Fire control 2013 bmcc
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Transcript of Fire control 2013 bmcc
Fire Control
Overall Objectives
Improve Size-up abilitiesIdentify and understand priorities and needs
at fires.Capturing the cues and clues in the situation
and comprehending them.Identify reasons for Transfer of command
Firefighter I
Specific Objectives
1.Describe initial factors to consider when suppressing structure fires. 2.Summarize considerations prior to entering a burning building. 3.Explain the gas cooling technique.
4.Describe direct attack, indirect attack, and combination attack. 5.Discuss deploying master stream devices. 6.Describe elevated master streams.
Firefighter I
Specific Objectives
7.Describe actions and hazards associated with suppressing Class C fires. 8.List electrical hazards and guidelines for electrical emergencies. 9.Discuss responsibilities of companies in structural fires.
10. Explain actions taken in attacking fires in upper levels of structures. 11. Explain actions taken in attacking fires belowground in structures. 12. Discuss structure fires in properties protected by fixed systems.
Firefighter I
Specific Objectives
13. Explain actions taken when attacking a vehicle fire. 14. Explain actions taken when attacking trash container fires.
15. Summarize influences on wildland fire behavior: fuel, weather, and topography. 16. Describe parts of a wildland fire. 17. List wildland protective clothing and equipment.
18. Describe methods used to attack wildland fires19. List ten standard fire fighting orders when fighting wildland
fires.
Firefighter I
Coordination When Suppressing Structure Fires
Fire attack on burning structure must be coordinated
When fighting any fire, firefighters should always work as a team under direction of a supervisor
Firefighter I
Actions to Take
Advancing hoseline teams should carry equipment needed to perform a variety of tasks
Certain equipment carried by teams advancing hoselines
Person at nozzle has responsibilities before entering building/area
(Continued)
Firefighter I
Actions to Take
When structure/major contents are involved in fire, firefighters should wait at entrance, staying low, out of doorway until fire officer gives order to advance
Before entry, extinguish fires showing in exterior overhangs/around entry or egress points
Firefighter I
Actions to Take
Whenever possible, approach and attack fire from unburned side to keep it from spreading throughout structure
Once fire is contained, determine area of origin, protect evidence before overhaul and extinguishment
Firefighter I
Actions to Take
Breathing apparatus must be worn during overhaul, extinguishment
Valuables found during overhaul should be turned in to supervisor
Firefighter I
Pre-Entry Considerations
Conduct quick size-upMaintain high level of situation awarenessRead fire behavior indicatorsUnderstand crew’s tactical assignmentIdentify potential emergency escape routesAssess forcible entry requirementsIdentify hazards Verify that radios are working, on right
channel, being received
Firefighter I
Opening Doors
If door to fire area must be opened, all members should stay low and to one side of doorway
Check door for heat before opening
Firefighter I
Gas Cooling
Not a fire extinguishment method; way of reducing hazard presented by hot gas layer
Effective when faced with shielded fire
Firefighter I
Hot Gas Layer
Hot gas layer accumulating in upper levels of compartment presents problems
Cooling hot gas layer mitigates hazards by slowing transfer of heat to other combustibles
Limits the possibility of a Flashover
Firefighter I
Cooling Hot Gas Layer
Apply short pulses of water fog onto it
Repeat technique as necessary while hose team advances under gas layer toward fire
Penciling – Short pulses of water in a straight stream at the ceiling level.
Courtesy of Dick Giles.
Firefighter I
Direct Attack
Most efficient use of water on free-burning fires made by direct attack
Usually from straight or solid streamTechniquesWater should not be applied long enough to
upset thermal layering
What attack mode here?
Firefighter I
Indirect Attack
Used when firefighters unable to enter burning building/compartment
Can be made from outside compartment through window or other small opening
Firefighter I
Indirect Attack
Not ideal method of attack where building occupants may still be inside
May be only method of attack until temperatures reduced
Procedures for making indirect attack
Attack Mode?
Firefighter I
Combination Attack
Uses heat-absorbing technique of cooling hot gas layer followed by heat-reducing direct attack on materials burning near floor level
Firefighter I
Master Streams
Usually deployed in situations where fire is beyond effectiveness of handlines or there is need for fire streams in areas that are unsafe for firefighters
Main uses for master stream
Firefighter I
Positioning Master Stream
Must be properly positioned to apply effective master stream on fire
Master stream can be adjusted up, down and left, right
Once line in operation, must be shut down if device is to be moved
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w91F9zubvG8
Firefighter I
Positioning Master Stream
Stream should be aimed so it enters structure at upward angle, deflects off ceiling or other overhead objects
Desirable to place master stream device in location that allows stream to cover most surface area of building
Firefighter I
Supplying Master Streams
Master stream devices can have high friction loss in supply hose
Because master stream devices used primarily in defensive fire fighting, desirable to shut down handlines to keep from reducing water supply available for master streams
Always follow SOPs in operation of master streams, handlines
Firefighter I
Staffing Master Stream Devices
Usually takes minimum of two firefighters to deploy master stream device, supply water to it
Once portable master stream device in place, can be operated by one firefighter
Some situations may be too dangerous to have firefighters stationed at master stream device
Firefighter I
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What should be done if a master stream device starts to move?
Firefighter I
Elevated Master Stream Devices
1. Used to apply water to upper stories of multistory buildings, either in direct attack or to supply handlines
2. Delivered by aerial devices
Firefighter I
15–29
Categories of Aerial Apparatus
1. Aerial Ladder2. Aerial Ladder Platform3. Telescoping Platform4. Articulating Platform5. Combination telescoping & Articulating
Platform6. Water Towers
Firefighter I
Quints
Have waterways pre-plumbed to pumps Only external support — Water supplyMain ladder can be used for rescuing people
from exterior windows, ledges, and rooftops within reach of main ladder
Firefighter I
Aerial Ladders
Apparatus equipped with hydraulically operated extension ladders
Courtesy of District Chief Chris E. Mikal, NOFD Photo Unit.
Firefighter I
Aerial Ladders
In North America, usually 50-135 feet (15-41 m), but in Europe sometimes as much as 300 feet (100 m)
Newer aerial ladders equipped with built-in waterways that supply master stream nozzle
Firefighter I
Aerial Ladders
Master stream nozzles of both types of apparatus can be operated by firefighters at ladder tip/on ground
Can be used for rescuing people from exterior windows, ledges, rooftops within reach
Firefighter I
Aerial Platforms
Available in two configurations Aerial ladder platforms Articulating aerial platforms
Firefighter I
Aerial Platforms
All equipped with built-in waterways, some with narrow escape ladders
Can be used for rescuing peopleEngines equipped with hydraulically operated
booms that are dedicated to applying waterMost range from 50-130 feet (15-40 m) in
length
Firefighter I
Water Towers
Some have narrow escape ladders attached to boom
Not designed for rescue operations
Firefighter I
Class C Fires
Involve energized electrical equipmentMajor safety hazard — Firefighters fail to
recognize danger and take appropriate steps for protection
Once electrical power turned off, may self-extinguish or fall into Class A or B
Firefighter I
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What are some examples of potential Class C fires?
Firefighter I
Class C Fires
In many commercial and high rise buildings, electrical power necessary to operate essential systems; not to be shut off until ordered
When handling fires in delicate electronic/computer equipment, clean extinguishing agents should be used
Multipurpose dry-chemical agents effective, but some chemically reactive with components
Firefighter I
Class C Fires
Using water inappropriate because of shock hazard
Fire suppression techniques needed for fires involving transmission lines and equipment, underground lines, commercial high-voltage installations
Departmental operating procedures
Firefighter I
Class C Fires: Transmission Lines and Equipment
Relatively small number of electrical emergencies involve fires in electrical substations, transmission lines, associated equipment
Firefighter I
Class C Fires: Transmission Lines and Equipment
Electrical power lines sometimes break, start fires in grass/other vegetation
Fires in electrical transformers common
Firefighter I
Class C Fires: Underground Transmission Lines
Consist of conduits, vaults below gradeMost serious hazards presented are
explosions caused by fuses blowing or short-circuit arcing that ignites accumulated gases
Electrical utility vault
Firefighter I
Class C Fires: Commercial High-Voltage Installations
Many commercial/industrial complexes have electrical equipment requiring 600+ volts
High-voltage signs may be on doorsSome transformers use flammable coolants that
are hazardousWater should not be used because of potential
damage to electrical equipment uninvolved in fire
Because of toxic chemicals, smoke is additional hazard
Firefighters should only enter for rescue
Firefighter I
Controlling Electrical Power
Advantageous for electrical power to remain on for lighting, fire pumps, other essential systems
Decision made by IC and Incident Safety Officer
When power turned off, should be turned off at main panel by power utility employee
Firefighter I
Controlling Electrical Power
Always follow departmental SOPRemoving meter may not completely stop
flow of electricity because of emergency power capabilities
Considerations for clandestine drug labs, indoor marijuana-growing operations
Firefighter I
Electrical Shock
Consequences of electrical shockFactors most affecting seriousness of
electrical shock
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaEfU47QY_k
Firefighter I
Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
Establish exclusion zone equal to one span all directions from downed power lines
Firefighter I
Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
Be aware other wires may have been weakened by short circuit, may fall at any time
Wear full protective clothing, use only tested and approved tools with insulated handles
Guard against electrical shocks, burns, eye injuries from electrical arcs
Wait for utility workers to cut power lines
Firefighter I
Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
Use lockout/tagout devices when working on electrical equipment
Be very careful when raising/lowering ladders near power lines
(Continued)
Firefighter I
Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
Do not touch any vehicle/apparatus in contact with electrical wires
Jump clear of apparatus that may be energized by contact with power lines
Do not use solid, straight streams on fires in energized electrical equipment
Firefighter I
Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
Use fog streams with at least 100 psi (700 kPa) nozzle pressure
Be aware wire mesh or steel rail fences can be energized by wires outside field of view
Where wires are down, heed any tingling sensation felt in feet, back away
Avoid ground gradient hazards by maintaining large safety zone around downed electrical wires
Firefighter I
Company-Level Fire Tactics
Standard tactical priorities — Life safety, incident stabilization, property conservation
Order of priorities same, but actions taken on fireground may/may not be performed in that order
Firefighter I
Responsibilities — First Due Engine Company
If smoke/fire visible, may be departmental SOP to stop, lay supply line from hydrant or end of driveway into scene
Company officer will conduct rapid initial size-up
Assessment determines further actions taken by first-due engine company
If by taking immediate action company can save 1+ lives, will do so even if not enough firefighters on scene to form rapid intervention crew (RIC)
Size-up
Definition
Arrival & Size-up
What are the issues or items to convey to Dispatch? Type of building/occupancy involved Specific condition found (smoke, fire, victims) Initial attack mode
Transitional Offensive Defensive
Designate ALPHA side Initiate Command Any Additional resources needed
Size-up
Critical Needs: 360 walk-around for structures and good recon for
larger natural cover fires.
Firefighter I
Responsibilities — First Due Engine Company
If no obvious, immediate life-safety concerns, and fire threatening to extend to another nearby structure, officer may order lines pulled to apply water to exposure
Officer may call for more resourcesGiven a small interior fire, company officer
usually assumes Command of incidentOnce location of fire known, first-due engine
company will position initial attack hoseline to cover priorities
Prioritize incoming information
Smoke
Construction
Speed of the Incident
Realistic assessment of savable lives
Resources enroute
Color, volume, velocity, and density
Light weight vs non-comb, multiple story
Progression of fire & risk to personnel
GO or No GOQuality & quanity of
resources.
Smoke
Where is the seat of the Fire?
What is the smoke telling us?
What SOG would we follow?
Attic Fires
Construction
Speed of the Fire
Where is the fire?Time of the building?What’s going wrong
in the picture?
Savable Lives?
Resources
6 Problems at Fires
Fire Offensive Defensive Transitional
Smoke Ventilate (vertical,
horizontal) Positive pressure
Poss. Victim(s) Search Assess situation of
viable victims
Confirmed Victim(s) Rescue Hold in place Direct them
Access Forcible entry Alternate route
Exposures Protect Pressurize Nothing
Firefighter I
Responsibilities — Second Due Engine Company
Must make sure adequate water supply established to the fireground,
May finish hose lay, lay additional line, connect to hydrant
Proceeds according to priorities
Firefighter I
Responsibilities — Fireground Support Company
Responsible for performing tasks in order dictated by situation
Functions may be performed by engine personnel when support companies not available
May assist in making fire attack
Firefighter I
Responsibilities — Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC)
Consists of 2+ members wearing appropriate PPE, radio; equipped with special rescue tools, equipment necessary to effect rescue of other emergency personnel
Firefighter I
Responsibilities — Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC)
May be assigned other emergency scene duties; must be prepared to drop those immediately if needed
Exact number determined by IC
How many is enough?
Firefighter I
Responsibilities — Chief Officer/Incident Commander
Upon arriving at scene, chief officer may choose to assume Command from original IC, take responsibility for all on-scene operations
If original IC has incident well organized, progress toward incident stabilization being made, chief officer may assume another role
Transfer of Command
Command can be transferred to a person with a higher level of expertise or authority
Command can be transferred face-to-face or over the radio
Preferably command can be transferred only to someone who is on-scene
The person relinquishing command should provide any needed information to the assuming command.
Transition of Command
When does this happen or when should it happen? Complexity of Incident Current IC requests
transfer Incident
stabilization/mitigation is compromised by current strategy & tactics Coaching Suggestions
5 Common Command Mistakes
1. Failing to process the meaning of the cues /clues
2. Misunderstanding the speed of the incident
3. Over-estimating abilities of their crews4. Taking heroic actions without conducting a
risk-benefit assessment5. Focusing on the wrong things or trying to
process to much information
Best Practices
Size-up must be on-goingStay focused on big pictureNever miss commo from at-risk companiesControl your distractions and interruptionsEstablish strong command presence
Keep track of your people Control your emotions Clear and concise orders
Develop good habits and routinesPre-load your experiences
Incident Action Plan
Does every incident have an Incident Action Plan?
YES! IC’s head or Written
Scene Mitigation Personnel safety
Environmental issuesForward planning
Firefighter I
Attacking Fires in Upper Levels
Fire attack typically initiated from floor below fire floor
Crews should check floors above main fire floor for fire extension, victims
Staging usually established two floors below fire floor
Personnel must exercise caution in streets around outside perimeter of high-rise building
Firefighter I
Fires Belowground in Structures
Can expose firefighters to extremely hostile conditions
May be possible to control fire without entering basement
Firefighter I
Fires Belowground in Structures
If cellar nozzle unavailable, firefighters may have to enter burning basement
Good ventilation techniques extremely important
Heavy objects on floor above fire floor can increase chance of floor collapse
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVGQwLeeJx0
Firefighter I
Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems
Firefighters should be familiar with systems in buildings protected by their department
Supporting systems critical during fire
Types of systemsDangers involved with
fires in occupancies with fixed systems
Firefighter I
Preincident Plans
Often contain SOPs used at these occupancies
Include detailed descriptions of construction features, contents, protection systems, surrounding properties
May specify procedures for each companyContain building mapMust be updated regularly
Firefighter I
Sprinklered Buildings
Support company personnel often used to manage system’s operation
Must always follow departmental SOPs regarding actions taken
Some possible actions
Car Fires
Firefighter I
Fires in Small Passenger Vehicles
Among most common types of fires to which firefighters called
Dictate firefighters wear full PPE, SCBA
Courtesy of Bob Esposito
Hazards
Interior components on vehicle mainly plastic, which burns rapidly at high temperatures and emits toxic gases
Gas-filled componentsFlammable LiquidsAir BagsHybrid vehicles
incorporate high-voltage cables, components
Do not assume any vehicle is without extraordinary hazards
Attacking Vehicle Fires
Fires under the Hood Direct water into
wheel wells & Front grill.
Chock Wheels Check for occupants Engine Compartment
access Extinguishment
Flammable Liquids Fire Exinguisher Class B Foam
Attacking Vehicle Fires
Fires in passenger area Direct water on fire
with straight stream, sweeping motion. Start at 50’ from vehicle.
Advance on vehicle and observe under the vehicle for leaking flammable liquids
Semi-fog pattern for final knock down.
Attacking Vehicle Fires
Trunk FiresRear of VehiclesTrailers
RV’sSemi-Trucks
Alternate fuel fires LPG CNG Ethanol Hybrids
Nickel metal hydride batteries
High-voltage –Orange cables
Firefighter I
Trash Container Fires
Possibility of exposure to toxic products of combustion ever-present
May include hazardous materials or plastics Full PPE, SCBA should be worn when
attacking any trash container fire
Firefighter I
Attacking Trash Container Fires
Size of attack line depends on size of fire and proximity to exposures
Fires in small piles of trash, garbage cans, small containers can often be extinguished with booster line
Firefighter I
Attacking Trash Container Fires
Larger piles, larger containers, fires close to exposures should be attacked with at least 1½-inch (38 mm) line
Master streams may be needed to keep trash container fires from spreading
Once fire has been controlled, may be possible to use standard overhaul techniques to complete extinguishment
May be advantageous to attack fire using Class A foam
Firefighter I
Confined Spaces
Below grade or otherwise without natural/forced ventilation
Atmospheric hazardsPhysical hazards
Firefighter I
Confined Spaces
Where to find information on fireHazard mitigation plansBecause of hazards, command post and
staging area must be established outside hot zone
Firefighter I
Fire Attack
Fires may also be attacked indirectly with penetrating nozzles, cellar nozzles, distributor nozzles
Effective air-management system should be part of IAP
Firefighter I
DISCUSSION QUESTION
When is it safe for firefighters to enter these confined spaces?
Natural Cover Fires
Firefighter I
Parts of Wildland Fire
Firefighter I
Parts of Wildland Fire
Firefighter I
Wildland Fires
Include those in weeds, grass, field crops, brush, forests, similar vegetation
Have characteristics not comparable to fires in buildings
Main influences on wildland fire behavior
Wildland Fire Impacts
Fuels Grassy Brush Timber
Topography Steep hills Canyons
Weather Wind Relative Humidity Temperature Cold fronts/T-storms
Firefighter I
Wildland Fires — Fuel
Classified by grouping those with similar burning characteristics together
Factors affecting burning characteristics of fuels
Firefighter I
Wildland Fires — Fuel
Firefighter I
Wildland Fires — Topography
Steepness of slope affects both rate, direction of wildland fire’s spread
Fires will usually spread faster uphill than down; steeper the slope, faster fire spreads
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5eCA-TTJWI
Firefighter I
Wildland Fires — Weather
WindTemperatureRelative humidityPrecipitation
Methods of Extinguishment
Firefighter I
Attacking Wildland Fires
Methods revolve around perimeter control
Control line may be at burning edge, next to it, or a distance away
Objective is to establish control line that completely encircles fire
Firefighter I
Wildland Fire Approaches
Direct attack is action taken directly against flames at edge or closely parallel
Indirect attack used at varying distances from advancing fire
Because wildland fire constantly changing, attack methods may change
Direct Attack
Containing and extinguishing the fire at its burning edge.
Advantages Quick containment Used most often on
small firesDisadvantages
Working in smoke and heat. Close to the fire
Indirect Attack
Most often used for large Fires.
Building fireline along natural breaks
Used when not enough resources to mount direct attack
When topography is to rough that make direct attack dangerous or impossible.
Priorities of Attack
IC must assess & evaluate priorities for saving lives and property before determining attack mode.
Safety Hazards
Contain perimeter firstControl FireMop-up Standards
Size-up
Fire BehaviorSize of fireFuels & topography involvedStructures threatenedResource needsAttack mode*make sure to recon fire if significant size
Assign resources – flanks, divisions, anchor points
Establish escape routes and safety zones
Cont.
Make sure every unit gets a briefing Escape Routes and Safety Zones Assignment Supervisor Current Situation
Use Proper Span of Control Divisions Groups Task Forces
Remember other functions Safety, Logistics, Information, etc….
Firefighter I
Standard Fire Fighting Orders When Fighting Wildland Fires
Keep informed on fire weather conditions, forecasts
Know what fire doing at all times Base all actions on current, expected
behavior of fire
Firefighter I
Standard Fire Fighting Orders When Fighting Wildland Fires
Identify escape routes and safety zones, make them known
Post lookouts when possible dangerBe alert, keep calm, think clearly, act
decisively
Firefighter I
Standard Fire Fighting Orders When Fighting Wildland Fires
Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your supervisor, adjoining forces
Give clear instructions, ensure they are understood
Firefighter I
Standard Fire Fighting Orders When Fighting Wildland Fires
Maintain control of forces at all timesFight fire aggressively, providing for safety
first
Firefighter I
Summary
Attacking fires early in their development is an important aspect of a successful fire fighting operation. Likewise, selecting and applying the most effective fire attack strategy and tactics are also important.
Failing to do any of these things can result in a fire growing out of control, an increase in fire damage and loss, and possibly in firefighter injuries.
Firefighter I
Summary
Firefighters need to know how to use the fire fighting tools and techniques adopted by their departments. They need to know how to safely and effectively attack and extinguish structure fires, vehicle fires, refuse fires, and wildland fires.
Firefighter I
Review Questions
1.What initial actions should firefighters take when suppressing a structural fire?2.What are the differences among a direct attack, an indirect attack, and a combination attack?
Firefighter I
Review Questions
3.When are master streams usually deployed?4.What are three guidelines for electrical emergencies?5.What are the parts of a wildland fire?