A PRESENTATION ON FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY : SAGAR CHAND GUPTA ROLL NO. : BRANCH : EC 4RD

OVERVIEW :1. Introduction

2. What is Biometrics ?

3. History of Fingerprint

4. What is Fingerprint ?

5. Fingerprint Classification

6. What is Fingerprint Recognition ?

7. Fingerprint Recognition System

8. The General Structure of Fingerprint Scanner

9. Devices

10.Fingerprint Sensors11.Applications 12.Conclusion.

WHAT IS BIOMETRICS?

• Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and analysing biological data.

• Biometrics refers to metrics related to human characteristics. Biometrics authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control . It is also used to identify individuals.

• Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals.

• The technology used for identification of a user based on a physical or behavioural characteristic, such as a fingerprint, iris, face, voice or handwriting is called Biometrics.

• Automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioural characteristics.

 PHYSIOLOGICAL & BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC 1.  Fingerprint 2.  Face recognition3. DNA4. Palm Print5. Hand Geometry6. Iris Recognition7. Retina and8. Odour/ Scent

BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTIC9.  Typing Rhythm 10.Signature11.Gait and 12.Voice

HISTORY OF FINGERPRINT :• Human fingerprints have been discovered on a large number of archaeological

artifacts and historical items.

• In 1684, the English plant morphologist, Nehemiah Grew , published the first scientific paper reporting his systematic study on the ridge, furrow, and pore structure

• Johann Christophe Andreas Mayer  (1747–1801) was a German anatomist. In 1788, he was the first person to recognize that fingerprints were unique to each individual.

• Jan Evangelista Purkyně or Purkinje (1787–1869) proposed the first 9 fingerprint patterns.

• In 1975, The FBI funded the development of fingerprint scanners.

WHAT IS FINGERPRINT ?

Skin on human fingertips contains ridges and valleys which together forms distinctive patterns.

These patterns are fully developed under pregnancy and are permanent throughout whole lifetime. Prints of those patterns are called fingerprints.

Injuries like cuts, burns and bruises can temporarily damage quality of fingerprints but when fully healed, patterns will be restored. Through various studies it has been observed that no two persons have the same fingerprints, hence they are unique for every individual.

However , shown by intensive research on fingerprint recognition, fingerprints are not distinguished by their ridges and furrows, but by features called Minutia ,which are some abnormal points on the ridges .

Among the variety of minutia types reported in literatures, two are mostly significant and in heavy usage:

Ridge ending - the abrupt end of a ridge. Ridge bifurcation - a single ridge that divides into two ridges.

FINGERPRINT FORMATION

FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION :

• Classification is necessary to reduce the search time and computational complexity.

• The FBI database has 70 million fingerprints

• Arch

• (Tented Arch)Arch  Loop

(Right Loop)  Whorl 

WHAT IS FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION ?

• Fingerprint recognition (sometimes referred to as dactyloscopy ) is the process of comparing questioned and known fingerprint against another fingerprint to determine if the impressions are from the same finger or palm.

• In addition, different from the manual approach for fingerprint recognition by experts, the fingerprint recognition here is referred as AFRS (Automatic Fingerprint Recognition System) , which is program based.

• It includes two sub-domains : One is fingerprint verification and the other is fingerprint identification.

Fingerprint verification (one to one matching) : Fingerprint verification is to verify the authenticity of one person by his fingerprint.

Fingerprint identification ( one to many matching ): Fingerprint identification is to specify one person’s identity by his fingerprints.

Verification vs Identification

FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION SYSTEMFingerprint recognition system operates in three stages : (i) Fingerprint acquiring device (ii) Minutia extraction and (iii) Minutia matching

Fingerprint recognition system

1.Fingerprint acquisition:For fingerprint acquisition, optical or semi-conduct sensors are widely used. They have high efficiency and acceptable accuracy except for some cases that the user’s finger is too dirty or dry.

2.Minutia extractor : To implement a minutia extractor, a three-stage approach is widely used by Researchers. Preprocessing Minutia extraction and Post processing stage

• For the fingerprint image preprocessing stage:Image enhancement Image binarizationImage segmentation• The job of minutiae extraction closes down to two operations:

Ridge Thinning, Minutiae Marking.• In post-processing stage, false minutia are removed and

bifurcations is proposed to unify terminations and bifurcations.

3. Minutiae Matching :• Generally, an automatic fingerprint verification is achieved with

minutia matching (point pattern matching) instead of a pixel-wise matching or a ridge pattern matching of fingerprint images.

• The minutia matcher chooses any two minutia as a reference minutia pair and then match their associated ridges first.

• If the ridges match well, two fingerprint images are aligned and matching is conducted for all remaining minutia.

THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF FINGERPRINT SCANNER :

DEVICES :

Optical fingerprint sensorFIU-001/500 by SONY

Electro-optical sensor [DELSY® CMOS sensor module]

Capacitive sensor[FingerTIP™ by Infineon]

Keyboard [G 81-12000 by Cherry]

ID Mouse by Siemens

FINGERPRINT SENSORS : Optical

Silicon Based Capacitive Sensors

Ultrasound

Thermal

Pyroelectric

Piezo-electric

ADVANTAGES :

Very high accuracy. Is the most economical biometric PC user authentication

technique. It is one of the most developed biometrics Easy to use. Small storage space required for the biometric template,

reducing the size of the database memory required It is standardized.

DISADVANTAGES : For some people it is very intrusive, because is still related

to criminal identification. It can make mistakes with the dryness or dirty of the

finger’s skin, as well as with the age (is not appropriate with children, because the size of their fingerprint changes quickly).

Image captured at 500 dots per inch (dpi). Resolution: 8 bits per pixel. A 500 dpi fingerprint image at 8 bits per pixel demands a large memory space, 240 Kbytes approximately → Compression required (a factor of 10 approximately.

APPLICATIONS : Banking Security – ATM security , card transaction Physical Access Control (e.g. Airport) Information System Security National ID Systems Passport control (INSPASS) Prisoner, prison visitors, inmate control Voting Identification of Criminals Identification of missing children Secure E-Commerce (Still under research)

CONCLUSION :• The above implementation was an effort to understand how Fingerprint

Recognition is used as a form of biometric to recognize identities of human beings.

• It includes all the stages from enhancement to minutiae extraction of fingerprints.

• There are various standard techniques are used in the intermediate stages of processing.

• At last minutiae extraction and comparison happens.

THANK YOU.