Fire Safety with Concrete Masonry Products

NCMA/AIA CES COURSE C202a

DisclaimerThe National Concrete Masonry Association is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects (AIA/CES) and Landscape Architecture (LA/CES) Continuing Education Systems. Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES and LA/CES for AIA and ASLA members. Certificates of Completion will be provided to all attendees upon request.

This program is registered with AIA/CES and LA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA or LA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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Learning ObjectivesAt the end of the course, participants will be able to:1. Understand fire statistics and trends2. Apply the concepts of balanced design for

fire safety3. Distinguish the methods of evaluating fire

ratings for concrete masonry4. Utilize the code approved calculated

method for determining fire resistance rating of concrete masonry assemblies

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The Overall Fire Picture - 2010

As a result of Fire in 2010:

Civilian deaths 3,120: one every 168 minutes Civilian injuries 17,720: one every 30 minutes

Source: US Fire Administration

The Overall Fire Picture - 2010

Result of fire in 2010 (cont.):

Source: US Fire Administration

Firefighter deaths 72 Direct property loss - $11.6 billion

Why is America Burning?

when we have the best firefighters and equipment? when we have the best designers and researchers? when we have the most regard for human life?

Its in the choices we make.

Why is America Burning?

Referenced NCMA TEK

TEK 5-08B: Detailing Concrete Masonry Fire Walls

TEK 7-01C: Fire Resistance Rating of Concrete Masonry Assemblies

TEK 7-02: Balanced Design Fire Protection TEK 7-06A: Steel Column Fire Protection

All available free on line see www.ncma.org and click Solutions Center

2Automatic Suppression Systems(Sprinkler Systems)

Components of Balanced Design

Automatic Detection Systems (Alarms)1

Compartmentationusing non-combustible materials (Concrete Masonry)

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Fire Safety Function of Balanced Fire Design Concept

Function Automatic Detection

Automatic Suppression

Compartment-ation

Limits the extent of contents damage Limits the extent of structural damage Low installation costs Low maintenance costs Limits repair time due to fire damage

Considered to be effective Considered to be partially effective Considered to be ineffective or only slightly effective

Fire Safety Function of Balanced Fire Design Concept (cont.)

Function Automatic Detection

Automatic Suppression

Compartment-ation

Controls fire/limits fie growth Provides smoke, toxic fume barrier Provides fire barrier Limits generation of smoke/toxic fume Allows safe egress Provides refuge Assists fire fighting efforts Reduces fire and rescue response time Difficult to vandalize/arson Performance requires little maintenance

1. Automatic Detection

2. Automatic Suppression

3. Compartmentation

ActiveSystems

PassiveSystem

Consider the reliability of protection from individual components

Redundancy provided by thecomplementing features of all three when combined.vs.

Reliability Through Redundancy

Purpose of Fire-Resistive Assemblies

Provide safe egress of building occupants Safety for fire fighters Provide protection for the building Provide protection to adjacent structures

and property

Types of Fire Assemblies Fire Partition - vertical assembly designed

to restrict spread of fire*. Fire Barrier - fire-resistance-rated vertical

or horizontal assembly designed to restrict spread of fire*.

Fire Wall - fire-resistance-rated extending continuously from the foundation through the roof with sufficient structural stability under fire to prevent collapse*.

*Note: Requires openings to be protected.Reference: IBC 2003 - 2012

Independent Support to Prevent Firewall Collapse

Firewall Performance

Firewall Performance

Firewall Performance

Firewall Performance

Consequence of No Firewalls

New Orleans Fire

ExitEgress Protection

Hardened walls

Robustness

Stair and Elevator Shafts

Fire Tests of Building AssembliesGoverned by ASTM E119

Structural acceptance criteria Fire barrier acceptance criteria Control of fire tests Conduct of fire tests

Provides a specific standard fire exposure against which assemblies can be evaluated

Time - Temperature Curve - ASTM E119

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

time (hr)

tem

pera

ture

(deg

F)

Building Assemblys Resistanceto Heat Transfer

ASTM E119 Conditions of Acceptance

FOR WALLS AND PARTITIONS Resistance to heat transfer

Temperature rise less than 250 degrees on the unexposed side of the wall

No flame or gases passing through Cotton swab observation

Carry structural load Structural resistance to hose stream

Stream cannot penetrate wall

ASTM E119 End Point CriteriaFOR WALLS AND PARTITIONS Temperature on unexposed side of wall

rises more than 250 degrees Flame or gases pass through wall

Cotton swab ignites Wall collapses under load Hose stream penetrates wall

ASTM E119 Fire Testing a Masonry Wall

ASTM E119 Hose Stream Test The wall specimen is subjected to impact, erosion,

and cooling effects of hose stream Not required for ratings less than 1 hour Duplicate specimen allowed

Heated to 1/2 fire rating period Need not exceed 1 hour

Optional - full fire endurance test specimen Apply water from hose in sweeping motion for 2-1/2

minutes

By virtue of the duplicate test specimen provisions - both are 2-hour rated walls

Concrete Masonry Fire Ratings

Three methods for determining ratings:

1. Fire Testing2. Listing Service3. Calculation Method

ASTM E119

Three methods for determining ratings:

1. Fire Testing

2. Listing Service

3. Calculation MethodUnderwriters Laboratory

UL 618 Standard for Safety forConcrete Masonry Units

Concrete Masonry Fire Ratings

UL Listing Service

Concrete Masonry Fire Ratings

Three methods for determining ratings:

1. Fire Testing

2. Listing Service

3. CalculationMethod

UL 618UL Standardfor Safety forConcrete Masonry Units

IBC and ACI 216.1/TMS 0216Method

Concrete Masonry Fire Ratings

Fire Test Data - Calcareous and Siliceous Aggregate

0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00

0 50 100 150 200 250Fire Resistance (minutes)

Equi

vale

nt th

ickn

ess

(in)

Chart12376013490611201801809924012388711471501448620227852521331411491531521501541521531601781642871651551571591541551611561432831591721351411501541621551501491411342401801802161801026222893895617410212312812546137118124143131132137129equivalent thickness (in)Fire Resistance (minutes)Equivalent thickness (in)Fire Test Data - Calcareous and Siliceous Aggregate6.22.84.63.62.664.25.635.33.746.23.743.62.765553.495.297.382.62.655555555555.1957.875.194.424.424.424.424.424.424.424.426.74.425.765555555554.566.254.414.413.534.413.62.595.63.623.62.75.334.115552.655555.194.424.425Sheet1fire resistance minutesequivalent thickness (in)2376.20602.81344.60903.6612.661204.21805.631805.3993.742406.21233.74883.60712.761475.001505.001445.00863.492025.292787.38522.60522.601335.001415.001495.001535.001525.001505.001545.001525.001535.001605.001785.191645.002877.871655.191554.421574.421594.421544.421554.421614.421564.421434.422836.701594.421725.761355.001415.001505.001545.001625.001555.001505.001495.001415.001344.562406.251804.411804.412163.531804.411023.60622.592285.60933.62893.60562.701745.331024.111235.001285.001255.00462.601375.001185.001245.001435.001315.191324.421374.421295.00Sheet1equivalent thickness (in)Fire Resistance (minutes)Equivalent thickness (in)Fire Test Data - Calcareous and Siliceous AggregateSheet2Sheet3

Equivalent Thickness

Te = % solid x actual thickness

Equivalent Thickness, Te, is the solid thickness that would be obtained from the same volume of concrete without cores.

restricted to:width > 7-5/8 inchesheight < 8 incheslength < 18 inches

Aggregates - ESCS, pumice, coal cinders, natural

Specifies aggregate type, cement-aggregate ratio, face shell and web thickness and equivalent thickness

Not referenced by building codes

UL 618

ASTM C90: 8 in and greater - FST = 1.25 in., WT = 0.75 in.

2 Hours 3 Hours 4 Hours

Type of Aggregate

Face Shell Thickness

(in.)

Web Thickness

(in.)

Face Shell Thickness

(in.)

Web Thickness

(in.)

Face Shell Thickness

(in.)

Web Thickness

(in.)

Expanded Clay, Shale or Slate

1 1/8 1 1 3/8 1 -- --

ExpandedSlag or Pumice

1 1/8 1 1 3/8 1 1 5/8 1

Natural 1 1/4 1 1 1/2 1 2 1/8 1 1/2

UL Fire Resistance RatingsMinimum Face Shell and Web Thickness

UL Fire Resistance RatingsMinimum Face Shell and Equivalent Thickness

Minimum face shell and web thickness2 Hours 3 Hours 4 HoursType of Aggregate

EquivalentThickness

(in.)

Face Shell Thickness

(in.)

EquivalentThickness

(in.)

Face Shell Thickness

(in.)

EquivalentThickness

(in.)

Face Shell Thickness

(in.)Expanded Clay, Shale, or Slate Coated or Uncoated, rotary kiln process

3.6 1 1/4 4.4 1 1/2 5.1 1 3/4

Expanded Clay, Shale, or Slate Coated or Uncoated, sintering kiln process

4.2 1 1/4 4.75 1 1/2 5.4 1 3/4

Fly Ash 4.0 1 4.7 1 1/2 5.2 1 3/4Fly Ash with Sand 4.2 1 1/8 4.9 1 5/8 5.4 1 7/8

Pumice -- -- 4.07 1 1/4 4.4 1 1/2

Applicable to: Concrete Concrete masonry Clay brick and tile

masonry Effects of finish

materials on fire resistance

ACI/TMS 216.1

Concrete Masonry Section of ACI/TMS 216.1 - Chapter 3

Equivalent thickness Ungrouted or partially grouted Solid grouted Air spaces and cells filled with listed materials Finishes/coverings

Concrete masonry wall assemblies Single wythe Multi-wythe Expansion or contraction joints

Reinforced concrete masonry columns Lintels Structural steel column protection

ACI/TMS 216.1

Referenced by the current International Building Code

Almost identical provisions in Section 721 of the International Building Code

Summarized in NCMA TEK 7-1C

Code Calculated Fire Resistance Ratings

Fire ratings for concrete masonry walls are a function of: Aggregate type Equivalent thickness

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Aggregate Type

Minimum Required Equivalent Thickness for Fire Resistance Rating, in. A,B

1 hr 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr

Calcareous or Siliceous Gravel (other than limestone)

2.8 3.6 4.2 5.3 6.2

Limestone, cinders, or air-cooled slag

2.7 3.4 4.0 5.0 5.9

Expanded clay, expanded shale or expanded slate

2.6 3.3 3.6 4.4 5.1

Expanded slag or pumice 2.1 2.7 3.2 4.0 4.7

Fire Resistance Rating of Concrete Masonry Assemblies

A Fire resistance ratings between the hourly fire resistance rating periods listed shall be determined by linear interpolation based on the equivalent thickness value of the concrete masonry assembly.

B Minimum required equivalent thickness corresponding to the fire resistance rating for units made with a combination of aggregates shall be determined by linear interpolation based on the percent of volume of each aggregate used in the manufacture.

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Aggregate Type

Minimum Required Equivalent Thickness for Fire Resistance Rating, in. A,B

1 hr 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr

Calcareous or Siliceous Gravel (other than limestone)

2.8 3.6 4.2 5.3 6.2

Limestone, cinders, or air-cooled slag

2.7 3.4 4.0 5.0 5.9

Expanded clay, expanded shale or expanded slate

2.6 3.3 3.6 4.4 5.1

Expanded slag or pumice 2.1 2.7 3.2 4.0 4.7

Table 3.1 Fire Resistance Rating of Concrete Masonry Assemblies

Blended Aggregate ExampleThe required equivalent thickness of an assembly constructed of units made with expanded shale (80% by volume), and calcareous sand (20% by volume) to meet a 3 hour fire resistance rating is:

T1 for expanded shale (3 hr rating) = 4.4 in. (112 mm) T2 for calcareous sand (3 hr rating) = 5.3 in. (135 mm) Tr = (4.4 x 0.80) + (5.3 x 0.20) = 4.58 in. (116 mm)

Increasing Fire Resistance Ratings Use more lightweight aggregates in production of

CMU Increase actual thickness of CMU Increase equivalent thickness of CMU Fill the cores of the hollow CMU (sand, grout,

listed fills) Use multi-wythe masonry and/or veneer Apply wall finishes or coverings

Equivalent thickness is considered to be the actual thickness of the concrete masonry unit.

Thus all 8-inch and many 6-inch CMU have 4 hour ratings when filled with an approved fill material.

Filling Cores

Core Fill - Listed Materials

Grout Sand, pea gravel, crushed stone or slag Pumice, scoria, expanded shale, expanded

slate, expanded clay, expanded slag, expanded fly ash

Cinders per ASTM C331 or C332, Perlite or vermiculite.

Multi-wythe Masonry

Multi-wythe Equation

R = (R1 0.59+ R2 0.59 + R3 0.59)1.7

R = (1.25 0.59 + 0.3 + 2.46 0.59) 1.7

R = (1.14 + 0.3 + 1.7)1.7

R = (3.14) 1.7

R = 6.99 hours

Clay BrickAir Space

Concrete Masonry

Finishes and Coverings

Finishes and Coverings on Non-Fire Exposed Side

TEK 7-1C

TEK 7-1C

Finishes and Coverings on Non-Fire Exposed Side

Finishes on the Fire-exposed side of Wall

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TEK 7-1C

Protection forSteel Columns

R = 0.17 (W/ps)0.7 + [0.285 (Tea1.6/k0.2)][1.0 + 42.7 {(As/Dtea)/(0.25p + Tea)}0.8]

R = 1.22 (W/ps)0.7 + [0.0027 (Tea1.6/k0.2)][1.0 + 2.49 x 107{(As/Dtea)/(0.25p + Tea)}0.8]

TEK 7-1C and TEK 7-6A

Tables for W-Shape Columns

TEK 7-6A

Column Size

Concrete MasonryDensity,

lb/ft3

Minimum Required Equivalent Thickness of Concrete Masonry Protection Assembly, Tea, in.

For Fire Resistance Rating, hr

1 2 3 4

W 14 x 82 85105125135

0.770.921.071.21

1.631.882.112.33

2.392.702.993.27

3.073.443.784.10

W 14 x 68 85105125145

0.861.021.171.31

1.762.002.232.44

2.532.833.113.38

3.223.573.904.22

W 14 x 53 85105125145

0.951.111.251.39

1.872.112.332.54

2.652.953.223.48

3.363.694.014.32

Control Joints

Exterior Generated Fires

Monte Carlo Hotel Las Vegas

Jan. 24, 2008

AmericaBurning

And yet there are significant pressures for our building codes to relax fire requirements, particularly for compartmentation

Summary

Balanced design provides redundancy in fire safety systems

Concrete masonry provides robustness and added protection

Determine fire ratings by the calculation method found in the codes and references listed in the codes.

Course Evaluations

In order to maintain a high-quality learning experience, a required course evaluation will be distributed and collected at the end of this education session.

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Questions?

Thank you for your time!This concludes the American Institute of

Architects Continuing Education Systems Course.

13750 Sunrise Valley DriveHerndon, VA 20171

703.713.1900e-mail ncma@ncma.org

www.ncma.org65

Fire Safety with Concrete Masonry ProductsNCMA/AIA CES Course C202aDisclaimerLearning ObjectivesSlide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Fire Safety Function of Balanced Fire Design ConceptFire Safety Function of Balanced Fire Design ConceptSlide Number 12Purpose of Fire-Resistive AssembliesTypes of Fire AssembliesSlide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Fire Tests of Building AssembliesBuilding Assemblys Resistance to Heat TransferASTM E119 Conditions of AcceptanceASTM E119 End Point CriteriaASTM E119 Fire Testing a Masonry WallASTM E119 Hose Stream TestBy virtue of the duplicate test specimen provisions - both are 2-hour rated wallsSlide Number 30Slide Number 31Slide Number 32Slide Number 33Slide Number 34Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Slide Number 39UL Fire Resistance RatingsMinimum Face Shell and Equivalent ThicknessSlide Number 41Concrete Masonry Section of ACI/TMS 216.1 - Chapter 3ACI/TMS 216.1Code Calculated Fire Resistance RatingsFire Resistance Rating of Concrete Masonry AssembliesTable 3.1 Fire Resistance Rating of Concrete Masonry AssembliesBlended Aggregate ExampleIncreasing Fire Resistance RatingsSlide Number 49Slide Number 50Multi-wythe MasonryMulti-wythe EquationFinishes and CoveringsFinishes and Coverings on Non-Fire Exposed SideSlide Number 55Finishes on the Fire-exposed side of WallSlide Number 57Tables for W-Shape ColumnsSlide Number 59Slide Number 60Slide Number 61Slide Number 62SummaryCourse EvaluationsQuestions?