Finding Aron David Baum (*)

by H. Daniel Wagner

(*) A condensed form of this article has appeared in Avotaynu XXX (3) Fall 2014, pp. 40-45, and the present

version is published here with permission.

In 2009, I wrote a paper to demonstrate the part often played by

serendipity and pure luck in genealogy research1. The detailed answer presented

here to a 75-year-old family enigma once again has chance as its starting point.

Aron David Baum was the eldest of 12 brothers and sisters, among them

my grandmother Dora. Aron’s disappearance in St. Petersburg in the late 1930s

has remained a family enigma until recently. Very little was known about him

until about two years ago. When my grandmother died in the mid-1980s I found

a few old pictures in her apartment. These photographs show Aron with his

daughter Liza (or Elza), with another woman assumed to be Aron’s wife and

with Mania Goldberger (née Baum, a sister of Aron and Dora) during a1937

visit in St. Petersburg. Some Russian colleagues confirmed that the photographs

had been taken in St. Petersburg near the Mariinsky-Kirov Theater, which still

exists today. The statue in the background is that of the Russian composer

Mikhail Glinka.

(a) (b)

From left to right: (a) Arnold, Liza, Mania, Dina (?); (b) Dina (?) and Liza

1 Henry (Herszl) David Wagner (a pseudonym), “A Poker Player’s Approach to Genealogical Research”,

Avotaynu XXV (2) Summer 2009, pp. 31-34.

2

There were a few more photographs in my grandmother’s box, including

one of Aron with his daughter Liza.

Arnold and Liza. The inscription on the back reads “In memory, for Aunt Dora,

from Liza Baum, Sestroretsk, 5/8/1928.” Sestroretsk is a small resort town on

the shores of the Gulf of Finland, about 35 km northwest of St. Petersburg.

In the early 1990s I interviewed my father (who had a generally reliable

memory) about the history of our family. I learned a few more things that my

father had collected from old family rumors: (i) Aron was also called Arnold;

(ii) like his 11 siblings he was born and grew up in Lodz (Poland); (iii) he was a

fervent communist and left Poland for Russia right after the 1917 Revolution;

(iv) he probably studied engineering in St. Petersburg and married a woman

named Dina, with whom he had a daughter named Liza or Elza; (v) there was

almost no news from him before World War II, and therefore it was decided

that Mania would travel from Brussels—the Baum family had migrated to

Belgium in the mid-1920s—to meet Aron in Russia and see how things were

going for him and his family; (vi) after Mania’s visit, there was no more news,

and it was then assumed that Arnold and his family had been killed, or perhaps

sent to a gulag, during the Stalinist purges in the late 1930s.

3

World War II broke out, and as Jews, our family had major, life-

threatening issues with which to contend. Some of the Baum siblings and their

respective families remained hidden in Belgium; others escaped to the south of

France and then to Switzerland; others went to the Belgian Congo. At the end of

the war, they all returned to Belgium and, gradually, resumed normal life. They

never heard again from their eldest brother, Aron. His fate and that of his wife

and daughter remained unknown, apparently forever.

Breakthrough (2013−14)

In the early months of 2013, I bumped into an old friend in a coffee shop

in Yafo, Israel. I had not seen him for 30 years, and this providential encounter

led to major developments in the “Arnold case.” My friend was now director of

the Moscow branch of the American Jewish Distribution Committee (JDC,

commonly known as the Joint). At some point in our long conversation, I told

him about the disappearance of my great-uncle Arnold in the 1930s. He

responded that he might be able to offer some assistance and he put me in touch

with a genealogist he knew in Russia.

The genealogist explained that information about people who had

disappeared during the infamous Stalinist purges now was becoming available

on the Internet. The source he cited was The Recovered Names Project led by

Anatoly Razumov, director the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg.

Razumov was in the process of elaborating a book entitled: Book of Memory,

the Leningrad Martyrology, 1937-1938, about those executed in the Leningrad

area. General information about the project appeared at

http://visz.nlr.ru/eng/about.html. My specific query about Arnold led to a

possible hit (translated from Russian):

Baum Arnold Teodorovich, 1893, born in Lodz, a Jew, a former member

of foreign communist parties, political refugee, a member of the CPSU

(b) in the years 1920-1937, director of the plant. "Komsomolskaya

Pravda," lived: Leningrad, nab. p. Moyka, 84, apt. 7. Arrested on

February 7, 1938, Special NKVD troika LO 15 October 1938 sentenced

under Art. Art. 58-6-7-9 RSFSR Criminal Code to capital punishment.

Shot in Leningrad on October 22, 1938.

4

The father’s name, Teodor, was not correct (Arnold’s father, my great-

grandfather, was Icek Meir), and the birth date also was incorrect; it was 1896,

not 1893. The birth place, Lodz, was correct, however, as well as the place in

Leningrad where he lived, Moyka Street (again, from family sources). Was this

“my” Arnold Baum? At any rate, if it were, this rehabilitation document2

provided the first substantiation of Arnold’s execution by the Stalinist

government.

Meanwhile I had asked all the relatives on the various Baum branches

who are dispersed all over the globe, from Belgium to the United States, from

Israel to Burkina Faso, to search for documents about Arnold, especially

pictures. The replies were all negative. No one had any documents concerning

Arnold—except for Mania’s daughter, who mentioned that she possessed an

album with old pictures of the Baum clan. She invited me to her home in

Jerusalem, and together we discovered several photographs of Arnold and his

family. But the fate of Arnold and his family remained unknown.

2The Great Purge was denounced by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev following Stalin's death. Khrushchev

referred to the purges as an "abuse of power" by Stalin which resulted in enormous harm to the country, and he

recognized that many of the victims were innocent and were convicted on the basis of false confessions

extracted by torture. In the 1950s, some of the convictions were overturned and victims were declared innocent

("rehabilitated"). According to the declassified Soviet archives, during 1937 and 1938, the NKVD (the

precursor of the KGB) detained 1,548,366 persons, of whom 681,692 were shot - an average of 1,000

executions a day. Several experts believe the evidence released from the Soviet archives is understated,

incomplete, or unreliable, and that the probable figure for executions during the years of the Great Purge is

some two and a half times as high. The claim is that the KGB was covering its tracks by falsifying the dates and

causes of death of rehabilitated victims. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge#Rehabilitation.

5

Left to right: Dina, Liza and Arnold. From the old album of Mania’s daughter.

In July 2013, Anatoly Razumov provided further assistance with a copy

of a 1957 rehabilitation document that cancelled the past condemnation of

Arnold Baum by the Stalinist Troika.

6

7

(Translation)

DOCUMENT N86-H(?)-57

THE COURT-MARTIAL OF LENINGRAD MILITARY COMMAND

consisting of:

Major-general of Justice Dept. PISARKOV (chairman),

lieutenant-colonel of Justice Dept. IVANENKO and

colonel of Justice Dept. ALEXANDROV

On 18th of November, 1957, considered an appeal made by the Military Prosecutor of

Leningrad District to the Ruling of a Special Troika of NKVD of Leningrad Military District from

October 15th, 1938, according to which the following was executed:

BAUM Arnold Teodorovich, born in 1893 in Poland, arrested on February 7th, 1938,

before arrest – chief manager of Komsomolskaya Pravda (Komsomol Truth) factory.

After considering the report of ALEXANDROV and the evaluation of the appeal by

Assistant to the Military Persecutor of Leningrad Military District, lieutenant-colonel ZIMIN,

ESTABLISHED THAT:

BAUM was accused of espionage and sabotage acts in favor of the German Intelligence

Service.

In his appeal, the Military Prosecutor requests to close BAUM’s cases due to the lack of

component elements of the offense, since additional investigation has established that his

execution was groundless.

After a thorough review and an agreement with the appeal, the Court-Martial of

Leningrad Military Command, according to the Order of August 19th, 1955, by the Presidium of

the Supreme Soviet of the USSR,

RULED THAT:

The Ruling of a Special Troika of NKVD of Leningrad Military District from October

15th, 1938, respective to BAUM Arnold Teodorovich is to be CANCELLED, and Baum’s case is

to be closed due to the lack of component elements of the offense.

The current document is to be considered genuine only with the proper signatures.

SIGNED BY: the Member of the Court-Martial of Leningrad Military Command, colonel of

Justice Dept. ALEXANDROV

(…)

26.12.1957

8

The document, however important it may have been, still did not

corroborate that Arnold Baum, son of Teodor, was the man I was seeking: Aron

David Baum, son of Icek Majer. A definitive proof was soon provided by

another document sent by Razumov, a form Arnold completed on February 8,

1938, when he was arrested:

9

10

11

The form included details about Arnold’s birth date and place (October

15, 1893, Lodz, Poland; residence (Moika Street 84/7, Leningrad); the address

of his workplace (Vitkovska House 11b, on the canal, he was the director); his

profession (engineer); the fact that he came from a small town; his political past

(“revolt” in Poland); his nationality (Jewish, Russian); that he had been

registered in the Communist Party from 1920 till 1937, then expelled from the

Party; that he had been a communist in Lodz since 1918; his education level

(high); his fitness for the military service (average); that he had never been

previously arrested; and that his health was good. Item 22 on the form,

translated below, was the proof I was looking for: a list of Arnold’s relatives,

including those of his family abroad, the Baum clan in Brussels!

Relation Names Age Work Place Residence

Wife Baum D.S. 39 Scientific (?) Moika 84

Daughter Baum E.A. 14 Student -“-

Mother Baum Haya 63 Bruxelles,

Belgium, Rue

des Ca…( ?)

Sister Baum

Gustava

40 -“-

Sister Baum Mania

(or Maria)

23 -“-

Brother Baum Alek 38 -“-

Brother Baum Mathis 37 -“-

Moreover there are two more brothers and four sisters, all of whom lived in the

same place. Form filled out on February 8, 1938

There was no doubt: Arnold Teodorovich was indeed Aron David Baum,

the brother of my grandmother Dora. His father “Teodor” was not included in

the list, likely because he had died in Brussels in 1932.

Meantime, Anatoly Razumov was sending me detailed information

concerning his research about the Stalinist Great Terror era, which included

descriptions and protocols of the arbitrary detentions, torture, condemnations

and killings of thousands of individuals3. A total of 19,370 citizens were

3 Additional information may be found in a detailed booklet I recently prepared.

12

executed in Leningrad in 1937 and 21,536 in 1938, more than 40,000 people in

18 months. Most victims were buried (usually at night) in a secret burial site

near the village of Levashovo starting in 1937 on the 20th anniversary of the

October Revolution. In the Levashovo Memorial Cemetery, there are many

memorial stones, including one for the fallen Jews, erected in 1997 by the St.

Petersburg branch of the Russian Jewish Congress.

Dina and Elza

At this point my St. Petersburg genealogist found Liza/Elza’s birth record

(October 23, 1923, in Petrograd) at the Central State Archives of St. Petersburg,

as well as a copy of the marriage record (March 27, 1923) of Arnold

Teodorovich Baum and Dina Sergeevna Ksenofontova. Their home address was

Moyka, 84, flat 7, the same address at which Arnold was living when arrested

in 1938. I noticed that the marriage record had yet another birth date for Arnold,

namely 1895.

A had faint hope that Elza, born in 1923, might still be alive. A death

notice was found for Elza’s mother, Dina, who had died in June 1972.

Unfortunately, a death notice also was found for Elza, who had died relatively

recently, in March 2005 at age 81. Both Elza and Dina had survived the Great

Stalinist Terror , as well as World War II. With the assistance from JDC staff,

the locations of both tombstones were soon discovered in the Northern

Cemetery, and pictures were sent to me.

13

Grave of Vladimir Alexandrovich Aduev and Elza

Arnoldova.

From her death record it appears that Elza was buried together with a

Vladimir Alexandrovich Aduev, her husband, in the family grave in existence

since 1983 (probably when Vladimir Aduev was buried). The record also

indicates the name of a person responsible for taking care of the burial place, I.

V. Adueva. Could this be a son or daughter of Elza?

Igor Vladimirovich Aduev

St. Petersburg telephone books were then checked by my contact in St

Petersburg for the surname Aduev, using the online St Petersburg White pages

in English, http://spb.telkniga.info/id4503265/. The search showed that Elza

Arnoldovna Adueva, born in 1923, and Igor Vladimirovich Adueva, born in

1943, both lived in Kurlyandskaya Street, 18-37, St. Petersburg 190020, and

had the same telephone number. My contact at the JDC in St. Petersburg

immediately called Igor, who confirmed that, indeed, Elza was his mother, and

that his grandfather was Arnold Baum from Lodz. Igor Aduev was, therefore, a

newfound second cousin, thus far unknown to any of the Baum family! I hope

to be able to meet him in the future.

Since Igor Aduev was born on February 10, 1943, it is likely that Elza

and Vladimir Aduev were married around 1942, when Elza was about 19 years

old. (I have not yet been able to secure a marriage record to date.) It is not

14

known whether they married in Leningrad at a time when the living conditions

in a city at war must have been particularly tough, or elsewhere. Indeed, the

siege of Leningrad by the German army lasted from September 1941 to 1944.

By the end of the siege, hundreds of thousands of people are thought to have

died, with thousands having starved to death.

Arnold’s File in the Archives of the Communist Party

In July 2013 I wrote to the following address, requesting information

about the file of Arnold Baum in the archives of the Communist Party in

Russia:

email: cgaipd@cgaipd.spbarchives.ru;

www.rusarchives.ru/state/cgaipdspb/index.shtml.

An answer soon arrived from a Mr. Taradin, director of the Central State

Archive of Historic and Political Documents of St. Petersburg. He reported that

a 150-page file for Arnold Teodorovich Baum had been conserved, and that

copies could be obtained for a fee. After payment was organized with the

generous assistance of most Baum cousins around the globe and with technical

help of the JDC, the archives sent a digital copy of Arnold’s long and detailed

file on a CD. No photographs were included in the file, unfortunately, but it did

have several autobiographies—including handwritten ones, possibly in his own

handwriting, character descriptions, protocols of meetings of the Party

Committee, political judgments, and technical material about his job. All this

reveals much of Arnold’s personality, details about his early life in Poland,

relations with his parents, daily life in Russia and worries at work (he declared

that his Party membership card was lost or had been stolen) and towards the

party, as well as a clear image of the harsh political atmosphere in Stalinist

times. The following is a translation of an excerpt:

I keep the correspondence with my mother and two sisters who live

with her. With brothers I stopped all contact in 1923. –We have

quarreled because of me; -I did not provide material support for my

parents. From the letters that I have saved, I learned that one of my

sisters was arrested in 1924 in Poland, for more than 6 months, for

participating in the trade union movement. Now my brothers and sisters

15

are actively involved in the anti-fascist movement in Belgium. Earlier this

year, from a younger sister‘s letters, I learned that she wants to come to

the USSR as a tourist. So I figured out that the relatives are working in

the sewing workshop (Atelier Mode) on the basis of share, and the sister

who arrived is employed as a cutter (?).

Until 1908 I studied in school in Lodz. The difficult financial

situation of parents forced me to leave school and begin to work. The

first 2 years since 1908, I was working as "a boy” (courier), in a

warehouse, which was selling yarn. In the same warehouse, from 1910-

1915, I worked as a clerk, bookkeeper, and an assistant accountant.

From 1915 to mid-1916 I was unemployed (since the beginning of the

war in 1914 until the autumn of 1918, Lodz was occupied by the

Germans).

In the end of 1914 I joined the S. D. party BUND. I was an

ordinary member of the party until the summer of 1918. When the BUND

began to oppose actively the slogan of the proletarian dictatorship in

Poland, with other comrades, I went out from BUND, and in late 1918,

after returning to Lodz, I joined the Polish Communist party. I joined the

salesman’s trade union, and simultaneously I was performing different

party assignments—was a Technical Secretary of the Communist section

of trade union "Spartacus," and as a Technical Secretary in a unofficial

communist society by name of “Swiftly (Light)”(…)[Then]I fled to

Belgium. In Brussels, thanks to the letter of recommendation from one of

my comrades from Lodz, I received a job at a metallurgical factory in

Charleroi. I was a member of the local Communist party group.

In May 1920 the election of delegates to the second congress of the

Comintern was carried out. I was participating in the first conference in

Brussels. After that, in early July 1920, I, together with a few friends

from the Belgian delegation, went to Moscow as a political emigrant.

(…) Due to the beginning of my study in LCTI and my interest in

specialization in industrial chemistry, I moved to work in Institute

Chemplastmass in December 1932. At the beginning I was assigned as

manager of the department of development. This department was

transferred to another factory and I moved together with it. Since

February 1934 I was appointed as director of this development factory. I

16

worked there till 1936. Then I was transferred as a director to another

factory by the name “Komsomolskay Pravda.”

To my oral testimony regarding the visit from Belgium of my sister

as an Intourist I can add the following:

My sister Mania Baum (23 years old) came to Leningrad on 22 of

August this year as part of an organized group of tourists of the 3d

category. Her circuit was Leningrad-Moscow-Kharkov-Kiev.

She is supposed to stay in the USSR for 13 days. From our

conversations I understood that she is a paid worker, a cutter in an

atelier-mode which belongs to her two brothers and four sisters on a

joint basis. Three sisters are working [as sewers] and one as a cutter.

One of the brothers is a “voyageur”, the other is a director. Their

income is sufficient only for living. The sister who arrived has a salary of

five Belgian francs per hour and she works nine to ten hours a day. She

came on her own money and to do this she had to save money over four

years. Her political opinion—and of the other brothers and sisters—

towards the USSR is very close to ours.

She speaks with great love about our achievements.

Their lives as foreigners in Belgium: they cannot actively

participate in any political movement because of their status, as they

could be deported back to Poland. Nevertheless, they are taking active

part in anti-fascist movements (they participate in in-house closed

meetings and so on). They collect money and parcels for the children of

the Spanish Republic.

(My sister donates part of her weekly salary towards the Spanish

Republic.) In addition I have two more brothers in Belgium who are

salaried workers. They devote their political life to anti-fascist

movements in Poland. To conclude, I declare that I never told my sister

about my position and about which factory I was working in over the last

years. She only knows that I am working as an engineer in a factory.

Signature (BAUM)

LENINGRAD 27 August 1937

The address of my mother and sister:

17

Bruxelles-Nord 30 rue des Camions

Chaja Baum (Bruxelles)(Belgium)

Two months after Mania’s visit, Arnold was expelled from the

Communist Party. He appealed that decision in vain. The following document is

the confirmation of his expulsion.

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19

Partial translation:

Minutes of the meeting of the Party Committee, Branch of the Leningrad

region

BAUM Arnold born in 1893, in USSR since 1920. Member of BUND

from 1914 to July 1918. In 1918 became member of Communist Party in

Poland. Moved to Germany then Poland. From white collar class, has

higher education. Currently Director of factory: Komsomolska Pravda.

Expelled from the Communist Party on Sept 17, 1937, for surrounding

himself with foreign elements at work, ignoring the orders of the Party, in

close contact with Troskyst Vigdorovich now under arrest by NKVD, also

not trustworthy.

Arrived in USSR in 1920 as emigrant together with war prisoners. His

relatives live abroad, in Belgium. He is in written contact with them.

Baum’s sister visited in July 1937, arrived in USSR as an Intourist and

had a meeting with Baum.

-Response of Baum.

-Intervention by comrade speaker Nikitze

Present: Baum, comrades Kulibyaken (?), Leonov.

DECISION: Reconfirm previous decision to expel Baum from Communist

Party.

In Arnold’s file I found a note written by his wife Dina on a small piece of

paper, addressed to the Communist Party. Obviously worried, Dina queried

about the fate of her husband.

20

Note written by Dina Baum: “To the Branch of the Communist Party –

Leningrad region. Statement: I am the wife of Baum A.T., informing that on

20/2 my husband was arrested by the NKVD. I do not know the reason [of his

arrest].22/3/1938. D. Baum

The Belgian Episode

In one version of his autobiography (there were several in his Party file)

Arnold mentions that he had fled from Poland to Duisburg, Germany, then to

Belgium in 1919. Why to Belgium is unknown, but interestingly all the family

eventually moved to Belgium in the 1920s. At that time (before World War II),

all foreigners who arrived in Belgium were registered by the Security Police

(“Police des Étrangers”) and, indeed, I was told by Louis-Philippe Arnhem at

the Office des Étrangers (I had known him from previous investigations) and by

Filip Strubbe at the Archives Générales du Royaume that they had documents

showing that Arnold had resided in Antwerp and then in Charleroi. Soon I

found the online Antwerp file at familysearch.org

(https://familysearch.org/search/image/index#uri=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilysear

ch.org%2Frecords%2Fcollection%2F2023926%2Fwaypoints).

21

I also received copies of the Charleroi file (which is not online).

These records confirm that Arnold went to Belgium in early December

1919 via Duisburg in Germany, first to Antwerp (from December 2, 1919, to

May 13, 1920), then to Charleroi (from May 13, 1920 to July 1920). Arnold’s

Belgian period lasted only about eight months, with possibly (according to his

autobiography) a few days back to Germany in March 1920 during the Kapp

putsch4. Interestingly, in the Belgian records Arnold called himself Aron and

4 The Kapp Putsch, named after its leader Wolfgang Kapp, was a coup attempt in March 1920 aimed at

undoing the results of the German Revolution of 1918–1919, overthrowing the Weimar Republic and

22

his father Icek or Isaak. Only in Russia did he call himself Arnold, and his

father became Teodor, perhaps to hide or at least diminish his Jewish origins.

The Antwerp records show that in Lodz he resided on Piotrkowska Road

(a central location with a high density of Jews), whereas his parents lived on

Cegielnia Street 17. The picture that emerges of Arnold is that of an idealist

with a temperament that seems quite different from that his siblings. His

character, political beliefs and way of life (he married Dina who was a

communist and a Gentile), contrast strikingly with his parents who were

Orthodox Jews.

Finally, it may very well be that Arnold never knew his real birth date. In

Charleroi and Antwerp he wrote October 15, 1893, and everywhere else it was

always 1893. However, his Polish birth record clearly indicates March 19,

1896.

In conclusion, that accidental meeting with my old friend in a coffee shop

in Yafo indeed proved crucial, as it led to the solution of the “Arnold’s

question”. This also confirmed that luck often plays a decisive part in genealogy

research (refer to Footnote 1). But to quote Thomas Jefferson: “I'm a great

believer in luck, and I find the harder I work, the more I have of it”.

establishing a right-wing autocratic government. It was supported by parts of the military and other

conservative, nationalistic and monarchistic forces. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Putsch

23

Archival Sources

Following is a partial list of useful sources used to reconstitute the course

of Arnold’s life.

1. Anatoly Jakovlevich Razumov, Head of the Center “The Returned Names” at

the Russian National Library, Books of memory « Leningrad мартиролог »,

Member of the St. Petersburg Commission on restoration of the rights of

rehabilitated victims of political reprisals.

Address: 191069, St. Petersburg, Garden street, 18.

Phone (812) 718-86-18. Local ph. 1618

Fax (812) 310-61-48.

Mobile: (7) 911-950-1059

e-mail: A.Razumov@nlr.ru

Skype: rifatoll

2. Vladimir Paley, Genealogy Service in Russia, FSU, Europe, Israel, USA

+1 718 717-2157

+7 985 760-0976

http://jgs.ru/museum/en

http://info.paley.tel

3. St. Petersburg White Pages (telephone directory) in English

http://spb.telkniga.info/id4503265/

http://spb.telkniga.info/id4503264/

4. Archives of the Communist Party in Russia

http://www.rusarchives.ru/state/cgaipdspb/index.shtml,

email: cgaipd@cgaipd.spbarchives.ru

The answer to my email query was received via regular post from Mr Taradin,

Archive Bureau of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg state public institution

“Central State Archive of Historic and Political Documents of St. Petersburg”

(CSAHPD SPb), 39, Tavricheskayast, Saint Petersburg, 191015.

5. Petrograd Civil Register, Central State Archives of St Petersburg

24

6. State Archives, Lodz branch (Archiwum Państwowe w Łodzi)

www.lodz.ap.gov.pl

7. Archives de la Ville de Charleroi

Caserne Trésignies, bloc P

Rue Tumelaire, 80 à 6000 Charleroi, Belgium

Email: Archiviste: Mme Carine Gouvienne

Tel: +32 71 51 84 63 (Gosselies) or +32 71 86 15 71 or +32 493 96 42 82.

Email: carine.gouvienne@charleroi.be

8. Filip Strubbe, Algemeen Rijksarchief - Archives générales du Royaume

Afdeling 5 "Hedendaagse Archieven" - Section 5 "Archives contemporaines"

Ruisbroekstraat 2, 1000 Brussels - Rue de Ruysbroeck 2, 1000 Bxl.

www.arch.be - www.facebook.com/rijksarchief