Financing Process

05/14/07Ch. 17

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Financing

Internal Financing – funds raised from cash flows of existing assets

External Financing – funds raised from outside the company (VC, debt, equity, etc.)

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Internal vs. External Financing

Firms may prefer internal financing because External financing is difficult to raise External financing may result in loss of control Raising external capital tends to be expensive

Projects funded by internal financing must meet same hurdle rates

Internal financing is limited

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A Life Cycle View of Financing Choices

Stage 2Rapid Expansion

Stage 1Start-up

Stage 4Mature Growth

Stage 5Decline

ExternalFinancing

Revenues

Earnings

Owner’s EquityBank Debt

Venture CapitalCommon Stock

Debt Retire debtRepurchase stock

External fundingneeds

High, but constrained by infrastructure

High, relative to firm value.

Moderate, relativeto firm value.

Declining, as a percent of firm value

Internal financing

Low, as projects dryup.

Common stockWarrantsConvertibles

Stage 3High Growth

Negative orlow

Negative orlow

Low, relative to funding needs

High, relative tofunding needs

More than funding needs

Accessing private equity Inital Public offering Seasoned equity issue Bond issuesFinancingTransitions

Growth stage

$ Revenues/Earnings

Time

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Process of raising capital

Private firm expansion

From private to public firm: The IPO

Choices for a public firm

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VC process Provoke equity investors’ interest

There is an imbalance between the number of small firms that desire VC investment and the number of VCs

Firms need to distinguish themselves from others to obtain VC funding

Type of business Dot.com in the 90s, bio-tech firms this decade

Successful management

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VC process Perform valuation and return assessment (Venture capital

method) Estimate earnings in the year the company is expected to go

public

Obtain a P/E multiple for public firms in the same industry

Exit or Terminal Value = P/E multiple * forecasted earnings

Discount this terminal value at the VC’s target rate of return

Discounted Terminal Value = Estimated exit value (1 + target return)n

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VC process

Structure the deal Determine the proportion of firm value that VC

will get in return for investmentOwnership Proportion = Capital

Provided Disc. Exit

Value

VC will establish constraints on how the managers run the firm

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VC process Participate in post-deal management

VCs provide managerial experience and contacts for additional fund raising efforts

Exit VCs generate a return on their investment by exiting

the investment. They can do so through

An initial public offering Selling the business to another firm Withdrawing firm cash flows and liquidating the firm

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VC process Stages of Venture Capital Investments

Seed financing is capital provided at the “idea” stage.

Start-up financing is capital used in product development.

First-stage financing is capital provided to initiate manufacturing and sales.

Second-stage financing is for initial expansion. Third-stage financing allows for major expansion. Mezzanine financing prepares the company to go

public.

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Going public vs. staying private

The benefits of going public are: Firms can access financial markets and tap

into a much larger source of capital Owners can cash in on their investments

The costs of going public are: Loss of control Information disclosure requirements Exchange listing requirements

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Initial Public Offering (IPO) process

Most public offerings are made with the assistance of investment bankers (IBs) which are financial intermediaries that specialize in selling new securities and advising firms with regard to major financial transactions.

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IPO process The role of the investment banker

Origination - design of a security contract that is acceptable to the market;

prepare the state and federal Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) registration statements and a summary prospectus,

Underwriting-the risk-bearing function in which the IB buys the securities at a given price and turns to the market to sell them.

Syndicates are formed to reduce the inventory risk.

Sales and distribution-selling quickly reduces inventory risk. Firm members of the syndicate and a wider selling group distribute the securities over a wide retail and institutional area.

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IPO process

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IPO process IPO costs

Underwriting commission (usually around 7%)

Underpricing of issue Represents the first day returns generated by the firm,

calculated as Closing Price – Offer price

Offer price

Issues are underpriced to Provide investors with a “good taste” about the investment banker

and firm Compensate investors for the information asymmetry between firm

and investor

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IPO process

Valuing the company and setting issue details Investment banker and firm need to determine

Value of company Valuation is typically done using P/E multiples

Size of the issue Value per share Offering price per share

This will tend to be below the value per share, i.e., the offer will be underpriced

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IPO process Determining the offer price

The investment banker will gauge the level of interest from institutional investors for the issue by conducting road shows. This is referred to as building the book.

After the offer price and issue details are set, and the SEC has approved the registration, the firm places a tombstone advertisement in newspapers, that outlines the details of the issue and the investment bankers involved

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IPO process Waiting period – The period between the submission

of the registration to the SEC and the SEC’s approval. It is during this time that the company releases the red herring

Quiet period – a period after the registration is submitted until approximately a month after the issue where the company cannot comment on the earnings, prospects for the company

Lock-up period – a period of usually 6 months following the issue date in which the insiders of the company cannot sell their shares

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Choices for a publicly traded firm

General subscription (or Seasoned Equity Offering)

Private placements

Rights offerings

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General subscription (SEO) Although for IPOs the underwriting agreement almost

always involves a firm guarantee from the underwriter to purchase all of the issue, in secondary offerings, the underwriting agreement may be a best efforts guarantee where the underwriter sells as much of the issue as he can

SEOs tend to have lower underwriting commissions because of IB competition.

The issuing price of an SEO tends to be set slightly lower than the current market price

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Private placement

Securities are sold directly to one or few investors

Saves on time and cost (no registration requirements, marketing needs)

Tends to be less common with corporate equity issues. Private placement is used more in corporate bond issues.

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Rights offerings Existing investors are provided the right to purchase

additional shares in proportion to their current holdings at a price (subscription price) below current market price (rights-on price)

Each existing share is provided one right.

The number of rights required to purchase a share in the rights offering is then determined by the number of shares outstanding and the additional shares to be issued in the rights offering.

rights required to purchase one share = # of original shares # of shares issued in RO

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Rights offerings Because investors can purchase shares at a lower price, the rights

have value:

Value of the right = rights-on price – subscription pricen + 1

where n = number of rights required for each new share

Because additional shares are issued at a price below market price, the market price will drop after the rights offering to the ex-rights price

ex-rights price = New value of equity New number of shares

The value (or price) of the right can also be calculated as:

rights-on price – ex-rights price

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Rights offerings Costs are lower because of

Lower underwriting commissions – rights offerings tend to be fully subscribed

Marketing and distribution costs are significantly lower

No dilution of ownership

No transfer of wealth