Finish up from Monday:Finish up from Monday:

Today’s Agenda…Today’s Agenda…

Day 1Day 1• Switching Technologies (Chapter 2 Sybex)Switching Technologies (Chapter 2 Sybex)• VIRTUAL LAN’s [VLAN’S] (Chapter 6 Sybex) VIRTUAL LAN’s [VLAN’S] (Chapter 6 Sybex)

DAY 2DAY 2• Cisco IOS (Chapter 4 Sybex)Cisco IOS (Chapter 4 Sybex)• IP Routing (Chapter 5 Sybex)IP Routing (Chapter 5 Sybex)• Router Configuration and Internetwork Router Configuration and Internetwork

Management (Chapter 7 Sybex)Management (Chapter 7 Sybex)

Chapter FourChapter Four

Segmentation with LAN SwitchesSegmentation with LAN Switches• Switches Break up collision domainsSwitches Break up collision domains

Switches are Switches are Hardware basedHardware based..

• Bridges Break up collision domainsBridges Break up collision domains Bridges are Bridges are Software basedSoftware based..

Three Switch FunctionsThree Switch Functions

Address Learning:Address Learning:• When a device transmits and an When a device transmits and an

interface receives a frame, the switch interface receives a frame, the switch places the frame’s source address in the places the frame’s source address in the MAC forward/filter table.MAC forward/filter table.

A B C D

E0/0 E0/3

E0/2E0/1MAC Forward/Filter TableE0/0: 0000.8c01.000aE0/1: 0000.8c01.000bE0/2: E0/3:

Forward/Filter DecisionsForward/Filter Decisions

Where the destination hardware Where the destination hardware address is known and listed in the address is known and listed in the forward/filter MAC database.forward/filter MAC database.

Loop AvoidanceLoop Avoidance

Redundant links between Switches.Redundant links between Switches. Creates problems:Creates problems:

• Broadcast Storms.Broadcast Storms.• Multiple Frame copies.Multiple Frame copies.• Thrashing the MAC table.Thrashing the MAC table.• Multiple loops.Multiple loops.

The Fix is STP.The Fix is STP.

Spanning Tree ProtocolSpanning Tree Protocol

Terms to know: Terms to know: (Sybex pp. 87 – 88)(Sybex pp. 87 – 88)

• STPSTP• Root BridgeRoot Bridge• BPDUBPDU• Bridge IDBridge ID• Root PortRoot Port• Forwarding portForwarding port• Blocked portBlocked port

Selecting a Root BridgeSelecting a Root Bridge

The ID is 8 bytes longThe ID is 8 bytes long Importance is based on two things:Importance is based on two things:

1.1. Priority by default is 32,768Priority by default is 32,768

2.2. MAC Address: Lowest number Highest MAC Address: Lowest number Highest priority.priority.

BPDU’s are sent out every 2 BPDU’s are sent out every 2 seconds to all active ports.seconds to all active ports.

STP Port statesSTP Port states

BlockingBlocking ListeningListening LearningLearning ForwardingForwarding DisableDisable ConvergenceConvergence

LAN Switch typesLAN Switch types

Cut-ThroughCut-Through FragmentFreeFragmentFree Store-and-ForwardStore-and-Forward

ReviewReview

Pages 98 – 104Pages 98 – 104

Chapter FiveChapter Five

Virtual LANsVirtual LANs

OverviewOverview

What a VLAN isWhat a VLAN is Frame TaggingFrame Tagging Inter-switch Link Routing (ISL)Inter-switch Link Routing (ISL) Virtual Trunking Protocol (VTP)Virtual Trunking Protocol (VTP)

VLANVLAN

““A VLAN is a logical grouping of A VLAN is a logical grouping of network users and resources network users and resources connected to administratively connected to administratively defined ports on a switch.”defined ports on a switch.”

A Flat Network StructureA Flat Network Structure

Problems:Problems:• All the same broadcastAll the same broadcast• Security: Everyone sees everyoneSecurity: Everyone sees everyone

A switched NetworkA switched Network

VLAN separates VLAN separates

Benefits of VLANBenefits of VLAN

Simplifies Security.Simplifies Security. Users grouped by function not Users grouped by function not

physical location.physical location. Broadcast Control.Broadcast Control. Flexibility and ScalabilityFlexibility and Scalability

Frame TaggingFrame Tagging

Allows you to span more than one Allows you to span more than one connected switch.connected switch.• A switch fabric is a group of switches sharing A switch fabric is a group of switches sharing

the same VLAN information.the same VLAN information. Frame tagging assigns a unique user Frame tagging assigns a unique user

defined ID to each frame.defined ID to each frame.• This identifier is used to locate the correct port This identifier is used to locate the correct port

that is linked to the same VLANthat is linked to the same VLAN• When connected the ID is drop. It now knows When connected the ID is drop. It now knows

the correct connection.the correct connection.

ISLISL

Inter-switch LinkInter-switch Link• The way VLAN information is tagged to The way VLAN information is tagged to

an Ethernet frame.an Ethernet frame.• The Cisco ISL is proprietary to Cisco.The Cisco ISL is proprietary to Cisco.

VTPVTP

VLAN Trunk ProtocolVLAN Trunk Protocol• Created by Cisco but not proprietary.Created by Cisco but not proprietary.• Used to manage VLAN across switched networks.Used to manage VLAN across switched networks.• Allows administrator to add, delete, or rename Allows administrator to add, delete, or rename

VLAN’s.VLAN’s. Benefits:Benefits:

• Consistent configurationConsistent configuration• Allows trunking over mixed networksAllows trunking over mixed networks• Accurate tracking and monitoring of VLANsAccurate tracking and monitoring of VLANs• Dynamic reporting of added VLNs to all switchesDynamic reporting of added VLNs to all switches• Plug n PlayPlug n Play

VTP ModesVTP Modes Server:Server:

• Default needs at least oneDefault needs at least one• Creates, add or delete VLANsCreates, add or delete VLANs• Changes made here are advertised to the entire VLAN Changes made here are advertised to the entire VLAN

domaindomain Client:Client:

• Receive information from the VTP serverReceive information from the VTP server• Cannot make any changesCannot make any changes

Transparent:Transparent:• Does not participate but will forward advertisementsDoes not participate but will forward advertisements• Add and delete only for local significanceAdd and delete only for local significance• Does not share with other switches.Does not share with other switches.

VTP PruningVTP Pruning

Only sends broadcast to trunk links Only sends broadcast to trunk links that must have the informationthat must have the information

Is disabled by default on all switches.Is disabled by default on all switches.

ReviewReview

Pages 340 – 345Pages 340 – 345

Chapter SixChapter Six

Cisco IOSCisco IOS

OverviewOverview

Router Internal Configuration and Router Internal Configuration and componentscomponents

The User InterfaceThe User Interface Internetworking designInternetworking design

The RouterThe Router

IOS: Cisco (Internetwork Operating IOS: Cisco (Internetwork Operating System)System)

Physically:Physically:• Console port:Console port:• Ethernet port:Ethernet port:• Serial port:Serial port:• Auxiliary port:Auxiliary port:

Internal ConfigurationInternal Configuration

RAMRAM NVRAMNVRAM ROMROM FLASHFLASH INTERFACESINTERFACES

Router StartupRouter Startup

BOOTSTRAPBOOTSTRAP

Cisco IOSCisco IOS

Configuration FileConfiguration File

Load Bootstrap

Locate and loadOperating System

Locate and load Configuration fileOr enter setup mode

ROM

FlashTFTPROM

NVRAMTFTP Server

Console

Setup ModeSetup Mode

Basic Management:Basic Management:• Allows only connectivity to the router.Allows only connectivity to the router.

Extended Setup:Extended Setup:• Gives you the power to configure some Gives you the power to configure some

global parameters and interface global parameters and interface configuration parameters.configuration parameters.

The Users InterfaceThe Users Interface

HyperTerminalHyperTerminal• The command line interpreter.The command line interpreter.• Similar UNIX type commands.Similar UNIX type commands.• Use the TAB key to complete a command.Use the TAB key to complete a command.

Two Modes:Two Modes:• User mode identified by the “>”User mode identified by the “>”• Privileged mode identified by the “#”Privileged mode identified by the “#”

Two ways to configure:Two ways to configure:• SetupSetup• CLICLI

ExercisesExercises

Lab Manual Pages…Lab Manual Pages…• Logging in Logging in page 8page 8• Completing a command Completing a command page 9page 9• Editing commands Editing commands page 9page 9• Manual configuration Manual configuration page 10page 10• Passwords Passwords page 12page 12• Miscellaneous commands Miscellaneous commands page 13page 13• Testing IP Configuration Testing IP Configuration page 16page 16• IP Addressing example IP Addressing example pages 17,18pages 17,18• Startup commands Startup commands page 19page 19• Miscellaneous commands Miscellaneous commands page 20page 20

Designing our NetworkDesigning our Network

10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0

10.3.0.010.1.0.0 10.5.0.0

E0/0 E0/0 E0/0

S0/0 S0/0S0/1 S0/1

10.2.0.110.1.0.2

10.1.0.1 10.3.0.1 10.5.0.1

10.5.0.210.3.0.210.2.0.2 10.4.0.1 10.4.0.2

Detecting DCE/DTEDetecting DCE/DTE

DCD: Service Provided endDCD: Service Provided end DTC: User endDTC: User end We use Cisco 60 pin serial cable:We use Cisco 60 pin serial cable:

• Female connection is the DCEFemale connection is the DCE• Male connection is the DTEMale connection is the DTE

ReviewReview

Lab on pages 233 – 240 Lab on pages 233 – 240 Questions on pages 241 – 247 Questions on pages 241 – 247

Chapter SevenChapter Seven

IP Routing BasicsIP Routing Basics

OverviewOverview

What is IP Routing?What is IP Routing? The IP Routing ProcessThe IP Routing Process Static RoutingStatic Routing Configuring Static RoutesConfiguring Static Routes Default RoutingDefault Routing

ReviewReview

Lab Pages 302 – 308 Lab Pages 302 – 308 Questions Pages 309 – 315 Questions Pages 309 – 315