e5tinguisher in an e5plosi+e atmosphere( stand it on the

ground to ensure an' electrostatic charge is dissipated$

/O NOT USE without a discharge horn as the discharge will then entrain air and cause

an increase in the intensit' of the fire$

/ANGER 7 o not remain in the area after the discharge as CO is asph'5iating$

Beeping low( use a swift sweeping action$ Starting at the closest point of the fire and

wor;ing towards the furthest point( drive the flames off$ ,e careful not to direct a forceful

discharge directl' into the )urning material or li2uid as this ma' ser+e to scatter it$ 9hen

the fire is inside electrical e2uipment or inside machiner'( put the discharge horn against

an opening or grill$ On a Class @A fire( or on a fire in+ol+ing electrical e2uipment(

discharge the whole e5tinguisher contents to ma5imise the cooling effect$ On a li2uid fire

stop as soon as the fire is out and ;eep watch in case of re-ignition$

Car)on io5ide ma' not )e +er' effecti+e when used in e5ternal areas where there is a

ris; of it )eing diluted or )lown clear of the fire )' wind$

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"2 SEMI0+ORTA-LE E3TINGUIS,ERS

*achiner' spaces ma' )e pro+ided with larger fire e5tinguishers$ These ma' )e fi5ed or

wheeled and contain either foam( dr' powder or CO$ The principal differences )etween thesee5tinguishers and full' porta)le units are that the' contain much more of the e5tinguishing

medium )ut the' are fi5ed at one location or with a limited porta)ilit'$

Capacities: &oam units: 3# or 1%# litres

r' Powder units: % 7 0#Bg

CO Dnits : < 7 3# Bg

The principles for use of semi-porta)le e5tinguishers are the same as for porta)le

e5tinguishers$

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"" ,OSES8 COU+LINGS AN/ NOLES

&ire hoses are stowed in clearl' mar;ed containers colour coded red ad4acent or near to

h'drants$ On tan;ers with a fi5ed foam fire fighting s'stem on dec;( hoses will )e located in'ellow colour coded containers ad4acent or near to foam h'drants

&ire and foam hoses should )e stowed rolled or utch rolled =i$e$ rolled from the center with

)oth couplings accessi)le>$ 9hen laid out read' for use the' should )e fla;ed out and

connected to the h'drant and nole so that when the h'drant is opened water or foam will

reach the nole without hindrance from the hose ;in;ing$

&ire hose noles ma' )e one of the following t'pes:-

/iffu!er NoJJle 7 a standard t'pe of nole which )' a twist-grip operation is a)le to

shut off the hose discharge or deli+er it as a 4et or spra' according to the operatorsdesire$ Some diffuser noles also ha+e a water curtain capa)ilit'$

-all )al7e NoJJle 6 these are controlled )' a le+er-operated )all +al+e$

Tur9o NoJJle 6 a JetF&og nole with spinning teeth$ The flow rate is selected )'means of a le+er$

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,ig +erfor%ance NoJJle 6 a spra'( 4et( shut-off nole with @teeth in the discharge

end to gi+e a good spra' pattern$

&ire and foam hoses are 4oined together and connected to h'drants and noles )' couplings$There are +arious t'pes of couplings )ut each +essel will ha+e one standard throughout$ The

most common t'pes are:-

In!tantaneou! 6 these consist of male and female sections of different )ut compati)le

designs$ !ach fire or foam hose will ha+e a male coupling at one end and a female

coupling at the other$ All h'drants will ha+e a female coupling$ The couplings are held

together )' either a single spring-loaded clip( or )' two spring-loaded clips( on the

female coupling$ The single clip couplings are released and separated )' twisting the

operating cap on the side of the coupling and pulling the male coupling out of the

female coupling$

The dou)le clip couplings are released and separated )' pulling the clip co+ers on the

female coupling outwards from the coupling to allow the male coupling to )e pulled

clear of the female coupling$

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Nor?egian <StorJ; 6 these consist of two sections of different )ut compati)le designs$

The one coupling has two sections of diametricall' opposed collar with an internal

channel( the other coupling has two sections of diametricall' opposed collar with

outward facing lips$ The couplings are positioned together with the sections of collar fitting into the gaps )etween the collars on the opposing coupling and are then twisted

in opposing directions to loc; together$

"& INTERNATIONAL S,ORE CONNECTION

At least one International Shore Connection must )e a+aila)le on )oard to ena)le a water

suppl' hose from the shore or another +essel with incompati)le connections to )e connected

to the +essels fire main$

The International Connection has a flat faced flange on one side and a coupling on the other

that is compati)le with the +essels hose and h'drant couplings$ A suita)le ru))er gas;et( four

16mm K #/mm length )olts and eight washers must )e ;ept with the connection$ In port( theInternational Shore Connection should )e placed close to the gangwa' where it will )e clearl'

seen )' shore fire fighters )oarding the +essel$

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"' +ORTA-LE FOAM MAING EUI+MENT

Porta)le foam producing appliances are for use with fire main hoses and consist of a foam

ma;ing )ranch pipe( an in-line inductor and a suppl' of foam concentrate( usuall' in a # ltr storage drum$ The inductor draws foam )' +enturi suction from the foam drum into the hose

where it is mi5ed with water at the right percentage and is then fed to the )ranch pipe which

entrains air into the solution to produce foam$ In some porta)le foam ma;ing units the

inductor is connected to( or forms part of( the )ranch pipe$

"( FIRE -LANET

&ire )lan;ets are located in the galle' and are suita)le for fighting contained fat fires(

contained li2uid fires and other small fires$ &ire )lan;ets are used to smother the fire( there)'

remo+ing the O3.GEN from the fire triangle$

If the fire )lan;et does not ha+e specific protected handholds( fold )ac; the top edge o+er

hands to protect them$ Allow the )lan;et to afford protection )' letting it hang in front of 'ou$

This is achie+ed )' holding 'our hands up and apart$ .old the )lan;et so as to ;eep heat and

flame off 'our face and )od' )ut do not o)scure 'our +ision$

Ad+ance and la' the )lan;et o+er the fire$ If it is a li2uid fire ma;e sure the )lan;et is

stretched so that it does not dip into the li2uid$ o not throw the )lan;et down as this ma'

dri+e air into the fire and cause it to )ecome more intense or cause a plume of flame$

Once the fire has )een e5tinguished do not remo+e the )lan;et until the pre+iousl' )urningitem has had time to cool$ "emo+ing the )lan;et too soon ma' allow re-ignition$

A person with )urning clothes should )e laid on the floor and wrapped in the )lan;et to

smother and e5tinguish the flamesH )ut do not lea+e them within the )lan;et as this ma' trap

heat and cause more in4ur'$

Prior to using the fire )lan;et( the source of heat should )e switched off or separated from the

fire$

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"* FIREMAN5S OUTFIT

A &iremans Outfit consists of Self Contained ,reathing Apparatus( protecti+e clothing( a5e(

safet' lamp and lifeline$ These outfits are stowed close to the *uster Stations for the!mergenc' and ,ac;-up Parties

+rotecti7e Cloting 6 is designed to protect the s;in from heat radiating from a fire( also

from )urns and scalding )' steam$ It is for use in close proximi! to a fire( and is NOT for

entr' into a &ire$

The Protecti+e Clothing consists of the following:-

Trousers =with )races> 7 worn outside of the )oots$

Jac;et 7 elasticised at the wrists and worn o+er the trousers at the waist

,oots =ru))er> 7 electricall' non-conducting with toecaps$

Safet' helmet 7 with chinstrap( nec; curtain and full-face +isor$ The nec;curtain is to )e worn outside of the 4ac;et collar$

lo+es =heat resistant> 7 worn outside of the 4ac;et slee+es$

A>e! 6 each &iremans Outfit will ha+e one firemans a5e$ The a5e has a short wooden or

insulated handle and a head with a cutting edge on one side and a spi;e on the other$ Long

handled felling a5es are a+aila)le on )oard )ut are not part of the firemans outfit$

Safety La%$! 6 each &iremans Outfit will ha+e a )atter' operated lamp with a duration of

not less than three hours$ It ma' )e of the hand held +ariet'( in which case it will ha+e a )elt

clip or other suita)le hands-free carr'ing method such as a shoulder strap( or it ma' )e a cap

mounted lamp attached to a )atter' worn on a )elt around the waist$

Safet' lamps are suita)le for use in atmospheres where mi5tures of air and flamma)le gassesma' occur$

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Self Contained -reating A$$aratu! <SC-A; 6 this consists of a facemas; assem)l'( a

)ac;plate and harness assem)l'( an air c'linder and +al+e( a high pressure reducing +al+e( a

pressure gauge and a low pressure warning whistle$ The facemas; forms an airtight sealaround the faceH it has an e5halation +al+e( a demand +al+e( a +oice diaphragm$ The demand

+al+e can )e set to allow the e2uipment to )e used as a positi+e pressure set with the pressure

inside the mas; )eing greater than atmospheric pressure$ This will ensure that an' lea;s are

outwards and thus pre+ent smo;e( foul air or poisonous fumes )eing drawn into the mas;$

The )ac; plate is attached to the harness and includes a method of securing the air c'linder$

The air c'linder is connected to the high pressure reducing +al+e )' a reinforced hose$

!ach c'linder has a capacit' of 1// ltrs of fresh )reathing air which is estimated to )e

sufficient for %/ minutes( / minutes wor;ing and 1/ minutes for escape$ The actual duration

will depend upon the following factors:-

♦ The ph'sical condition and sie of the user ♦ The wor; )eing performed )' the user

♦ The surrounding en+ironment - heat and humidit' will increase consumption

♦ The direction of e+acuation( a +ertical clim) will result in greater consumption than a

horiontal e+acuation route

The pressure gauge ena)les the user to monitor the remaining air pressure in the c'linder

)efore and during its use$ The warning whistle will sound when the c'linder pressure is low

)ut depending on the factors mentioned a)o+e( the remaining air in the c'linder ma' or ma'

not )e sufficient to reach an outside area where it is safe to remo+e the mas;$ It is important

that the user monitors the consumption of air )' chec;ing the pressure gauge and maintains

an estimate of the 2uantit' re2uired to e+acuate to an outside safe )reatha)le atmosphere$

SC,A c'linders can )e refilled from the +essels )reathing air compressor$ "efilling must )e

done in a fresh atmosphere clear of smo;e and other fumes that ma' ha+e an ad+erse affect on

the lungs of an' user$ !ach SC,A set will also )e supplied with two spare air c'linders$

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It is important that a s'stem e5ists for recording names of SC,A users( the times the' enter an

incident( c'linder pressure at time of entr' and an estimate of the time the' are e5pected out$

This is )est done using a control )oard maintained )' the !mergenc' or ,ac;-up parties asapplica)le$ An e5ample of a control )oard follows:-

Lifeline 6 made of fle5i)le gal+anied steel wire co+ered in a plaited rope is supplied with

each outfit and should )e connected to the )ac; or side of the SC,A harness$ The lifeline can

)e used either as a means of reco+ering the SC,A user( or for the user to e+acuate the area )'

retracing the entr' route$

"e+ision date:

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Issued )': A.

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"D EMERGENC. ESCA+E -REAT,ING /E)ICES

!mergenc' !scape ,reathing e+ices =!!,> are located in accommodation alle'wa's and

engine room areas to allow escape through atmospheres containing smo;e or other harmful+apours$ There are a minimum of two sets in the accommodation alle'wa's and up to si5 sets in

the engineroom =the e5act num)er depending upon class and flag state re2uirements>$ On tan;ers

the' are also situated at the )ottom of the pumproom$ On chemical tan;ers one !!, is also

located in e+er' ca)in$

One t'pe !!, has a constant flow limited duration air suppl'( normall' # to 1/ minutes

which is fed from a c'linder )' a suppl' hose and +al+e into a loose fitting hood with

elasticated collar and +isor$ The hood fits o+er the users head and the elasticated collar helps

;eep the pressure inside of the hood slightl' a)o+e atmospheric pressure( thus pre+enting

smo;e or other foul air )eing drawn in to the hood$ This t'pe of !!, is carried in a )ag that

is suspended o+er the users nec; or shoulder$

Another t'pe of !!, feeds the users e5haled )reath into a canister containing a chemical

that a)sor)s the car)on dio5ide from the )reath allowing the remaining air with o5'gen to )e

drawn )ac; into the users lungs as he )reathes in$ The e5haled and inhaled )reath passes

through a mouthpiece that the user grips )etween his teeth and seals with his lips( and is fed to

and from the canister )' a hose$ A clip is fitted o+er the users nose to pre+ent him )reathing

in that wa' and a loose fitting hood with +isor is worn to gi+e further protection to the users

head and face$ The canister is worn on a )elt clipped around the users waist

EE-/! are !u$$lied for e!ca$e $ur$o!e! only and %u!t not 9e u!ed for fire figting

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"K FI3E/ CO2 FLOO/ING S.STEMS

&i5ed CO s'stems are used to fight fires )' displacing air from an enclosed space thus

remo+ing O3.GEN from the fire triangle$

CO is stored in a )an; of c'linders and is fed to the space to )e co+ered through fi5ed piping

and noles sied and arranged to gi+e a uniform distri)ution$ The )an; of c'linders is stored

in a dedicated room outside of the space )eing protected$ The s'stem is fitted with a pressure

switch that acti+ates an alarm to warn of the imminent release of CO there)' allowing

persons to e+acuate the space )efore it is flooded$ .owe+er( it is normal safe practice to chec;

that the space has )een full' e+acuated )efore CO is released into it$ The pressure switch also

stops +entilation fans ser+ing the area$

Once a space has )een flooded with CO all entrances and +entilators should )e closed to

pre+ent escape of the CO or its dilution )' the ingress of outside air$ CO is not a coolant and

so the space must not )e reentered until the internal temperature has fallen )elow the ignition

temperature of the material on fire$ ,oundar' cooling will help to reduce the internal

temperature$

Some Compan' oil tan;ers and chemical tan;ers are fitted with CO s'stems that protect the

cargo pumproom and engineroom$

Compan' L +essels are fitted with CO s'stems to protect machiner' spaces( switch)oard

rooms( cargo machiner' room and motor room$

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"1 FI3E/ ,ALON S.STEMS

Some Compan' tan;ers are fitted with .alon s'stems for protection of cargo pumproom and

engineroom$ These s'stems are similar in design and operation to &i5ed CO s'stems )ut aresmaller in capacit' due to the superior efficienc' of halon in e5tinguishing fire$ .alons ha+e

an anticatal'tic effect that )rea;s the chemical chain reaction that sustains the fire$

Once a space has )een flooded with halon all entrances and +entilators should )e closed to

pre+ent escape of the gas or its dilution )' the ingress of outside air$ .alon is not a coolant

and so the space must not )e reentered until the internal temperature has fallen )elow the

ignition temperature of the material on fire$ ,oundar' cooling will help to reduce the internal

temperature$

The refilling of halon s'stems is no longer permitted and so after use the' must )e replaced

)' a larger fi5ed CO s'stem$

"11 FI3E/ FOAM S.STEMS

&oam e5tinguishes fire )' forming an airtight )lan;et o+er the )urning material there)'

remo+ing O3.GEN from the fire triangle$ It can also )e used to co+er a spillage of

flamma)le li2uid to pre+ent it e+aporating and gi+ing off flamma)le +apours$

There are three t'pes of foam used in fi5ed s'stems:-

♦ ,ig e>$an!ion foa% - this is onl' used in internal areas to flood the entire space

with foam there)' smothering and star+ing it of o5'gen the fire$ It is not commonl'

used on Compan' +essels$♦ A#ueou! Fil% For%ing Foa% <AFFF; 7 this is a water' li2uid foam which forms a

thin )lan;et to co+er the fire and is suita)le for )oth internal and e5ternal use$ It is

mi5ed in a ratio of 1? with water$ Compan' chemical tan;ers using A&&& use the

Alcohol "esistant t'pe which can )e used on water solu)le materials and other fuels

destructi+e to regular A&&&$

♦ Lo? E>$an!ion Foa% 7 this foam compound forms a thic; )lan;et to co+er the fire

and is suita)le for )oth internal and e5ternal use$ It is mi5ed in a ratio of 6? with

water$ There are two t'pes of this compound:-

+rotein foa% - consisting mainl' of protein h'rol'sate( sta)ilising

additi+es and inhi)itors to protect against freeing( e2uipment corrosion( )acterial decomposition( and to control +iscosit'$ Some of the fire fighting

properties of protein foam ma' )e lost in storage$

Fluoro$rotein Foa% 7 similar to Protein &oam )ut with s'nthetic

fluoronated surfactant additi+es for impro+ed performance$ It flows )etter

than Protein &oam and gi+es 2uic;er flame ;noc;down$

Compan' Oil tan;ers are fitted with fi5ed low e5pansion foam s'stems to pro+ide co+er to

the cargo tan; dec; and on some +essels to the cargo pumproom and the engineroom$ These

s'stems generall' use &luoroprotein &oam due to its superior performance and longer life

e5pectanc'$

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The foam concentrate is contained within a tan; and is introduced into the foam main )'

means of the ships fire pump and a proportioner$ The fire pump forces water through the proportioner containing a +enturi restriction( the pressure drop caused )' the +enturi draws

foam compound into the water$ The mi5ture of foam and water is then fed to fi5ed foam

monitors( and h'drants for porta)le hoses on dec;( or to diffusers in the pumproom and

engineroom$ Air is entrained into the waterFfoam li2uid in the )ranch pipes fitted to the

monitors and at the diffusers( causing it to e5pand into foam$

&oam should not )e applied as a direct 4et onto a flamma)le li2uid or )urning material as this

ma' spread the fire )' splashing the li2uid$ The )est method of forming a foam )lan;et is to

direct the 4et of foam onto a +ertical surface( such as a )ul;head( )ehind the fire$ The weight

of the foam slipping down the )ul;head will force the foam )lan;et )ac; along the dec; ando+er the fire$ If there is no +ertical surface or )ul;head a+aila)le( then the foam should )e

directed a)o+e the fire sweeping gentl' from side to side so that it falls gentl' onto the

)urning area to form a )lan;et co+er$

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"12 FI3E/ /R. +O:/ER S.STEMS

Compan' L carriers are fitted with a fi5ed dr' powder s'stem capa)le of deli+ering

powder to an' part of the cargo area )' means of fi5ed monitors or hand held hoses$

r' Powder monitors are located at each manifold and 8 dr' powder hoses are situated

around the tan; dec; of the +essel$ !ach monitor F hose is pro+ided with an isolatingFcontrol

+al+e and remote acti+ation for the dr' powder storage units$ The monitors must )e aligned

onto the manifolds )efore commencement of cargo operations$

r' powders attac; the chemical reaction within the flame )ut ha+e negligi)le cooling effect$

r' powders should ne+er )e used in com)ination with spra'ed water$

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"1" FI3E/ :ATER S+RA. S.STEMS

&i5ed water spra' s'stems are fitted to all Compan' +essels to pro+ide co+er to such spacesas paint loc;ers$ These s'stems normall' operate off the +essels fire main and ha+e an

isolation or suppl' +al+e outside of( )ut ad4acent to( the space )eing co+ered$

&i5ed water spra' s'stems are fitted to all Compan' L carriers to pro+ide cooling and fire

protection to the following areas:-

♦ !5posed cargo tan; domes and cargo tan;s

♦ Cargo manifolds and their +al+e control areas

♦ ,oundaries of the following areas facing the cargo area:-

Accommodation )loc; and na+igation )ridge

Cargo compressor and machiner' rooms

Storerooms located on the cargo dec;

The s'stem is designed to suppl' a la'er of water o+er the e5posed surfaces and thus pro+ide

a useful cooling effect$ Pro+ided a water la'er of some thic;ness can )e maintained the

surface temperature cannot e5ceed 1///C$ Application rates +ar' with the distance of the

structure to )e protected from the en+isaged fire source and range from two to ten or more

litres of water per s2uare meter of the protected surface$

"1& FI3E/ ,I0FOG S.STEMS

.igh-&og =9ater *ist> s'stems are fitted to some Compan' +essels$ These s'stems fight fires )' a)sor)ing heat from the flame and the )urning material and thus reducing its temperature

)elow the ignition point$ 9ater mist also has a suffocating effect in that it reduces the

concentration of o5'gen in the surrounding air$ .owe+er( in an enclosed space this effect is

limited )oth in its duration and the area affected$ In practice .i-&og 9ater *ist s'stems

e5tinguish fires primaril' through cooling thus remo+ing .eat from the fire triangle$

"1' FIRE /ETECTION AN/ ALARM S.STEMS

All Compan' +essels are fitted with fi5ed fire detection s'stems which co+er the following

areas:-

♦ Accommodation areas♦ !ngineroom and machiner' spaces

♦ Cargo pumprooms on tan;ers

♦ Cargo compressor and machiner' rooms on L carriers

These s'stems ha+e heat and flame detectors installed in different areas dependent on the ris;

present$ Once acti+ated these detectors operate the +essels emergenc' alarm s'stem$

All Compan' +essels ha+e alarm acti+ation points located on each accommodation dec; and at

+arious locations within the engineroom$ !mergenc' alarm )ells also ha+e acti+ation switches

directl' )elow the )ell$

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"1( EUI+MENT MAINTENANCE

ocument 6$6$/ of the S*S *aintenance *anual sets out the scheduled re2uirements for themaintenance of all fire fighting e2uipment$ It re2uires the +essel to produce a maintenance plan

for this e2uipment that will )e contained within the +essels planned maintenance s'stem with a

hard cop' filed in S*S &ile o$ $0$

The Safet' Officer is responsi)le for ensuring that all fire fighting e2uipment is regularl'

inspected( tested and maintained read' for immediate use$ .e will )e assisted )' other officers as

necessar' in the maintenance of fire-fighting e2uipment$

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SECTION & 0 STRUCTURAL FIRE +ROTECTION

&1 FIRE /OORS AN/ /I)ISION CLASSIFICATION

In order to restrict the spread of fire the )ul;heads and dec;s of a +essel are constructed to a

particular standard$ arious standards appl' depending on the t'pe of +essel and the nature of

the space surrounded$ enerall' the fire resistance of a )ul;head is e5pressed as A( , or C

followed )' a num)er indicating the time that the di+ision will pre+ent a specified

temperature rise$

Class “A” 7 A di+ision constructed of steel or e2ui+alent material and capa)le of pre+enting

the passage of smo;e or flame for one hour =according to a standard test>$ Class AM di+ision

)ul;heads should )e insulated with non-com)usti)le materials so that on the side opposite to

a fire the a+erage temperature will not rise more that 1%<NC a)o+e the original temperature(nor more than 18/NC at an' one point$

Class A-6/M 7 must pre+ent the stated temperature rises for at least 6/ minutes$

Class A-%/M 7 must pre+ent the stated temperature rises for at least %/ minutes$

Class A-1#M 7 must pre+ent the stated temperature rises for at least 1# minutes$

Class A-/M 7 must pre+ent the stated temperature rises for at least / minutes$

Class “B” – A di+ision capa)le of pre+enting the passage of flame for the first half an hour of

the standard test$ The insulation should )e such that on the side opposite to a fire the a+erage

temperature will not rise more than 1%<NC a)o+e the original temperature( nor more than

#NC at an' one point$

Class ,-1#M 7 must pre+ent the stated temperature rises for at least 1# minutes$

Class ,-/M 7 must pre+ent the stated temperature rises for at least / minutes$

A Class ,M di+ision must )e constructed of appro+ed non-com)usti)le materials e5cept that

com)usti)le materials ma' )e permitted pro+ided the' meet certain other re2uirements$

Class “C” 7 These di+isions are constructed of appro+ed non-com)usti)le materials$ The'

do not need to meet the re2uirements for limiting the passage of smo;e and flame nor

limitations relati+e to temperature rise$ Com)usti)le +eneers are permitted pro+ided the'

meet other re2uirements$

&ire resistance of doors and doorframes fitted to )ul;heads and dec;s is to )e( as far as is

practica)le( at least e2ui+alent to the )ul;head or dec; in which the' are fitted$

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/oor! in Fire0Re!i!ting /i7i!ion!

•

oors in AM class di+isions must )e constructed of steel and doors in ,M di+isionsmust )e non-com)usti)le$

• oors in )oundaries of categor' AM machiner' spaces are to )e self-closing and

reasona)l' gas-tight$

• Self-closing doors are not to )e fitted with an' hold )ac; de+ice( unless it is capa)le of

remote release and of the fail-safe t'pe$

• entilation is permitted through the lower part or )eneath a door that leads )etween a

corridor and a pu)lic space or ca)in$

• 9atertight doors are not re2uired to )e insulated$

All fire doors are to remain closed( e5cept when in use( unless the' are fitted with releases

acti+ated )' the +essels automatic fire detection and alarm s'stem$

&2 FIRE /AM+ERS

&ire dampers are pro+ided in +entilation ducts and air inta;es in order that the' ma' )e sealed

and isolated in the e+ent of fire and so prohi)it the passage of heat and smo;e$ It is important

that the' are maintained in good condition$

In its simplest form the damper will consist of a solid metal =steel> plate located inside an air

duct$ In its open position the damper allows the free flow of air through a duct and in its

closed position it completel' pre+ents the passage of air( smo;e and heat through the duct$

.owe+er( automatic closure is permitted and in some cases is a re2uirement$ Automatic

operation is usuall' )' means of a fusi)le lin;( which is acti+ated at temperatures )etween 68N

and 0/N( e5cept that in e5haust ducts ser+ing spaces with high am)ient temperatures =such as

galle's or dr'ing rooms> the temperature at which the fusi)le lin; =or other s'stem> acti+ates

ma' )e increased$ ,ut it ma' not )e increased to more that %/N a)o+e the ma5imum dec;head

temperature$ An' automatic s'stem used in controlling the fire dampers must close the

damper in the e+ent of a failure in an' part of the s'stem$ Automatic damper closing s'stems

must )e capa)le of )eing manuall' o+erridden$

!ach damper must ha+e a +isi)le indication to show if it is open or closed$ The indicator(which is to )e connected directl' to the damper )lade( ma' not )e reliant on an electrical or

pneumatic s'stem$ The manuall' operated handle connected directl' to the damper )lade is

often used as the open F closed indicator$ There are to )e clear and permanent @open and

@closed indications so that the position of the damper ma' )e readil' determined$

The position from which an' damper is operated must )e readil' accessi)le and mar;ed in

signal redM colour$ If an' damper is located )ehind a dec;head panel or other lining the

access through the dec;head or lining must )e mar;ed @&I"! A*P!"$ There should also

)e a notation )' which the particular damper ma' )e identified$

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&" ESCA+E S.STEMS AN/ A++LIANCES

The design of a +essel should allow for personnel to 2uic;l' and safel' e+acuate an'

compartment and access the sur+i+al craft em)ar;ation dec; in the e+ent of a fire or other

emergenc'$ !scape routes are )oth routes for escape and access$

There are general rules regarding the escape from all accommodation spaces and from spaces

in which the crew is normall' emplo'ed$ Stairwa's and ladders are to )e not less than

specificall' stated widthsH there are limitations on the e5tent of a continuous stair run( and

regulations concerning the dimensions of stairs$ Ladders of rope or fle5i)le chain or wire are

not permitted to form part of an escape route$ Alle'wa's and doorwa's gi+ing access to and

from stairwa's or open dec;s must )e wide enough to pre+ent congestion$ .andrails at aheight of 1m a)o+e the dec; are fitted to )oth sides of the alle'wa'( e5cept that onl' one rail

is re2uired in narrow corridors$

The main escape routes from an area should )e widel' separated and ;ept clear at all times$

!le+ators are ne+er to )e regarded as a means of escape$

Hatches 7 .atches ma' pro+ide the second means of escape from some crew accommodation

or wor;ing spaces such as a Steering &lat$ !scape hatches must )e opera)le from )oth sides(

not a)le to )e loc;ed( and accessed )' a fi5ed steel ladder$ !scape hatches should )e pro+ided

with a counter )alance for ease of opening$

Escape Panels 7 These are to )e arranged so that the' ma' )e easil' ;ic;ed out( and onl' one

escape panel is permitted in an' escape route$ !scape Panels are not permitted in Class AM

)ul;heads or doors$

Inner Bedrooms 7 9here a crew ca)in or suite incorporates a )edroom( or other inner room(

that is accessed through a da'room( and there is no direct access to the inner room from the

corridor( there should )e an escape panel or window to allow emergenc' e+acuation of the

inner room$ .owe+er( if the da'room is fitted with a smo;e detector that is part of the ships

fi5ed fire detection s'stem the inner room does not re2uire a second means of escape$

Doors: - oors should normall' open with the flow =i$e$ in the direction of escape> e5cept

ca)in doors( which will normall' open into the ca)in$ oors in +ertical emergenc' escape

trun;s will normall' open out of the trun;$ In crew accommodation( doors will normall' )e

hinged( although sliding doors ma' )e permitted in some circumstances$ 9ithin escape

routes( doors =in crew accommodation> ma' )e loc;ed for reasons of securit' pro+ided the

use of the route for escape purposes is not impaired$

Machinery spaces: - There shall )e two means of escape from each machiner' space( one of

which shall pro+ide continuous fire protection =engineroom escape trun;>$ Ladders are to )e

secured with insulated fi5ing points so that heat from fire cannot )e transferred to the ladder$

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A control room within a machiner' space must ha+e a means of escape that does not

necessitate entering the machiner' space$

Spaces ith !as cylinders: - These are to )e entered from the open dec;$ ertical access

ladders are not permitted$ Access doors must open outwards$

!scape routes on all Compan' +essels are clearl' indicated with a'-glow signs located near

to dec; le+el$

"e+ision date:

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SECTION ' 0 FIRE FIG,TING TEC,NIUES

'1 Fire Control

A fire is contained )' using one or more of the following:-

♦ ,oundar' Cooling

♦ ,oundar' Star+ation

♦ entilation Control

It has alread' )een stated in Section 1$( that fire can spread in an' or more of si5 directions$

9hilst an attac; is )eing made on the fire( ad4acent compartments must )e chec;ed for

possi)le fire spread$

-oundary Cooling 6 this in+ol+es the wetting of dec;s and )ul;heads( after first isolating

an' electrical circuits( in order to pre+ent the fire spreading )' conducted heat$ The minimum

amount of cooling water should )e used and this ma' )est )e applied in the form of water

spra'$ .oses for )oundar' cooling can )e lashed in position if manpower is limited )ut should

not )e left unattended$ If the heat dries the wetted surface then )oundar' cooling must

continue( if the area sta's wet then the hoses can )e turned off and the situation monitored$

Care must )e ta;en to ensure that there is no )uild up of free surface water$

-oundary Star7ation 6 this in+ol+es the remo+al of carpets from dec;s( clothes from loc;ers

and drawers( furniture and an' other com)usti)le material in the area of the fire and ad4acent

spaces where fire ma' spread$ It ma' also )e necessar' to remo+e )ul;head and dec;head

paneling and other fi5tures$

)entilation Control 6 to +entilate or not will re2uire careful consideration$ Continuing

+entilation ma' allow air to perpetuate and e+en increase the fire$ To close off +entilation will

trap heat and smo;e( possi)le in increasing amounts$

enerall'( if there are no persons in the space on fire it ma' )e completel' sealed and

containment achie+ed as detailed a)o+e$ Initiall'( if the seat of the fire is not ;nown( or if the

space cannot )e confirmed empt' of persons( the compartment should )e closed( all+entilation stopped and then )e searched )' a team wearing )reathing apparatus and ta;ing a

full' charged fire hose with them to pro+ide a water curtain for protection from the fire$

It ma' )e decided that firefighters should re-enter a space that has )een completel' closed

down and )oundar' cooled$ "e-entr' should )e made from the lowest le+el possi)le to

minimise the effects of heat and smo;e( although it should )e recognised that firefighting

upwards is difficult and energ' consuming$ Through +entilation from )ehind the team should

)e considered as a means to carr' awa' heat smo;e and steam$ 9hen determining the amount

of +entilation necessar' and its nature( the following points should )e considered:-

♦ 9hat would )e the naturalH flow of gases in the compartment on fire

♦ 9hat effect would open apertures and forced +entilation ha+e on the flow

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♦ Can the hot gases )e )lown )ac; at the firefighters

♦ 9ill the +enting of hot gases and smo;e cause the fire to spread or o)scure +ision

elsewhere

'2 Fire Figting On Te Sa%e Le7el

This is the preferred approach to a fire as e2uipment is easier to handle and access is usuall'

the most con+enient$ This ma' in+ol+e entering a space from outside( entering an internal

room from an alle'wa'( or entering a loc;er from a large internal area such as the

engineroom$

9hen approaching a door to ma;e an entrance( the first re2uirement is to insure that it is cool

enough to )e handled$ Spra' a short )urst of water on the door and chec; for the production

of steam$ If steam is produced then continue cooling the door with water spra'( chec;ing atinter+als to see if the door has cooled$ Once the door is considered cool enough to handle for

opening( position the fire fighting team at the hinged side of the door and ;eep them low$ The

team leader should reach up to open the door( if the door opens outward he should )race

against the door to pre+ent it from )lowing open against the team in the e+ent of an e5plosion

of fire and flame$ The opening door will pro+ide some protection from heat and flame$ If the

door opens into the compartment the team leader should reach up and release the door catch$

In this case( an' e5plosion of fire and flame would )low the door shut( otherwise if there is

little or no flow of heat through the open door then it ma' )e safe to enter$

9hen entering a confined space through a door the fire fighting team should ;eep low where

the atmosphere ma' )e cooler and clear of smo;e$ The team should progress carefull' withthe fire hose ;eeping a good all round watch for an' signs of fire and( if necessar'( use the fire

hose to produce a water spra' curtain to pro+ide protection from heat and flames$ If the team

has two hoses the second hose can )e used to fire short 4ets of water through the water curtain

at the seat of the fire$

'" Fire Figting Fro% A9o7e

If access to fight the fire from the same le+el is not practical( the ne5t consideration should )e

access from a)o+e$ .owe+er( firefighters will encounter heat and smo;e which must )e

penetrated during entr'$

&irefighting procedures in this case will +ar' depending on whether the fire is an oil t'pe or

non-oil t'pe$

♦ ,atc Entry to figt a Non0oil fire 0 The firefighting team( comprising two or three

mem)ers( should )e e2uipped with two hoses )oth set to pro+ide waterwall and positioned

at opposite corners of the hatch$ The hatch should )e opened carefull' and the waterwall

spra's used to seal the opening$ After securing the hatch in the open position( hose o$1

should )e lowered halfwa' to the dec; )elow and swung around to ma5imise co+erage$

.ose o$ should then )e lowered through the hatch until it 4ust reaches the dec; )elow$

The first firefighter can then ma;e an entr' through the hatch( descending the ladder carefull' one rung at a time and gripping the ladder +ertical stringers with forearms$ On

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reaching the dec; )elow the firefighter should ta;e hold of the hose and direct the

waterwall spra' to the front for protection$ The firefighter should then mo+e to the side of

the ladder and crouch low to await the arri+al of the remaining team mem)ers$

The second firefighter should then descend the ladder and on passing the o$ hose(should pass it o+er his shoulder and )ac; under his arm so that the water curtain pro+ides

protection to his )ac;$ On reaching the dec; the nd &irefighter should rearrange the hose

to direct the nole to the front gi+ing further waterwall protection and mo+e to the side of

the 1st &irefighter$

If a+aila)le a %rd &irefighter should then descend the ladder without a hose and on

reaching the dec; should position himself )ehind the first two firefighters$ The three

firefighters should sta' together and wor; towards the seat of the fire with one hose on

waterwall for protection and the other on water spra' for tac;ling the fire$ The %rd

firefighter will help with manoeu+ering the hoses as the team mo+es forward$

♦ ,atc Entry to Figt an Oil Fire 6 Two hoses should )e prepared to deli+er water and a

third to deli+er foam$ The water hose noles should )e set to waterwall( turned on and

positioned at opposite corners of the hatch$ The hatch should )e opened carefull' and the

waterwalls used to seal the opening$ The hatch should then )e secured in the full' open

position$ The entr' team should consist of two or three firefighters$

&oam production from the foam hose should )e commenced awa' from the hatch and then

)e directed down into the space through the waterwall$ &oam should )e directed into the

space until it is considered that an ade2uate )lan;et has )een formed( after which entr'

into the space )' firefighters ma' ta;e place$

The 1st &irefighter should descend the ladder with a water hose o+er his shoulder and

tuc;ed under his arm to pro+ide waterwall protection to his )ac;$ On reaching the dec; he

should mo+e to the side of the ladder( crouch low and redirect the hose to pro+ide

waterwall protection from the fire while awaiting the arri+al of the remaining team

mem)ers$

The nd firefighter should descend the ladder with the foam hose )ranchpipe tuc;ed under

his arm pointing downwards$ The foam hose should not )e producing foam during this

descent$ On reaching the dec;( the nd firefighter should mo+e close to the 1st firefighter

and ta;e co+er )ehind the water wall$ If a+aila)le a % rd &irefighter should then descend the

ladder without a hose and on reaching the dec; should position himself )ehind the first

two firefighters$

The nd firefighter should then direct foam through the water wall towards the fire$ Care

should )e ta;en to ensure that the water from the fire hose does not )rea; down the foam

)lan;et$

♦ Entry troug a /oor ?it $latfor% and !tair?ell 6 The general procedures for

opening the door will )e the same as for opening a hatch( with the water hoses pro+iding

waterwall protection at the door( )ut once open the hoses will not )e lowered down into

the space$

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&or a non-oil fire the 1st and nd &irefighters will carr' the hoses with them as the'

descend the stairs with the waterwall protection in front of them$ &or an oil fire( the nd

&irefighter carr'ing the foam hose will descend the stairs close )ehind the 1 st &irefighter

to gain protection from the waterwall$ Similarl' the %

rd

&irefighter( if a+aila)le( will followclose )ehind the nd &irefighter helping with manoeu+ering the hoses$

9ith the team in position at the )ottom of the stairs the nd firefighter should direct foam

through the water wall towards the fire$ Care should )e ta;en to ensure that the water from

the fire hose does not )rea; down the foam )lan;et$

'& Figting Fire Fro% -elo?

This is considered the least fa+oured option$ Although it ma' )e the coolest and most smo;e

free route( access and the mo+ement of e2uipment through hatches and up +ertical ladders and

stairwa's is often difficult and energ' consuming$ It should )e remem)ered that a high wor; rate increases the )reathing rate and so reduces the safe duration of Self Contained ,reathing

Apparatus$ This will result in shorter lengths of attac; on the fire that ma' allow it to regain

its former strength during the team change$ *ore fre2uent team changes will also hinder

firefighters in reco+ering their strength after ma;ing an entr' and this will ha+e an impact on

their efficienc' during su)se2uent entries to fight the fire$

'' Searc Tecni#ue!

In smo;e or in areas of dar;ness it will )e necessar' to wor; and mo+e around )' sense of

touch and so familiarit' with the area )eing entered is +er' important$ The following are

techni2ues to )e used:-

♦ Suffle te feetB don5t ?al= 6 ;eep the weight of the )od' on the rear foot until the

front foot has tested the area in front and found it safe to mo+e forward$ This is done

)' pushing the foot along the dec; and pro)ing from side to side$ If found safe drag

the rear foot up alongside the front foot and then repeat the process$ &eet should not )e

lifted from the dec; neither should the' )e crossed$ Sliding the foot forward will

detect o)structions and openings that ma' )e dangerous$

♦ U!e and! for $rotection of te ead and u$$er 9ody 6 hold a free hand %/ 7 3/

cms in front of the face$ The hand should )e slightl' cupped with the palm towards the

face$ As the searcher mo+es forward the hand should )e mo+ed up and down to detect

suspended or protruding o)4ects that might in4ure the searchers face or upper )od'$ It

is important that the )ac; of the hand is forward so that should it ma;e contact with a

sharp( hot or electricall' li+e o)4ect there is a tendenc' for the contracting muscles in

the hand and arm to recoil from( rather than grasp the o)4ect$

♦ ee$ lo? 6 heat and smo;e rise so it ma' )e cooler and clearer lower down at dec;

le+el and in this case ma' )e )eneficial to crawl$ 9hen crawling forward use one hand

to sweep in front as descri)ed a)o+e$ &rom a low and relati+el' smo;e free position it

ma' )e possi)le to detect the glow from the fire that has )een o)scured when standing

upright$

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Dsuall' the temperature increases as the seat of the fire is approached$ Cautiousl' feeling )ul;heads( dec;s and doors for heat is a relia)le guide for determining the direction in which

the fire seat lies$ Also loo; for signs of )listering paint and distorted plastic mouldings and

fittings$

9hen searching for a fire( doors that are left open ma' cause e5tra draught and so result in the

fire spreading$ After passing through a door the searcher should close it as far as hoses and

lifelines permit( unless the open door is to )e used for +entilation control$

The search of a space for missing persons must )e methodical and follow a pre-determined

pattern$ The following techni2ues should )e used:-

♦ Left or rigt and !earc 6 on entering the compartment the searchers should mo+econtinuousl' and methodicall' in one direction around the space( either to the right or

left( until returning to the point of entr'$

♦ Searc in $air! 6 where possi)le search in pairsH one searcher uses the )ac; of a

glo+ed hand to maintain contact with the )ul;head and the other hand to sweep in

front as descri)ed a)o+e$ The second searcher widens the scope of the search awa'

from the )ul;head )' gripping the 1st searchers shoulder with one hand while using

the other to sweep in front as descri)ed a)o+e$ The searchers should progress )'

shuffling their feet as descri)ed a)o+e$ In larger areas the searchers ma' widen the

scope of the search e+en further )' t'ing a short length of rope )etween them$

♦ Re%e%9er loc=er! and alco7e! 6 trapped persons often see; shelter in wardro)es(

cup)oards and recesses$ These must not )e o+erloo;ed when searching the space(

similarl' searchers should chec; under des;s( ta)les and in )eds$

♦ ,o!e! and lifeline! 6 Searchers must ta;e care that hoses and lifelines that the' ta;e

into an enclosed space do not get tangled up in furniture and fittings while the'

complete the search$

'( Figting Acco%%odation Fire!

Accommodation fires ma' present some serious pro)lems$ ec;head and )ul;head +oid

spaces ma' pro+ide a channel for an unrestricted air suppl' that can feed a fire$ !ach ca)in

and compartment will also ha+e a +entilation trun; lin;ing it with other compartments and pro+iding a means of air suppl' and smo;e distri)ution$ Alle'wa's( stairwells and ele+ator

shafts promote the spread of fire( smo;e( fumes and heat to areas remote from their source$

Plastics and other s'nthetic materials found in furniture( curtains( )ul;head panels and other

fittings ma' produce large +olumes of to5ic fumes and thic; smo;e in a short space of time$

These fumes and smo;e will )e life threatening to an'one in the +icinit'( or connected +ia a

conduit or +entilation route( that is not wearing an !!, or SC,A$

It is important that spaces on the same le+el around the seat of fire( as well as those a)o+e and

)elow( are chec;ed for possi)le fire spread due to heat transfer$ ,oundar' cooling and

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)oundar' star+ation in these areas ma' contain the fire$ Careful consideration should )e gi+en

to +entilation control in order to remo+e heat( smo;e and fumes without feeding air to the fire$

9ater spra' is often effecti+e in tac;ling accommodation fires )ut all electrical circuits in the

area must )e isolated )efore water is used$ Careful consideration must also )e gi+en to

sta)ilit' if large +olumes of water are used$

'* Figting Macinery S$ace Fire!

The main dangers in machiner' space fires are those presented )' oils =often under pressure>

in close pro5imit' to heat( machiner' running at high temperature and turning at high speeds(

and a multitude of electricall' dri+en items( switch)oards and generators$

Situations that ma' cause a fire in machiner' spaces include fractured oil lines( o+erheated )earings( cran;case e5plosions( electrical faults( electrical o+erloads( negligence and human

error$

&i5ed e5tinguishing installations of CO( .alon( &oam or .i-&og water spra' will )e

a+aila)le for fire fighting in machiner' spaces$ 9hen considering their use the following must

)e ta;en in to account:-

♦ Are there an' persons remaining in the compartment and will the use of the s'stem )e

harmful or fatal to them If so the' must )e remo+ed from the compartment )efore use

of the fi5ed s'stem$

♦ oes the s'stem ha+e one-shot onl' .ow long will it )e )efore the s'stem can )e

recharged to pro+ide further protection

♦ .a+ing used the s'stem in the engine room( how long will the +essel )e without

engine power and manoeu+ra)ilit'

♦ A fi5ed gaseous s'stem has no cooling effect$ After use will it )e possi)le to reduce

the internal temperature with )oundar' cooling to ensure that there is no danger of re-

ignition when the space is reopened

'D Fire! in +ort

A fire on )oard while the +essel is in port ma' pose additional difficulties )ut ma' also mean

that local fire )rigade ser+ices are readil' a+aila)le to pro+ide assistance in tac;ling the fire$

Additional difficulties ma' include the following:-

♦ Some crewmem)ers ma' )e ashore$ It is important that a record is maintained of

crewmem)ers going ashore and returning on )oard so that an accurate head count can

)e made when !mergenc' Parties are mustered$ The num)er of crewmem)ers

permitted shore lea+e should )e consistent with maintaining ade2uate emergenc'

co+er on )oard$ *issing crewmem)ers will mean that !mergenc' Parties ma' )e

depleted and una)le to act effecti+el'$ Transferring mem)ers from the ,ac;-up Part'

to the !mergenc' Part' ma' )e one wa' of o+ercoming this difficult'$

♦ There ma' )e shore representati+es or +isitors on )oard who( although ha+ing )een

gi+en details of emergenc' alarms and actions to )e ta;en( ma' )e uncertain of what

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to do and where to go$ i+ing guidance to these persons will )e an additional pro)lem

for crewmem)ers tr'ing to reach their muster stations as 2uic;l' as possi)le$

An' fire on )oard when in port must )e immediatel' reported to the terminal andFor the port

authorit' as applica)le$ &ull instructions on action to )e ta;en in the e+ent of a fire on )oard

should )e contained in the Terminal or Port .and)oo; and should ha+e )een discussed at the

pre-transfer safet' meeting attended )' ship and terminal personnel$

The Senior Officer of a local fire )rigade attending to help fight a fire on )oard should )e

presented with the following items which should )e stored in the &ire 9allet ad4acent to the

gangwa':-

♦ A cop' of the +essels fire control plan$

♦ A cop' of the present cargo plan$♦ An up to date crew list$

The Senior &ire ,rigade Officer will also need to )e )riefed with the following information:-

♦ The location of the fire$

♦ 9hat is )urning$

♦ .ow long has the fire )een )urning$

♦ .ow did it start$

♦ 9hat are the access options$

♦ 9hat are the ad4acent ris;s$

♦ 9hat other ris;s are there on )oard( e$g$ cargo$

♦ Is an'one missing$

♦ 9hat is the +essels sta)ilit' status and is there a ris; to sta)ilit' if water hoses are

used$

♦ 9hat action has alread' )een ta;en concerning:

!+acuation of personnel$

!5tinguishing the fire$

Isolation of electrical circuits$

entilation in use$

♦ 9hat fi5ed fire fighting s'stems are a+aila)le$

The presence of a local fire )rigade does not relie+e the *aster of his responsi)ilit' for the

safet' of the +essel and its crew$ The Senior &ire ,rigade Officer will liaise with the *aster

)ut will not hand o+er control of his personnel$ It has to )e recognised that the local &ire

,rigade are the e5pert firefighters whilst the ships crew ha+e more detailed ;nowledge

concerning the la'out of the +essel$ It is therefore imperati+e for each part' to co-operate with

the other in order to successfull' o+ercome the incident$

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SECTION ( 0 )ESSEL S+ECIFIC INSTRUCTION MANUALS

(1 +orta9le :ater Fire E>tingui!er!

Insert copies of the following:-

Operating instructions

*anufacturers ser+icing instructions

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(2 +orta9le CO2 Fire e>tingui!er!




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(" +orta9le Foa% Fire e>tingui!er!




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(& +orta9le /ry +o?der Fire e>tingui!er!




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(' Se%i0+orta9le Foa% Fire e>tingui!er!




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(( Se%i0+orta9le /ry +o?der Fire E>tingui!er!




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(* +orta9le Foa% Ma=ing E#ui$%ent




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(D Fire%an5! Suit!


Operating and onning Instructions

*anufacturers inspection and ser+icing instructions

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(K +orta9le ligt! for Fire%an5! Outfit!


Operating Instructions

*anufacturers instruction manual for testing and ser+icing

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(1 Self Contained -reating a$$aratu!


Operating and onning Instructions


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(11 E%ergency E!ca$e -reating /e7ice!




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(12 Fi>ed Fire E>tingui!ing Sy!te%!


Schematic diagram of installation


*anufacturers inspection( testing and ser+icing instructions

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SECTION * 0 FIRE SAFET. O+ERATIONAL +ROCE/URES

This section is prepared in accordance with SOLAS Chapter II- Part ! "egulation 16 paragraph

Cre?5! re!$on!i9ilitie! for general fire !afety of te 7e!!el ?il!t loading and di!carging cargoB

1$ Dse onl' electrical e2uipment certified for use in e5plosi+e atmospheres on dec; i$e$

Intrinsicall' safe 9al;ie-Tal;ies and flashlights$

$ Stop cargo operations in e+ent of electric storm in +icinit' of +essel$%$ !arth radio transmitters$

3$ Beep all doors to accommodation and stores closed$ Dse one entrance onl' for access to

accommodation on offshore side of +essel$

#$ o not permit unauthoried craft alongside the +essel$

6$ o not permit helicopter operations during cargo operations$

0$ &ire &ighting !2uipment 7 manifold e2uipment( dr' powder monitors( +isitor information(

displa' signs 7 no smo;ing( no mo)ile phones etc(

8$ Place air conditioning on re-circulation$

<$ Inspect Compressor "ooms( *otor "ooms and .'draulic pump motors regularl' to chec;

)earing temperatures and for an' lea;ages etc

1/$ !nsure +essel is securel' moored at all times and that there is no possi)ilit' of cargo armsmo+ing$

11$ Carr' out regular safet' and fire patrols of the +essel$

1$ !nsure good house;eeping practices are )eing followed

1%$ Safel' dispose of oil' rags in metal containers with lids

13$ o not carr' out hotwor; an'where on )oard during cargo operations

1#$ o not use incinerator during cargo operations$

16$ !nsure smo;ing regulations are strictl' enforced during cargo operations$

10$ !nsure all +isitors are made aware of safet' procedures$

18$ !nsure o Smo;ingM signs are displa'ed$

1<$ !nsure cargo pump trips tested )efore cargo discharge )egins$

/$ o not permit use of ShipFShore )onding ca)les unless in accordance with ISOTT$1$ !nsure procedures for Static !lectricit' pre+ention in Safet' *anagement S'stem are adhered

to$

$ o not permit spar;s to )e emitted from funnel$

Readine!!B

1$ .a+e fire-fighting gear prepared in +icinit' of manifold$

$ irect foam or dr' powder monitors towards cargo manifold$

%$ !nsure fire main is pressuried$

3$ !nsure &ire 9allet a+aila)le and up to date at gangwa'$

#$ !nsure ade2uate means of emergenc' escape from +essel( i$e$ offshore gangwa' or life)oat$

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6$ !nsure !ngine room manned at all times during cargo operations$

0$ !nsure fire wires rigged correctl'$

8$ !nsure Ship Shore chec;list completed and that contact details in e+ent of emergenc' are

displa'ed in Cargo Control "oom$

+rocedure! for cargo tan= $urging andor ga! freeing and te $re7ention of ignition of fla%%a9le

7a$our!B

These procedures are included in the +essels Cargo Operations *anual$

Fire Training Manual (Revised 27-06-2006)

Documents

Transcript of Fire Training Manual (Revised 27-06-2006)