Find as many comparisons as possible between each grouping:
Essential Question: How did new inventions & improved transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s? Warm-Up Question: Find as many comparisons as possible between each grouping: John Adams & John Quincy Adams James Madison & Martin Van Buren George Washington & James Monroe Thomas Jefferson & Andrew Jackson Lesson Plan for Thursday, October 9, 2008: Warm-Up Question, Market Revolution Notes John Adams & John Q. Adams
One term presidencies Thwarted by their cabinets Miserable presidencies Left office without attending their successors inauguration Held nationalist views of govt Madison & Van Buren Masterminds behind the creation of their party (Repubs & Demo) Dealt with trash from their predecessors administrations Ineffective policies in response to problems (European war & panic) Were the hand-picked successors to people who started parties Served as Sec of State Washington & Monroe Founding Fathers; VA Dynasty
Neutrality & independence (Farewell Address & Monroe Doc) Favored nationalist economic policy (Hamiltons financial plan & American System) Westward expansion Were liked by all; unopposed in 2nd term Jefferson & Jackson Favored small govt; protected the common man & liberty Favored westward expansion & agriculture Strayed from Constitution (LA Purchase & killing BUS) Two terms; Succeeded an Adams Hypocrite to their party ideals Trashed the economy (Embargo & Bank War) 1st prez of their party (Rep & Dem) American Antebellum Changes
In the 1830s & 1840s, territorial & technological growth led to important changes in America: Improved transportation Rapid technological innovation A growing national economy Mass European immigration Desire for transcontinental expansion (Manifest Destiny) A Revolution in Transportation A Revolution in Transportation
In 1816, Henry Clays American System initiated federally funded internal improvements The National Road became the 1st federal transportation project Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities
America's 1st Turnpike: Lancaster, PA 1790 By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities Cumberland (National Road), 1811 Principal Canals by 1840 Steamboats & canals stimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of manufactured goods to the West Steamboats & Canals Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West: Fultons invention of steamboats helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North Steamboats provided upstream shipping with reduce costs & increased speeds Robert Fulton s Steamboat
The Clermont The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1st link between East & West
The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the U.S. Inland Freight Rates The Railroad From 1840 to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals dominance Stimulated industrial & commercial agricultural growth Led to new forms of finance, such as preferred stock &state & local govt subsidies The Iron Horse Wins! (1830) The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Railroad Expansion by 1860 The Railroad Revolution, 1850s The Expansion of Railroads by Region Immigrant labor built railroads in the North Slave labor built railroads in the South Transportation Revolution by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads
Jacksons assault on the 2nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clays American System but it did not stop transportation improvements TheMarket Revolution The Industrial Revolution Booms
In the 1840s, American industrial production became more efficient: Due to numerous industrial innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South Led to an increased division of labor & urbanization in the North & an increase in staple-crop commercial farming Rise of Commercial Agriculture
Ohio, NY, & PA specialized in wheat while the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton The antebellum era saw a boom in specialized, staple-crop, commercial farming due to: Lower transportation costs New agricultural innovations like McCormicks mechanical reaper, Eli Whitneys cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin, 1793
Actually invented by a slave! John Deere & the Steel Plow Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper Early Industrialism In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the putting out system By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing Cottage Industry Brought families extra income Samuel Slater (Father of the Factory System)
Early Textile Loom Samuel Slater (Father of the Factory System) Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine Eli Whitneys Other Critical Invention
Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts Samuel Morses Telegraph in 1840
(Two more critical inventions of the era that have little to do with the Market Revolution) Cyrus Fields Transatlantic Cable, 1858 Samuel Morses Telegraph in 1840 The Lowell System: The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Lowell Boarding Houses The Lowell System: The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowells town What was their typical profile?
Lowell Girls What was their typical profile? New England Dominance in Textiles Essential Question: What problems developed as a result of American industrialism & immigration from ? RQ 12A (p ) Lesson Plan for Friday, October 10, 2008: RQ 12A, Finish any leftover notes, Immigration & Nativism Activity The Market Revolution By 1840, improved transportation & innovation reduced time & cost to ship goods & allowed for a national market economy: U.S. developed a self-sustainingnational economy of commercial farming & manufactured goods But, the U.S. economy was driven by regional specialization Northern industry Southern cotton production Western commercial farming America in 1840 The Antebellum South
Cotton production divided society in the Deep South: Large plantations with lots of slaves made good money Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming Slave Population, 1820 Slave Population, 1840 Slave Population, 1860 America in 1840 The Antebellum West Land was cheap
Settlers transformed the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms: Wheat & corn Hogs & cattle Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market America in 1840 The Antebellum North
Shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South Experienced rapid urbanization U.S. Urban Centers American Population Centers in 1820 The Market Revolution New innovations made work easier & improved American industry & agriculture However, the U.S. was not an industrial society in the 1840s 60% of the population were still involved in farming Most production was still done traditionally in small workshops Mass Immigration Begins Mass Immigration Begins
From 1840 & 1860, 4 million Irish & Germans immigrated to America Motivations for immigration: Most came for higher wages in northern industrial jobs The potato blight from brought 1.5 million Irish immigrants Low fares on trans-Atlantic ships made access easier Incentive to mechanize, in part, stimulated by lack of labor in North & South.In addition, the new technology created demand for more industry Immigration to the US 1820-1860 Where did immigrants go? Farmers
Industrial workers Gold miners Cotton farming & cattle Mass Immigration Begins
In 1836, 4% of the Lowell Mill workers were foreign-born; By % were foreign-born Immigrants filled low-paying jobs in northern cities or migrated into the West to become farmers This vast pool of cheap labor provided fuel for the U.S. Industrial Revolution in 1850s In the 1840s, factory labor began to shift from American women & children to immigrant men Mass Immigration Begins
Low immigrant wages contributed to urban slums where poverty, disease, & crime were common This influx of immigration led to urban reform movements: Provided police forces, sanitized water, sewage disposal, & improved housing standards But the immigrant poor were largely unaffected by the results Affluent city dwellers moved to Americas 1st suburbs Anti-Immigrant Reaction
Immigrant groups were met with prejudice (esp the Irish Catholics) & tension in 1840s & 1850s Nativism emerged among American-born citizens: Suspicion of the new ethnic neighborhoods & alien cultures Led to bloody anti-Catholic riots, charges of despotism, & anti-Irish propaganda The Know-Nothing Party
Nativist propaganda targeting German & Irish immigrants Anti-Catholic Native American mob battling the state militia in Philadelphia in 1844 Conclusions In the 1830s & 1840s, the USA was growing more democratic & economically self-sufficient: Innovation & transportation improvements connected regional specialization into a national market economy This economic growth will stimulate a sense of manifest destiny into the West & sectional divisions between North & South In the 1830s & 1840s, territorial & technological growth led to important changes in America: Improved transportation Rapid technological innovation A growing national economy Mass European immigration Desire for transcontinental expansion (Manifest Destiny) American Immigration & Nativism Activity
How many people came from England in 1820? What countries sent more than 300 immigrants in 1820? What do these countries have in common? What is the total number of immigrants who came from Italy, Russia, & Poland in 1820? Other than Great Britain, what 2 countries sent the most immigrants in 1850?Why? How many Africans came in 1850? Why? Nativism began in the 1840s. What group would have been its first victim? Why? American Immigration & Nativism Discussion
Based upon what you know about America in the 1830s & 1840s, how would you define the American ideal? What is the ideal for wealthy aristocrats? For the common man? What is the American ideal for people outside of the United States? At what point can an immigrant consider himself an American? Compare each of your answers with the reality that existed for each group. American Industry in the Age of Jackson Activity The Early American Industrial Revolution Group Activity
Center for Learning Activity #16 ABC APUSH Review In groups of two, teams must provide an accurate sentence regarding an event/theme in American history for each letter of the alphabet: AAdams was the only Federalist president, etc. Sentences must begin with nouns, not verbs or adjectives