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By Robert Frost http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/

poet/robert-frost

� � "Fire and Ice" was first published in Harper’s

Magazine in 1920, and it was republished in Frost’s 1923 collection New Hampshire

� Robert Frost is one of the most important American poets of the 20th century

� He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and was asked to deliver a poem at President John F. Kennedy's 1961 inauguration.

Publication

� � https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jHj9Pl72_A

� What do the images in this video suggest?

� How do they make you feel? � Do you think the visual representation

of the poem is too literal of an interpretation of the poem? � Why?

How Will the World End? Or Will it?

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� � https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzU7_NiApvs

� Is this the kind of reading of the poem you expected?

� How would you describe Frost’s tone? � Do you like his intonation or the way

he reads? Why or why not?

Poem Recited by Robert Frost Himself

� � https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89dSwSmG6ks

� Is the tone of this reader different from the tone of Robert Frost? If so, how?

� How does this version of the recitation alter the meaning of the poem for you?

An Alternate Recitation

� � Eclipe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdnKN1fRJL0 *“Fire and Ice” was printed as the epigraph to *Stephanie Meyer’s Twilight series entitled Eclipe. *Frost’s first self-published book of poems were entitled Twilight.

*Interesting! *Why is this an appropriate poem to use in this film? Or is it?

Poetry Lives!

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� � Why are so many human beings fascinated

with death and destruction? � What movies or books can you name that

focus on threats to the end of the world? � Are you concerned about the end of the

world at all? � Is the world heading toward a gloomy

destruction or a golden age of harmony? Defend your response.

Journal Entry

� �  According to one of Frost's biographers, "Fire and Ice" was inspired by a

passage in Canto 32 of Dante’s Inferno, in which the worst offenders of hell, the traitors, are submerged, while in a fiery hell, up to their necks in ice: “a lake so bound with ice,/It did not look like water, but like a glass…right clear / I saw, where sinners are preserved in ice.”

�  Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), Italian poet wrote La Divina Commedia (The

Divine Comedy), his allegory of life and God as revealed to a pilgrim, written in terza rima (a verse form consisting of tercets (a set or group of three lines of verse rhyming together or connected by rhyme) usually in iambic pentameter in English poetry with an interlaced rhyme scheme (as aba, bcb, cdc); Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise), written between 1307 and 1321.

Inspiration

� �  Inferno is an epic allegory of the spiritual journey of man �  “Inferno” means “a hot place,” but Dante pulls a surprising

move by covering the very bottom of Hell in ice �  In fact, Satan himself is trapped waist-deep in a huge sheet

of ice �  This image contradicts the view of Hell as a blazing place

where Satan roams around carrying a pitchfork. �  Dante’s point, which Frost seems to pick up on, is that the

very worst people are the ones who use their “cold” intelligence to commit terrible acts.

�  Check out Canto XXXII for more information: http://www.online-literature.com/dante/inferno/32/

Inspiration Continued

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� �  In an anecdote he recounted in 1960 in a "Science and the Arts"

presentation, prominent astronomer Harlow Shapley claims to have inspired "Fire and Ice.”

�  Shapley describes an encounter he had with Robert Frost a year before the poem was published in which Frost, noting that Shapley was the astronomer of his day, asks him how the world will end.

�  Shapley responded that either the sun will explode and incinerate (completely burn) the Earth, or the Earth will somehow escape this fate only to end up slowly freezing in deep space.

�  Shapley was surprised at seeing "Fire and Ice" in print a year later, and referred to it as an example of how science can influence the creation of art, or clarify its meaning.

Inspiration Continued

� � The essays by Tom Hansen and John N.

Serio provide excellent background information on Frost’s inspiration for the poem as well as offer literary criticism

� Check it out! � http://www.english.illinois.edu/

MAPS/poets/a_f/frost/fireice.htm

Modern American Poetry: Reading for Enrichment

� Compression of Dante's Inferno �  In a 1999 article, John N. Serio claims that the poem is a compression of

Dante's Inferno. He draws a parallel between the nine lines of the poem with the nine rings of Hell, and notes that like the downward funnel of the rings of Hell, the poem narrows considerably in the last two lines. Additionally, the rhyme scheme (aba-abc-bcb) is similar to the one Dante invented for Inferno.

�  Frost's diction further highlights the parallels between Frost's

discussion of desire and hate with Dante's outlook on sins of passion and reason with sensuous and physical verbs describing desire and loosely recalling the characters Dante met in the upper rings of Hell: "taste" (recalling the Glutton), "hold" (recalling the adulterous lovers), and "favor" (recalling the hoarders).

�  In contrast, hate is discussed with verbs of reason and thought ("I think I know.../To know...").[5]

Critiques

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� �  "Fire and Ice" deals with the question of how human

beings are going to destroy the planet. �  Will it be in a blaze of suffocating heat or "fire," as in

global warming? �  Or will it be in blast of "ice," like a nuclear winter or the

exhaustion of the earth's molten core? � However, Frost's poem is not entirely about natural

disasters. �  With what human emotions can fire and ice be

associated? �  Can "Fire" and "ice” be symbols of two different sides of

the human animal: the passionate and the rational?

Why Should I Care?

� Fire and Ice By Robert Frost Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. From what I’ve tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice.

“Fire and Ice”

� � Complete the Venn Diagram provided � Write down all emotions associated with fire and ice � Strive to find emotions that can be associated with

both fire and ice and write them in the middle � Think of the physical world as we see it, and the

internal world that exists within and among individuals

Venn Diagram

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� � Can fire and ice co-exist at the same time, and

even in the same person? Explain your response. � What is the difference between “love” and

“desire”? � What kind of desire is the speaker talking about?

Wealth or power? � Why do we associate love and romance with heat

and fire? � Can you think of examples where love has or had

the potential to destroy and harm people?

Discussion Questions

� � What feelings are associated with “ice”? � Can ice be as dangerous, if not more dangerous

than fire? Explain � Think of the saying: “Revenge is a dish best

served cold.” �  Meaning, vengeance is more satisfying when

exacted in cold blood and after enough time has passed so that the target will not see it coming.

� Would you rather be a victim of passion or a victim of a cruel, calculated crime? � Remember Poe’s “The Cask of Amontillado”?

Discussion Questions Continued

� � Our "passions" define our animal nature, and our

“reason” makes us human. � The poem argues that the human mind and

intelligence is an equally dangerous weapon, one with the power to turn the earth – or at least the parts inhabited by humans – into a cold and uninhabitable wasteland.

� This poem is a textbook example of extended symbolism, and "hot" and "cold" are symbols that we use every day.

Reason vs. Emotion

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� �  Review this link http://literarydevices.net, the handout on

Poetic Terms and Devices �  Study the following terms and apply to “Fire and “Ice”

� Alliteration � Allusion � Antithesis � Tone � Rhyme � Rhyme scheme � Theme � Metaphor: Implied/Extended � Understatement

Poetic Terms and Devices

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Poetic DevicesPoetry is the kind of thing poets write. — Robert FrostMan, if you gotta ask, you’ll never know. — Louis ArmstrongA POET IS LIMITED in the materials he can use in creating his works: all he has are words to expresshis ideas and feelings. These words need to be precisely right on several levels at once:• they must sound right to the listener even as they delight his ear• they must have a meaning which might have been unanticipated, but seems to bethe perfectly right one• they must be arranged in a relationship and placed on the page in ways that areat once easy to follow and assist the reader in understanding• they must probe the depths of human thought, emotion, and empathy, whileappearing simple, self-contained, and unpretentiousFortunately, the English language contains a wide range of words from which to choose for almostevery thought, and there are also numerous plans or methods of arrangement of these words, calledpoetic devices, which can assist the writer in developing cogent expressions pleasing to his readers.Even though most poetry today is read silently, it must still carry with it the feeling of being spokenaloud, and the reader should practice “hearing” it in order to catch all of the artfulness with whichthe poet has created his work.the SOUNDS of words

Words or portions of words can be clustered or juxtaposed to achieve specific kinds of effects when we hearthem. The sounds that result can strike us as clever and pleasing, even soothing. Others we dislike and striveto avoid. These various deliberate arrangements of words have been identified.Alliteration: Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words placed near each other, usually on thesame or adjacent lines. A somewhat looser definition is that it is the use of the same consonant in anypart of adjacent words.Example: fast and furiousExample: Peter and Andrew patted the pony at AscotIn the second definition, both P and T in the example are reckoned as alliteration. It is noted that this isa very obvious device and needs to be handled with great restraint, except in specialty forms such aslimerick, cinquain, and humorous verse.Assonance: Repeated vowel sounds in words placed near each other, usually on the same or adjacent lines.These should be in sounds that are accented, or stressed, rather than in vowel sounds that are unac-cented.Example: He’s a bruisin’ loserIn the second example above, the short A sound in Andrew, patted, and Ascot would be assonant.Consonance: Repeated consonant sounds at the ending of words placed near each other, usually on thesame or adjacent lines. These should be in sounds that are accented, or stressed, rather than in vowel

Poetic Terms and Devices

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DEVICES Below you will find examples and definitions of common poetic devices.

Poetic Device Definition Effect or Example Tone feelings or meanings conveyed in the

poem

Not so much what is being said but how it is said

Stanza a grouping of two or more lines of a poem in terms of length, metrical form, or rhyme scheme.

Provides order and an expectation of closure

Simile A comparison between two unlike things using like or as.

“My love is like a red rose.”

Metaphor A comparison between two unlike things without using like or as. Something is something else

The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye.

Personification Giving human qualities or characteristics to animals or inanimate objects

My shoes are killing me.

Alliteration Repetition of initial consonant sounds in a group or words close together

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

Assonance Repetition of a vowel sound The eagle lived free and easy.

Hyperbole Overstatement or exaggeration I will just die if I do not go to the party.

Symbol On object or idea that stands for something else.

Common symbols for love are roses and hearts. A dove is a symbol for peace.

Onomatopoeia The use of words which imitate sound Buzz, tweet, ping

Imagery Words that appeal to the senses. Creates vivid mental pictures (sight, smell, taste, touch, and sound).

Speaker The voice in the poem (not always the poet).

Provides focus.

Oxymoron a seeming contradiction in two words put together

Jumbo shrimp

Poetic Terms, Devices and Definitions

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� � The repetition of consonant sound at the beginning

of two or more words � Alliteration has a very vital role in poetry and prose.

� It creates a musical effect in the text that enhances the pleasure of reading a literary piece.

� It makes reading and recitation of the poems attractive and appealing; thus, making them easier to learn by heart.

� It renders flow and beauty to a piece of writing.

Alliteration

� �  “She sells seashells by the seashore.” �  “But a better butter makes a batter better.” �  From William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet (Prologue)

�  “From forth the fatal loins of these two foes; A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life.” �  In the marketing industry, alliteration makes the brand

names interesting and easier to remember. � This literary device is helpful in attracting customers

and enhancing sales. � Examples: Dunkin’ Donuts, PayPal, Best Buy, Coca-

Cola, American Apparel, Krispy Kreme

Examples of Alliteration

� � Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a

person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.

� It does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers.

� It is just a passing comment and the writer expects the reader to possess enough knowledge to spot the allusion and grasp its importance in a text. � The use of allusions enables writers or poets to

simplify complex ideas and emotions.

Allusion

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� � “Don’t act like a Romeo in front of her.”

� “Romeo” is a reference to Shakespeare’s Romeo, a passionate lover of Juliet, in “Romeo and Juliet”.

� “The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of crimes.” � This is an allusion to one of Greek Mythology’s

origin myth, “Pandora’s box”. � “This place is like a Garden of Eden.”

� This is a Biblical allusion to the “garden of God” in the Book of Genesis.

Examples of Allusion

� � Antithesis, literally meaning “opposite,” is a

rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.

� It emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers. � “Setting foot on the moon may be a small step

for a man but a giant step for mankind.”

Antithesis

� �  The opening lines of Charles Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities

provides an unforgettable antithesis example:

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.”

�  The contrasting ideas, set in parallel structures, markedly highlight the conflict that existed in the time which was discussed in the novel.

Examples of Antithesis

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� � Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. � Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real

thing. � Speech is silver, but silence is gold. � Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit. � Money is the root of all evils: poverty is

the fruit of all goodness. � You are easy on the eyes, but hard on the

heart.

Antithetical Statements

� � Tone, in written composition, is the writer’s attitude

toward a subject or an audience. � It is generally conveyed through diction or the

viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject. � Tone determines how the readers read a literary

piece and how they should feel while they are reading it. � It creates a specific mood �  It stimulates the readers to read a piece of

literature as a serious, comical, spectacular or distressing.

Tone

� � Robert Frost in the last stanza of his poem “The

Road Not Taken” gives us an insight into the effect of tone: � “I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I, I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.” � Frost tells us about his past with a “sigh,” this

gives the above lines an unhappy tone. � This tone leads us into thinking that the speaker

in the poem had to make a difficult choice.

Example of Tone

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� � A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounding

words occurring at the end of lines in poems or songs

� Rhyme serves two distinct functions in the art of writing poetry: � It gives poetry a typical symmetry that

differentiates poetry from prose. � It makes recital of poetry a pleasurable

experience for the readers as the repetitive patterns renders musicality and rhythm to it

Rhyme

� � The pattern of rhymes used in a poem, usually

marked by letters to symbolize correspondences, as rhyme royal, ababbcc.

� Each new sound is ascribed a new letter, starting with the letter A and continuing in alphabetical order

I do not like green eggs and ham. A I do not like them Sam I am. A I do not like them in a boat. B I do not like them with a goat. B I do not like them in a house. C I do not like them with a mouse. C

Rhyme Scheme

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“Bid me to weep, and I will weep While I have eyes to see; And having none, yet I will keep A heart to weep for thee.”

Can you determine the rhyme scheme of this poem?

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� � Theme is the main idea or the underlying meaning of a

literary work that may be stated directly or indirectly �  It is a truth that exhibits universality and stands true for

people of all cultures. � Theme gives readers better understanding of the main

character’s conflicts, experiences, discoveries and emotions as they are derived from them.

� Through themes, a writer tries to give his readers an insight into how the world works or how he or she views human life. �  Theme can be explicit or implicit as in “The Harvest” and

“The Necklace”

Theme

� � Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit,

implied or hidden comparison between two things that are different but have some characteristics in common between them.

�  Speaking metaphorically: �  “He is the black sheep of the family” is a metaphor

because he is not a sheep and is not even black. �  However, we can use this comparison to describe an

association of a black sheep with that person. �  A black sheep is an unusual animal and typically stays

away fro the herb, and the person you are describing shares similar characteristics.

� Metaphor is different from a simile in that we do not use “like” or “as” to develop a comparison.

Metaphor

� � An implied metaphor is a type of

metaphor that compares two unlike things, but it does so without mentioning one of them.

� Instead, it implies the comparison by using a word or phrase that describes the unmentioned term and makes the comparison in that way.

Implied Metaphor

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� �  Andy’s wife asked him to fetch their dinner. (Compares Andy to a dog)  �  Tony tucked his tail and ran. (Compares Tony to a scared dog) �  Jennifer purred over the lavish present. (Compares Mary to a cat) �  The leaves were fluttering in the breeze. (Compares leaves to butterflies) �  The words nourished his bruised ego. (Compares words to food) �  She lured him into her web. (Compares her to a spider) �  Wanda sailed through her exams in no time. (Compares Wanda to a sailboat) �  The flowers nodded in the wind. (Compares flowers to people) �  At the party, the men orbited the super model. (Compares men to planets) �  The paparazzi circled over the young singing sensation. (Compares paparazzi to vultures) �  Justin’s smile radiated throughout the room. (Compares Justin’s smile to the sun) �  Philip’s anger grew until it erupted. (Compares anger to a volcano) �  To keep the peace, Alice steered away from confrontation. (Compares Alice to a driver) �  Love sometimes has dangerous thorns. (Compares love to a rose) �  Her thoughtless remarks slashed his ego. (Compares remarks to a knife) �  The couple shed their clothes and jumped into the hot springs. (Compares the couple to snakes

shedding their skin)

Examples of Implied Metaphors: An Unmentioned Comparison

� � Using appropriate metaphors appeals directly

to the senses of listeners or readers, sharpening their imaginations to comprehend what is being communicated to them.

� It gives a life-like quality to our conversations and to the characters of the fiction or poetry.

� Metaphors are also ways of thinking, offering the listeners and the readers fresh ways of examining ideas and viewing the world.

Function of Metaphors

� �  Metaphors are sometimes constructed through our common language and they

are called conventional metaphors. �  Examples: “night owl” or an “early bird” or saying “life is a journey” are �  Below are some more conventional metaphors we often hear in our daily life:

�  My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.) �  The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was

not difficult.) �  It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear

skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships) �  The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat;

therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)

�  Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)

We speak, write, and think in metaphors

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� � Extended Metaphor: refers to a comparison between two

unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem. �  It is often comprised of more than one sentence or line

� Example: “But soft! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun! Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Who is already sick and pale with grief.”

�  Here, Shakespeare uses extended metaphor by comparing “Juliet” with the “sun”.

�  Homeric similes are also examples of extended metaphor

Literary Example of Extended Metaphor

� � Understatement: A figure of speech employed by writers

or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is �  Saying less than one means: the opposite of overstatement

or hyperbole �  To call a loaded dinner plate a “nice snack” is an

understatement �  “I have to have this operation. It isn’t very serious. I have

this tiny little tumor on the brain.” � An understatement is a tool that helps to develop other

figures of speech such as irony and sarcasm by deliberately decreasing the severity of a situation when an intense response is expected by the listeners or the readers.

Understatement vs. Overstatement

� � Overstatement or Hyperbole: Exaggeration

�  “I’ll die if I don’t pass English!” �  “I told you a million times…”

� By using hyperbole, a writer or a poet makes common human feelings remarkable and intense to such an extent that they do not remain ordinary.

�  In literature, usage of hyperbole develops contrasts. � When one thing is described with an over-statement and

the other thing is presented normally, a striking contrast is developed. �  This technique is employed to catch the reader’s attention.

Understatement vs. Overstatement Continued

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� �  In the first two lines of the poem, Frost creates a clear dichotomy (a division or contrast between two things that are or are

represented as being opposed or entirely different) between fire and ice and the two groups of people that believe in each element.

�  By using the term “some” instead of “I” or “an individual,” Frost asserts that the distinction between the two elements is a universal truth, not just an idea promoted by an individual. �  In addition to the unavoidable contradiction between fire and ice, these first lines also outline the claim that the world

will end as a direct result of one of these elements. �  It is unclear which element will destroy the world, but it is significant to note that fire and ice are the only options.

�  The poem does not allow for any other possibilities in terms of the world’s fate, just as there are not any other opinions allowed in the black-and-white debate between fire and ice.

�  Interestingly, the two possibilities for the world’s destruction correspond directly to a common scientific debate during the time Frost wrote the poem. �  Some scientists believed that the world would be incinerated from its fiery core, while others were convinced that a

coming ice age would destroy all living things on the earth’s surface. Instead of maintaining a strictly scientific perspective on this debate, Frost introduces a more emotional side, associating passionate desire with fire and hatred with ice. Within this metaphorical view of the two elements, the “world” can be recognized as a metaphor for a relationship. Too much fire and passion can quickly consume a relationship, while cold indifference and hate can be equally destructive.

�  Although the first two lines of the poem insist that there can only be a single choice between fire and ice, the narrator undercuts this requirement by acknowledging that both elements could successfully destroy the world.

�  Moreover, the fact that he has had personal experience with both (in the form of desire and hate) reveals that fire and ice are not mutually exclusive, as the first two lines of the poem insist. �  In fact, though the narrator first concludes that the world will end in fire, he ultimately admits that the world could

just as easily end in ice; fire and ice, it seems, are strikingly similar. --From Gradesaver.com

Analysis

� �  “"Fire and Ice," for all its brevity, develops a profound theme and raises

intriguing questions in regard to human nature. The primary literary device in the poem is that of implied metaphor. Fire becomes a metaphor for human desire, which is made clear in the third line. Ice works as a metaphor for hatred, which is implied in line 6. Another literary device is that of antithesis. Fire is the antithesis of ice. In finding an underlying similarity in their metaphorical opposites, Frost develops his theme: Human desire, such as love or passion, can be just as destructive as human hatred. The theme suggests an irony inherent in human emotions. The first two lines of the poem are allusions to different scientific theories relating to the future of the planet within the solar system. In regard to its poetry techniques, "Fire and Ice" features an interlocking rhyme scheme and iambic meter. Also, alliteration is present in the poem.”

�  Susan Hurn | College Teacher | (Level 1) Educator Emeritus Posted June 3, 2009 at 9:30 AM (Answer #1) on enotes.com

Analysis Continued

� 1. A) Is the speaker’s view of the future optimistic, pessimistic, realistic, or just indifferent? B) Why? C) How does this view make you feel? 2. A) With which opinion of the world’s end does Frost first side? B) How does his view change? C) How might desire bring an end to the world? 3. A) Why does Frost think the world might end in ice? B) In what way is ice a fitting metaphor for hatred? 4. Why is the tone at the end o the poem considered ironic? 5. We understand what it means to “taste” desire, but what does it mean to “know enough of hate”? 6. How much of hate is “enough” and what kinds of life experiences could give someone this knowledge? 7. How have desire and hatred already affected the safety of people in the world? 8. How does the understatement at the end of the poem affect the tone? 9. A) What is rhyme scheme of the poem? B) How does it affect the poem’s mood? 10. A) What is the theme of the poem? B) What makes the theme universal?

Post-Reading Questions

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� Using a chart, web, cluster, or another visual aid, identify and illustrate the following literary devices in the poem:

1.  Tone 2.  Theme 3.  Alliteration 4.  Allusion 5.  Antithesis 6.  Metaphor: Implied or Extended 7.  Understatement 8.  Rhyme/Rhyme Scheme

Group Work: Visual Aid

� � Write a poem of your own with an identifiable rhyme

scheme about any topic you like and illustrate the poem using images to convey the theme

OR � Write a poem of your own with an identifiable rhyme

scheme about any topic you like and create a song, a short film, or a multimedia presentation that conveys the meaning of your poem

Worth 20 points: See Scoring Rubric Provided

Individual Project

� � http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/

a_f/frost/fireice.htm � http://ryanandtina.edu.glogster.com/poetry-glog � http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/

meter.html � http://server.riverdale.k12.or.us/~bblack/

meter.html � http://www.creative-writing-now.com/how-to-

write-poetry.html

Links to Explore