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    AUTOMATIC INDIVIDUAL LOAD

    SHEDDING USING GSM ON BASIS OF

    UNITS CONSUMED

    Project Advisor

    Engr. Munawar Sultan

    Project Title

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    What is Load Shedding?

    When supplying company receives more demand for electrical power than its

    generation or installed capacity , the company has to resort to manage the available

    electricity to its customers. This act is called Load Shedding.

    Load shedding which often occurs in places where the total electrical power

    load which can be taken by consumers greatly exceeds the available amount of

    energy which can be generated by the local power station or national network of

    power stations. This is a situation which is common in many developing countries.

    As soon as total power demanded exceeds a certain percentage - usually 98% - of

    the maximum possible power that can be generated, parts of the distribution

    network have to be disconnected. Such disconnections are known as "load

    shedding".

    If load shedding was not done the generating equipment's overload breakers

    would automatically shut down the whole power station to protect its alternators

    (electrical generators) from very severe damage. Such damage would be extremely

    expensive to repair and would take a lot of time to do.

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    Forced outage due to breakdowns.

    Planned outages for routine maintenance

    Restrictions of usage of water (Hydro Generation).

    Restrictions of availability of Gas (Gas Turbine).

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    Theme of Project

    This is a Microcontroller based Project on Automatic Load Shedding using

    GSM. The aim of the project is to design and develop an embedded system

    to perform the AC LOAD shedding using GSM technology. Individual

    consumers load is shed by this system using GSM modules.

    Energy meter at user end is digitalized and number of units consumed is

    stored in memory.

    Limit of Units is specified by the server. Server sends a message to the user

    end and user end sends back units consumed. If these units exceed the limit

    specified by the server then command is generated that cuts off the power of

    that user.

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    Theme of Project

    The purpose of this project is to remote monitoring and control of the Domestic Energy meter. This

    system enables the Electricity Department to read the meter readings regularly without the

    person visiting each house. This can be achieved by the use of microcontroller unit that

    continuously monitors and records the Energy Meter readings in its permanent (non-volatile)

    memory location. This system also makes use of a GSM modem for remote monitoring and

    control ofEnergy Meter.

    The Microcontroller based system continuously records the readings and the live meter reading can

    be sent to the Electricity department on request. This system also can be used to disconnect the power

    supply to the house in case of non-payment of electricity bills. A dedicated GSM modem with SIM

    card is required for each energy meter.

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    Block Diagram

    Serial

    MUX

    GSM

    Unit

    MicrocontrollerControl unit for

    MUX

    PC

    Analog

    Energy

    Meter

    Pulse

    Reader

    GSM

    Unit

    MicrocontrollerDISC

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    Components

    Electrical Energy Meter

    I isc Beam ea er

    Electromagnetic elay

    AT89C52Microcontroller AT 8051

    Multiplexer

    e-multiplexer

    GSM Modules

    GUI tool

    Serial toolMATLAB

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    ElectricalEnergy Meter

    The energy meter is an electricalmeasuring device, which is usedto record Electrical Energy

    consumed over a specified periodof time in terms of units. Electricmeters are typically calibrated inbilling units, the most common

    one being the kilowatt hour.Periodic readings of electricmeters establishes billing cyclesand energy used during a cycle.

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    CONSTRUCTION OF ENERGY METER

    Where, CC = Current Coil ( Series Magnet )

    VC = Voltage Coil ( Shunt Magnet )

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    CONSTRUCTION OF ENERGY METER

    The watt meter has two laminated electrometers, one of which is excited by the

    current in the main circuit its exciting winding being jointed in series with the

    circuit, hence it is also called a series magnet. Current, which is proportional to

    the voltage of the circuit, excites the other, its exciting coil is jointed in parallel

    with the circuit hence, and this magnet is sometimes tested as short magnet.

    Aluminum disc is so mounted that its cuts fluxes of both magnets, hence two

    eddy currents are produced due to interaction of these eddy current and the

    inducting fluxes. The deflection tongue is produced due to interaction of these

    eddy currents and the inducting fluxes.

    Current up to 100A can be handled by such wattmeter directly but for current

    greater than this value they are used in conjunction with current transformers.

    The pressure coil as much as inductive as that the flux through it should lag

    behind voltage by 900.

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    IR Disc Beam Reader

    IR disc beam reader is used to detect the IR

    rays. In our project it is used to digitalize the

    analog meter reading by sensing cut in the

    aluminium disc.

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    Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

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    A s aller c ter.

    -chi RAM, R M, I/ rts...

    E a leMotorolas 6 , I tels 5 , Zilogs Z a I 6X

    A si gle chip

    (Microcontroller)

    Microcontroller:

    CPU RAM ROM

    I/O Port Timer

    Serial

    COM Port

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    Block Diagram

    Counter

    Inputs

    CPU

    On-chip

    AM

    On-chip

    OM for

    program

    code

    4 I/O Ports

    Timer 0

    Serial

    PortOSC

    Interrupt

    Control

    External interrupts

    Timer 1

    Timer/Counter

    Bus

    Control

    TxD xDP0 P1 P2 P3

    Address/Data

    Counter

    Inputs

    CPU

    On-chip

    AM

    On-chip

    OM for

    program

    code

    4 I/O Ports

    Timer 0

    Serial

    PortOSC

    Interrupt

    Control

    External interrupts

    Timer 1

    Timer/Counter

    Bus

    Control

    TxD xDP0 P1 P2 P3

    Address/Data

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    RAM 128 Bytes (Datamemory)

    ROM 4Kbytes (ROMsignify the on chip

    program space)

    Serial Port UsingUART makes it simplerto interface for serial

    communication.

    Two 16 bit Timer/Counter

    Input/output Pins 4Ports of 8 bits each on a

    single chip.

    6 Interrupt Sources 8 bit ALU (Arithmetic

    Logic Unit)

    Harvard MemoryArchitecture It has 16bit Address bus (eachof RAM and ROM) and

    8 bit Data Bus.

    8051 can execute 1million one-cycle

    instructions per secondwith a clock frequency

    of12MHz.

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    Pin Description of the 8051

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    Pin No Function Name

    1-8 8 bit input/output port (P1) pins P1.0-P1.7

    9 eset pin; Active high Reset

    10 Input (receiver) for serial communication RxD

    8 bit input/output

    port (P3) pins

    P3.0

    11Output (transmitter) for serial

    communication TxDP

    3

    .1

    P3.212 External interrupt 1 Int0

    13 External interrupt 2 Int1 P3.3

    14 Timer1 external input T0 P3.4

    1 Timer2 external input T1 P3.

    1 Write to external data memory Write P3.

    17 Read from external data memory Read P3.7

    18Quartz crystal oscillator (up to 24 MHz)

    Crystal 2

    19 Crystal 1

    20 Ground (0V) Ground

    21-28

    8 bit input/output port (P2) pins/

    High-order address bits when interfacing with external memory P2.0/ A8- P2.7/ A1

    29 Program store enable; Read from external program memory PSEN

    30Address LatchEnable ALE

    Program pulse input during Flash programming Prog

    31External Access Enable; Vcc for internal program executions EA

    Programming enable voltage; 12V (during Flash programming) Vpp

    32-39

    8 bit input/output port (P0) pins/

    Low-order address bits when interfacing with external memory P0.7/ AD7- P0.0/ AD0

    40 Supply voltage; V (up to . V) Vcc

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    A multiplexer can use addressing bits to select one of

    several input bits to be the output.

    Enable two or more transmission sources to share a

    common circuit.

    A selector chooses a single data input and passes

    it to the MUX output

    It has one output selected at a time.

    Multiplexer (MUX)

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    A de-multiplexer (or de-mux) is a device taking a single input

    signal and selecting one of many data-output-lines, which is

    connected to the single input.A multiplexer is often used with a complementary de-

    multiplexer on the receiving end.

    De-Multiplexer (DEMUX)

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    Multiplexers & De-multiplexers

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    MA 232

    The MAX232 IC is used to convert the TTL/CMOS logic levels toRS232 logic levels during serial communication of microcontrollerswith PC. The controller operates at TTL logic level (0-5V) whereasthe serial communication in PC works onRS232 standards (-25 V to+ 25V). This makes it difficult to establish a direct link between themto communicate with each other.