TEXTILE FINISHING

TEXTILE FINISHINGINTRODUCTIONDyeing and printing is not the ultimate steps

Something is required to make the fabric more suitable for end-use

Quality of the fabric in terms of appearance, handle, functionally enhanced by some physical means or by chemicals

Therefore, ultimate value addition is done to the fabric by finishing What is finishing ??????Finishing is a final process given to a textile material toGive a good appearanceDesirable feelImpart certain durable propertiesStiffnessSoftnessWash and wear finishWater repelling finishFire proof finish etc.To impart some desired functional propertiesClassification of finishingClassification according to the nature of finish

According to the nature of FinishPhysical or Mechanical FinishCalenderingSanforizing etc.Chemical FinishMercerizationEasy care finish etc. Physical or Mechanical FinishMechanical / Physical finishes involve specific physical treatment to a fabric surface to cause a change in the fabric appearanceAlso known as dry finishCompacting (Shrinkproofing)CalendaringRaising (Napping, Sueding)ShearingPolishingCorduroy CuttingDecating

Chemical FinishChemicals are used followed by curing or dryingAlso known as wet finish

Classification of finishingClassification according to degree of permanence

According to degree of permanencePermanent FinishTemporary FinishDurable Finish

Semi - Durable Finish6DefinitionsPermanent Finish: Usually involve a chemical change in fibre structure and do not change or alter through out the life of the fabric

Durable finish: Usually last through the life of the article, but effectiveness becomes diminished after each cleaning; and near the end of the normal use life of the article, the finish is nearly removed

Semi-durable finish: Last through several laundering or drycleanings and many are renewable in home laundering or drycleaning

Temporary finish: Are removed or substantially diminished the first time the article is laundered or drycleanedClassification of finishingClassification according to performance

According to PerformanceAesthetic Finish Improved / Altered Appearance CalenderingFullingMercerizationNapping and suedingPlisseShearing

Functional Finish Improved / Altered PerformanceAntisepticAntistaticCrease resistantDurable pressFlame resistantMothproofedShrinkage controlSoil releaseWater and stain repellentWaterproof8Aesthetic FinishThese finishes modify the appearance and / or hand or drape of fabrics

Functional FinishThese finishes improve the performance properties of fabricsAesthetic FinishesAesthetic Finishes modify the appearance and /or hand or drape of the fabrics.

FullingMercerizationNapping And SuedingPlisseShearingSofteningStiffeningFunctional FinishesFunctional Finishes improve the performance properties of the fabric ; like durability, strength etc.

Antimicrobial/AntisepticAntistaticCrease resistantDurable Press Flame ResistantMothproofShrinkage ControlSoil ReleaseWater Proof/Repellant

Wool finishing root

Cotton finishing route

Silk finishing root

Synthetic fibre finishing root

COMPACTING - SHRINKPROOFINGCOMPACTING - SHRINKPROOFINGControlled residual shrinkage is an important quality parameter for manyfabrics. For example, excessive shrinkage is undesirable for fabrics to be made intogarments. Here, the residual shrinkage should be less than 2% otherwise the garment will not fit after it is laundered. Why Fabrics Shrink ???CrimpThickness of yarn Stretching Tension.

SanforizerMechanical compacting is one method of reducing residual shrinkage. The process forces yarns closer together and the fabric becomes thicker and heavier. As a result of this, the net yardage yield is reduced. A Sanforizer is a fabric compactor developed by Cluett Peabody. The term Sanforized, is their registered trademark and is used to market fabrics that meet certain shrinkage specifications. The term Sanforized is now generally accepted to mean a fabric that has low residual shrinkage and the term Sanforizing is used to describe shrinkproofing processes. The process, consists of arange where the fabric is first moistened with steam, to make it more pliable, run through a short tenter frame (pup tenter) to straighten and smooth out wrinkles,through the compressive shrinkage head and then through a Palmer drying unit to set the fabric. Fabric Sample

Sanforizing range

Compactor headThe key to any compactor is the head where force is applied to move parallel yarns closer together. More fabric must be fed in than is taken off. A Sanforizer uses a thick rubber blanket running against a steam heated cylinder as the compacting force. The thick rubber blanket first goes over a smaller diameter roll which stretches the convex surface of the blanket. Fabric is metered onto the stretched blanket and the fabric and blanket together come in contact with the steam heated cylinder. At this point, the stretched rubber surface contracts to its original length and then is forced to contract an additional amount as it forms the concave configuration of the heated drum. Since the fabric is not elastic, an extra length of fabric is thrust between the rubber blanket and the heated cylinder. Friction between the rubber blanket and steel drum force adjacent yarns to move closer together until the unit length of fabric become equal to the unit length of rubber blanket it rests on. Heat is created by constantly stretching and relaxing the rubber blanket. The blanket is cooled by spraying water on it after the fabric exits from the unit..

Compacter head

The degree of shrinkage can be controlled by the thickness of the blanket. The thicker the blanket, the greater is the stretched length at the bend. A longer length of fabric will be fed into the compactor causing the degree of compacting to be greater. To be effective, the degree of compacting needed should be predetermined ahead of time. This is done by characterizing the shrinking behavior of the fabric by laundering. The degree of compacting should not exceed the degree of shrinking otherwise over-compacting will cause the fabric to "grow" when relaxed. This is as much a disadvantage as is shrinkage.DecatingThis process is mainly carried out on wool by exploiting its elastic properties in hot and wet conditions by the direct action of the steam on the fabric.

1) dimensional stability;2) setting of pile after raising;3) reduction of possible glazing effect after calendering, thank to the swelling caused by steam blown on fibres;4) modification of the hand, which is much more consistent after the treatment;5) pre-stabilisation to autoclave dyeingSemi-DecatingSemi-decating is a bach process requiring three steps: 1. winding the fabric onto a perforated cylinder between a cotton decating apron, 2. steaming and followed by cooling the fabric 3. unwinding and batching the finished fabric.

The fabric be wound onto a perforated drum between the interleaving cotton decating apron to form a reasonably thick roll. Steam is forced through the roll (inside - out) for several minutes to provide moisture and heat.Compressed air is then blown through the roll in much the same manner as the steam to remove some of the moisture and cool down the fabric. To insure that the effect is uniform from the inside to the outside of the roll, the fabric and blanket are rewound onto another perforated drum so that the outside layers become the inside layers and the cycle is repeated. At the end of the cycle, the fabric and blanket are separated and wound into individual rolls.

Continuous Decating

Water repellent finishWater Proof finish

Water repellent finishWater repellent are chemical finishResist the penetration of water into or through the fabricPermits the passage of moisture or air through the fabricMethodsThe yarns are coated with water repellent material like waxThe water repellent do not permit the water drop to spread and penetrateCould be of durable and non-durable typesNon-durable repellents are easily removed in laundering or drycleaningNon-durable repellents do not provide satisfactory resistance to oily liquids

Durable repellent finish can be either repellent to water or oil or bothFlurocarbon compounds have excellent durability to both drycleaning and laundering

Water proof finishA water-proof fabric, unlike a water repellent fabric, is completely moisture proofed

The fabric is coated or laminated with a film of natural or synthetic rubber or plastic, such as vinyl or polyurethane

Water proof fabrics are not necessarily more desirable than water-repellent fabrics

Water proof fabrics are uncomfortable

Water proof fabric possesses a rather firm, non-rapable hand

Paraffin Waxes

The oldest and most economical way to make a fabric water repellent is to coat it with paraffin wax. Solvent solutions, molten coatings and wax emulsions are ways of applying wax to fabrics. Of these, wax emulsions are the most convenient products for finishing fabrics. An important consideration in making water repellent wax emulsion is that the emulsifying system not detract from the hydrophobic character of paraffin. Either non-rewetting emulsifiers or some means of deactivating the hydrophilic group after the fabric is impregnated with the finish must be used.

Paraffin wax melts and wicks into the fabric when the fabric is heated. This will cause most of the fibers to be covered with a thin layer of wax, especially those that are exposed to water, and the fabric will have excellent water repellent properties. The major disadvantage of wax water repellents is poor durability. Wax is easily abraded by mechanical action and wax dissolves in dry cleaning fluids. It is also removed by laundry processes.Wax emulsion compositionA typical wax emulsion consists of paraffin wax as the hydrophobe, an emulsifying agent, an emulsion stabilizer (protective colloid) and an aluminum or zirconium salt to deactivate the emulsifying agent when the fabric is heated.

Silicone water repellentResinous polysiloxanes,Are more resistant to abrasion and less soluble in dry-cleaning fluids or laundry products.Aqueous pH is maintained between pH 3-4, stable emulsions can be prepared. When these emulsions are applied to a fabric with a tin catalyst (e.g. dibutyltin-dilaurate), the Si-H group hydrolyzes and condenses to a three-dimensional resinous polymer, making the fabric highly water repellent.

Application to FabricsSilicone finishes are applied to fabrics either from an organic solvent or from water as an emulsion. When cationic emulsifiers are used to make an emulsion, the finish may be applied by exhaustion since the negative fiber surface charges attract positively charged particles. Generally however, silicone water repellents are co applied with a durable press finish. Durable press resins enhance the durability of the water-repellent finish.

Silicone repellents are also used to make upholstered furniture stain repellent. Chlorinated solvent solutions are sprayed onto upholstery by the retailer as a customer option. The fabric is resistant to water borne stains such as coffee and soft drinks.

FLUOROCHEMICAL REPELLENTSFluorochemical repellents are unique in that they confer both oil and water repellency to fabrics.

The ability of fluorochemicals to repel oils is related to their low surface energy which depends on the structure of the fluorocarbon segment, the nonfluorinated segment of the molecule, the orientation of the fluorocarbon tail and the distribution and amount of fluorocarbon on fibers.

Commercial fluorochemical repellents are fluorine-containing vinyl or acrylic polymers. This is a convenient method of affixing perfluoro side chains to fiber surfaces that can orient air-ward and give a reasonably close packed surface of -CF2- and -CF3 groups. RecipeA typical formulation for polyester-cotton rainwear and outerwear is given. The finish is applied by padding the formulation onto fabric, drying at 120C and curing 1-3 minutes at 150-182o C. The fabric will give a 100 spray rating initially and an 80 rating after 5 home laundering-tumble drying cycles. An 80 spray rating is expected after one dry cleaning cycle. In addition, oil repellency rating of 5 initially and 4 after laundering or dry cleaning is expected.

Spray Test

100 - No sticking on wetting of upper surface 90 - Slight random sticking or wetting of upper surface 80 - Wetting of upper surface at spray points 70 - Partial wetting of whole of upper surface 50 - Complete wetting of whole of upper surface 0 - Complete wetting of whole upper and lower surface

Flame retardant finishFlame Retardant FinishWhen solid materials are heated, physical and chemical changes occur at specific temperatures depending on the chemical make-up of the solid. Thermoplastic polymers soften at the glass transition temperature (Tg), Melt at Tm. Both thermoplastic and non-thermoplastic solids will chemically decompose (pyrolyze) into lower molecular weight fragments. Chemical changes begin at Tp and continue through the temperature at which combustion occurs (Tc).

Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). This is the amount of oxygen in the fuel mix needed to support combustion. The higher the number, the more difficult it is for combustion to occur.

Nondurables Flame retardent1. Boric Acid/Borax.2. Diammonium Phosphate and Phosphoric Acid3. Sulfamic Acid and Ammonium SulfamateDurable Flame retardant1. Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)Phosphonium DerivativesTetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium Chloride (THPC)b. THPC-Urea PrecondensateTetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium Hydroxide (THPOH)

2. N-Methyloldimethyl Phosphonopropioamide (PYROVATEX CP)3. Phosphonic and Phosphoric Acid DerivativesLimiting oxygen index (loi) Is the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as a percentage, that will support combustion of a polymer. It is measured by passing a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen over a burning specimen, and reducing the oxygen level until a critical level is reached

CalendaringCALENDRINGCalendaring is a process where fabric is compressed by passing it between twoor more rolls under controlled conditions of time, temperature and pressure.

It is a type of mechanical finish

Produces different types of surface appearanceSimple calenderingGlazed calenderingCie calenderingEmbossed calenderingMoir calenderingSchreiner calendering

50Objects of CalenderingTo improve the fabric handle and to impart a smooth silky touch to the fabricTo compress the fabric and reduce its thicknessTo reduce the air permeability by closing the threadsTo increase the lusterTo reduce the yarn slippageTo increase the opacity of the fabricSurface patterning by embossing

1. SIMPLE CALENDERINGIt is a high speed, high pressure pressing of fabric (100 yds / min)

The high pressure flattens the yarnSmoothen the fabricIncreases fabric lustre (fabric cover increases and more light is reflected)Used for woven plain or twill weaves

Over-calendering however is to be avoidedYarns weakened out due to very high pressure

It is a temporary finishYarns return to its natural cross section after first laundering

2. GLAZED CALENDERINGIt is a calendering finish to produce highly glazed / shined polished cotton

The calender machine used is a friction calenderOne cylinder of highly polished steel cylinder rotating at speed much higher than the fabric passing through it

Fabrics are first treated with starches or resins before calenderingThe spaces between the yarns are thus filled up and glazed appearance is obtained

Glazed calendering using starch are semi-durable

Glazed calendering using resins are durable 3. Cie calenderingIt is a type of glazed calendering Here, the friction roller rotates at speed much greater than ordinary friction calendering

The resulatant fabric become highly lustrous and takes on a wet lookCotton, rayon, polyester, nylon and blends can be given cire finish

Fabrics are however, treated with waxes and resins before friction calenderingHighly polished effect is produced

When thermoplastic fabrics are cie finished, they becomes moderately water-repellentDue to flatteningDue to partially fusing of fibres

4. Embossed calenderingIt is a calendering in which a three-dimensional design is created on a fabric

This is done on a special embossing calender in which the roller cylinder is engraved with the embossing design

The pattern is then pushed or shaped into the cloth when the fabric passes between the rollers

Some embossed fabrics are made to imitate more costly woven jacquard or dobby designs

Embossed patterns of fabrics treated with resins and cured after embossing are durable

Embossing of fabrics of thermoplastic fibres are permanent because the heated metal roll heat-sets the design

5. Moir calenderingThe moir finish produces a wood-grain design on the face size of the fabric

Moir finish can be temporary, durable or permanentCotton or rayon moir finish is temporary without pretreatment with resinDurable moir finish requires initial resin treatment followed by calenderingMoir finish on thermoplastic fiber fabrics are permanent if a heated roller is used for calendering

Methods of producing moieUsing engraved cylinderUsing smooth calender roller

Using engraved cylinderIn this case engraved roller is used on the calender rollerCalender roller flattens one part of the fabric more than other, causing different light reflectanceThe different light reflectance cause moire effectDefinite repeat pattern moie is produced

Using smooth calender rollersTwo fabrics, each face to face, are fed through the calenderRibbed fabrics are mainly required for thisThe high pressure on the calender rolls causes the rib to squeeze into each other in certain areasCreates light reflectance pattern which produces moie effectThe effect is completely random and has no specific pattern

6. Schreiner calenderingSchreiner calendering produces a low, soft-key lustre on the fabric surfaceDistinct from the high glaze of the glazing calender or the lustre shine of the simple calenderTo produce this effect, one of the steel cylinders of the calender is embossed with fine diagonal lines. These embossing are barely visible in naked eyeWidely used on cotton & cotton/polyester sateenSchreiner calendering may be permanent, durable or temporary finishIs permanent if the fibre is thermoplasticIs durable if the fabric is resin treated but not curedIs temporary if the fibre is non-thermoplastic and not treated with resin

fullingDuring the traditional milling operation, fabrics of combed, carded or blended wool (nonscoured, scoured or carbonised and neutralised), at about 40C, are soaked and in presence of special surfactants, are subjected to continuous pressure both in weft and warp direction. Under these conditions, wool fibres tend to felt, thus causing fabric shrinkage and a subsequent dynamic compacting. After this operation, the material must be washed to remove dirty water and the chemicals used.

Fulling is a permanent finishUsed in wool fabricsGradual or progressive felting of woolDone by carefully and controlled scouring or launderingThe resultant fulled fabric is more compact and more smootherWoollens are frequently heavily fulledFabrics of worsted are usually very lightly fulledMilling machines

nappingIt is a mechanical finish

Fibres being raised from woven/knitted fabrics by rotating, bristled, wire covered brushes

Overall effect is a raised fibres from fabric surface

Example: cotton flannel, rayon flannel, woollen and worsted napped fabric like kersey, melton

Napped fabrics have softer handle

Better insulation properties due to more air entrapmentMainly used as blankets, winter clothing

Raising (napping) machine:1: roller; 2: rollers equipped with hooks;3: fabric;4: nib cleaning brushes;5: fabric tension adjustment

Raising the face and back of the fabric: a) scheme; b) view

Problems are

Low resiliency and hence premature flattening occurs

Nap can be partially restored by frequent brushing

Subject to pilling

Rapid wear at abrasive points (like sleeve ends, elbows, button holes etc.)

Not recommended for hard wear

suedingIt is a mechanical finish

Similar to napping

Produces a soft, suede-like surface

Sand paper like material is used instead of rotating wire covered cylinder

plissPliss is the name of the finish as well as the fabric produced with this finish

Permanent and chemical finish

Sodium hydroxide is printed on cotton fabric as a paste

Fabric shrinks only where the sodium hydroxide is applied, producing a puckered effect

Pliss fabric do not require ironing

When the sodium hydroxide is applied as lengthwise stripes, the fabric puckers and takes on the appearance of seersucker

SeersuckerLengthwise stripped puckered effectProduced by alternative stripes of loose and tight warp yarnsPlisse is a cheaper imitation of seersuckerPlisse does not have that depth degree of pucker that is common to seersuckerPlisse puckers stretched out flat but seersucker do not

shearingA process to used to cut off surface fibers on fabrics

Uniforms the surface of napped fabrics to provide uniform pile height

High-speed cutting machine cuts the piles similar to that of a lawn mower

The blades in the machine are stationary and the fabric moves through the cutting bladestiffeningSome fabrics need to be made stiffer and more crisp as per as the end use

Stiffening agents are applied to the cloth to build up the following propertiesTo increase the weight of the fabricTo improve the thicknessTo improve lustre

But, their effect is temporary and once the fabric is washed, most of the finishes are removed

stiffeningStiffening agentsStarches finishing of cotton cloth. Ex: potato , wheat, cornDextrines used for dyed and printed fabrics. No undue effect on the dye or print.Natural gum mainly used in printing as well as finishing processModified cellulose CMC Resins

Acid stiffeningFine yarn cotton fabrics can be finished to be both stiff and transparent by a process known as acid stiffening. It involves rapid immersion in sulphuric acid, followed by immediate neutralization in sodium hydroxide. The finish is permanent. This finish is also known as Organdi finish or Parchmentisation.

softeningRequired for more pleasant hand and better drapability

Fabrics are harsher and stiffer because of their construction or due to some prior finishing process

Softening can be done by either mechanical or chemical process

Simple calendering softens hand, but it is temporary

Silicone compounds are used mostly as softner

Silicone finish is a durable finish and require curing

Different types of emulsified oils and waxes can be used but they are semi-durable finishDifferent types of softnersAnionic softnersCationic softnersNon-ionic softnersReactive softnersEmulsion softnersSilicon softnersAnionic softnersThis is not fast to washCompatible with resinUsed in temporary finish with starch and cationic productEx; Sulphonated oils, fatty alcohol sulphates etc.

Non-ionic softnersHave excellent stability against yellowingNot fast to dyeingNo effect on in the shade of dyestuffCationic softnersSubstantive to cellulosic material Therefore, remain on cloth for few washesProduce yellowing on white fabricsCompatible with resins

Reactive softnersDurable softnersReact chemically with the OH groups of celluloseHigh costYellowing of treated fabricToxic Emulsion softnersPopular because it reduces the loss of tear strength on resin finishFast to washingGive fuller appearance

Silicon softnersRecently most used softnersThese are the manmade polymers based on the frame work of alternate silicon and oxygen bonds with organic substituents attached to siliconeMechanical softening machine

soil release finishSOIL RELEASE FINISHHow??

Making the fibres more absorbent (hydrophilic)Permitting better wettability for improved soil removalDone by using hydrophilic finishesFacilitates soil release during washingPrevent soil redepositionAlso, reduce static charge by maintaining moisture on the fabric surfaceThus soil attraction during wear can be reduced

Mainly observed in polyester fabrics

SOIL RELEASE FINISHWhat is soiling of textiles?

Textile material getting attracted to dirt or soilDevelopment of static charge electricity to hydrophilic textiles, making them prone to soilingRe-deposition of soil during washing

The soils cannot be readily removed Hydrophobic materials are not wetted properly during laundering

SOIL RELEASE FINISHWhat is soiling of textiles?

Soil release finish is a chemical finish

This permit easy removal of soil with ordinary laundering

Hydrophilic fibres and fabrics with resin finish are not easily wet able

Hence, stains of oily nature are not removed easily

Soil release finish increases the hydrophilicity of the material and increases wetability

Soil release finish also improves the antistatic properties, fabric drapability and comfort

Wrinkle Resistant finishWrinkle resistance finishThe ability of the fabric to resist the formation of crease or wrinkle when slightly squeezed is known as crease resistance fabrics

The ability of a fabric to recover from a definite degree from creasing is called crease recovery

Finish to reduce the undue wrinkles on fabric or garments

Cotton, rayon and flax are more susceptible to wrinkle

Wrinkle occurs due to the hydrogen bonds of the cellulosic molecules in the amorphous region

Due to application of heat or moisture, the hydrogen bond breaks and new hydrogen bond occurs at new dimension

Therefore wrinkling can be reduced if the hydrogen bond formation can be reducedFormaldehydeDMU ( Di-methylol urea)DMEU (Di-methylol ethylene urea)DMDHEU (Di-methylol di-hydroxyl ethylene urea)Modified DMDHEU (Di-methylol di-hydroxyl ethylene urea)

Application TechniqueDry ProcessThe classic process: the fabric is impregnated by means of a padding unit (the quantity of finishis tuned by modifying the liquor concentration and the squeezing ratio) and dried at 100-120 C in a stenter.The cross-linking process occurs in the stenter, at temperatures varying according to the type of cross-linking agent used (generally 4-5 minutes at 150-160 C).Double treatment: the fabric is impregnated with a softener and dried at 100- 130 C.

Humid processThe fabric is wetted by means of a padding unit with a cross-linking agent and a catalyst solution; Then 6-8% of residual moisture is removed from cotton (or 10-15% from other staple goods.) The fabric is then wound up on a roll, covered with a polyethylene sheet and left 16-24 hours to rest at ambient temperature. Strong catalysts must be used for this process.The final effect depends on the residual moisture: in case of low residual moisture content, the results will be similar to those obtained with the dry process whereas if the residual moisture content is high, the result is very similar to the cross-linking effect on wet substrates.Fragrance FinishFragrance FinishMicroencapsulation is a useful method for protecting various functional finishes on textiles. As the capsules do not have affinity to fabrics, a binder should be used to fix the capsules for the purpose of finish durability. Conventional fixation is a thermal process, in which a fabric is cured at 130-170C for 1-10 minutes to make the components of the binder cross-link together, and tightly fix capsules on the fabric. During curing, however, the aroma inside capsules can be lost through quick evaporation and swelling to escape or break the capsule. The loss from capsules can seriously reduce the amount of aroma on the fabric and decrease the durability. An aroma capsule finished cotton fabric treated by a thermal curing process can only bear 25 wash cycles. To avoid the thermal process, an UV resin can be used to fix capsules because the resin can be cured under UV light at low temperatures in seconds. If a cotton fabric is finished with the selected aroma capsule and UV resin, and cured under the optimal conditions, the aroma function can withstand 50 wash cycles. Whiteness and stiffness of the finished fabrics were also examined. Antistatic finishAntistatic finishSynthetic fibres of hydrophobic nature are prone to generation of static charges

This problem is very troublesome while processing the fabric at high speed in dry state

Antistatic agents are used

Antistatic agents absorb small amount of moisture from the atmosphere, thus reducing the dryness of the fabric

Antistatic finishes are semi-durableWashes out at several launderings or drycleanings

Permanent antistatic effects are obtainable manufactured fibres which are specially modified for this purpose (Ex: Antron III nylon fibre by Dupont & Cadon nylon fibres by Monsanto)

Pilling Anti-pilling finishes:Pilling is an unpleasant phenomenon associated with spun yarn fabrics especially when they contain synthetics. Synthetic fibers are more readily brought to the surface of fabric due to their smooth surface and circular cross section and due to their higher tensile strength and abrasion resistance, the pills formed take a long time to be abraded by wear. With knit fabric, two more problems occur, viz., "picking" where the abrasion individual fibers work themselves out of yarn loops onto the surface when garment catches a pointed or rough object. Permanent Anti-static effects:

Antistatic finish for synthetic textiles to avoid static charge build up & give a natural feel.Anti-static effective chemicals are largely chemically inert and require Thermosol or heat treatment for fixing on polyester goods.

In general Thermsolable anti-static agents also have a good soil release action which is as permanent as the anti-static effect.

Anti-static finishes may also be of polyamide type being curable at moderate temperatures

Non-Slip finishes:Synthetic warp and weft threads in loosely woven fabrics are particularly prone to slip because of their surface smoothness when the structure of fabric is disturbed and appearance is no loner attractive. To avoid this attempts are made to give the filaments a rougher surface. Silica-gel dispersions or silicic acid colloidal solutions are quite useful and they are used with advantage in combination with latex polymer or acrylates dispersions to get more permanent effect along with simultaneous improvement in resistance to pilling or snagging. These polymer finishes are also capable of imparting a soft and smooth handle to synthetic fabric without imparting water repellency

washesAlters the look by different washing procedures

Mainly used for denim and similar items to have a faded and worn appearance

Have different methodsStone washingAcid washingEnzyme washing

Stone washStone washing transforms a new unworn garments into used-looking faded garments

Done in garment form

Pumice stone are used

No chemicals are used for fading

Pumice stone are added to the laundry with the garments which abrade the garmentWorn lookFaded colour

The garment also become softer and obtain a casual lookAcid washNo acid is used

Pumice stones are soaked with oxidising bleaching agent (sodium hypochlorite)

Also known as frosting or ice washing

The other procedure is same as that of the stone washEnzyme wash

Cellulase is used

Added to pumice stone or can be used separatelyWhile using pumice stone soaked with enzyme the garment is laundered with the pumice stone

The cellulase attacks and weakens the cellulosic fibre

The surface colour of the denim comes out and colour fades off

Rot proofing of celluloseCellulosic fibres are made up of carbohydrate which is a food for fungi and microorganismsThe attack of these organism on the cellulosic materials cause rottening of themTo protect the cellulosic materials from such hazards rot-proof finishes are applied on cotton

Organo-lead compondsAdvantagesIt does not affect the handle of the fabricIt retains 100% of the fabric strengthIt does not discolour the fabricHg containing antibacterial agentsCan be used in cotton as well as other cellulosic materials