11

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms

of life. On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in oceans, 1.7% in

groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small

fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapour, clouds as

formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air, and precipitation. Only

2.5% of the Earth's water is fresh water, and 98.8% of that water is in ice and

groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere,

and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within

biological bodies and manufactured products. Water on Earth moves continually

through the hydrological cycle of evaporation and transpiration, condensation,

precipition, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Evaporation and transpiration

contribute to the precipitation over land.

Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah (PSIS) is the 17th polytechnic that had been

established under Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE). It was officially

operated on May 16, 2003 and formally was known as Polytechnic Sabak Bernam.

The main purpose of Polytechnic is to produce qualified semi-professional students

fulfill the needs in the working field of public and private sectors as well as to meet

the mission and vision of our nation towards years 2020. There is a man-made lake

22

in Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah. This man- made lake is to collect all the runoff

water from the surface and drainage to prevent flood occur.

Wastewater treatment is one of the important phase in water quality

management and treatment that requires careful investigation, water sampling (often

over several seasons), and an understanding of the water resource and distribution

system. All wastewaters are different, it is necessary to work with a team that can

combine comprehensive knowledge with practical experience in the all fields

especially in chemistry, biology, hydraulics, mechanical processes or equipment,

instrumentation and control, materials handling and plant layout.

33

1.2 Objectives

1. To collect and test water samples from 4 different points.

2. To identify the current status of the lake water by using water quality index

(WQI) method.

3. To analyse and provide suggestions.

44

1.3 Problem statements

Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah (PSIS) has a huge artificial lake which is built

since the existence of this polytechnic. The sources of PSIS lake water is from the

surface runoff rainwater.

The first problem that was identified is the unpleasant odour from the lake,

especially in the morning and sunny day. Secondly, the growth of algae and aquatic

plants are increase through the years. Furthermore, the colour of the lake water is

cloudy and greenish. From the previous experiments carried out, the results shown

that the pH parameters of the lake water are alkaline, it is caused by detergent

consumption. Due to the low Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), it had caused the

death of aquatic life in the middle of the year 2009.

Line with the pillars of Green Technology policy for water and waste water

management by adopting Green Technology and the use of water resources, sewage

treatment, solid waste and landfill. This study is suggested to conserve and minimize

the impact to the environment in line with the policy recommended by the Green

Technology, Department of Environment (DOE).

Green Technology is a development and product application, equipment and

system to protect environment including minimizing the negative effect from human

activities. Green Technology refers to products, equipments or system to fulfill

certain aspects, firstly minimize the digression of environment quality; that are low

or zero green house gas, safe to use and to get better environment. Secondly is to

save energy and natural sources. Lastly is to encourage new methods.

55

1.4 Scope

The scope of this study is on upgrading the quality of PSIS lake water. In

order to provide a good suggestions and recommendations to improve the quality of

the water collecting and testing of water samples are needed to be performed.

The parameters that are to be tested includes temperature, pH, DO (Dissolve

Oxygen), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand),

TSS (Total Suspended Solid) and Ammonia Nitrogen.

Four points had being selected as sampling points. The first sampling point is

at the jetty of the lake. Lake wetland area being marked as second point. The third

point is one of the drainage that being mark as the dirtiest drainage through

observation. The fourth and the last sampling point is the drainage behind the

wastewater treatment plant. This point is being considered because the water will be

discharge to the river.

The suggestions and recommendations that will be proposed are to provide a

better environment for the lake. Besides, pH of lake water can be neutralized. Odour

and suspended solid also can be reduced.

66

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Surface runoff water

Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah (PSIS) drainage system has been in a good

condition since it was opened in 2003. After 9 years of operation in PSIS, the

drainage system will not function properly year after year. Water sump in the drain

does not flow in good condition and start blocking in some areas. It filters the

rubbish and some of areas were noticed to be filled with soil and water plants.

(Abdul Hafidz b. Kamaruddin, 2007)

2.2 Wastewater

Water and wastewater are two important components to the environment.

Every living needs water to survive. It is estimated that between 70-80% of the water

used become waste water in various forms. Water is being use for washing clothes,

cooking, bathing and etc and being released into the environment in the form of

waste water.

77

2.3 Water quality index (WQI)

A water quality index provide a single number (like a grade) that expresses

overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality

parameters. The objective of WQI is to turn complex water quality data into

information that is understandable and useable by the public. This type of index is

similar to the index developed for air quality that shows if it’s a red or blue air

quality day. The use of an index to "grade" water quality is a controversial

issue among water quality scientists. A single number cannot tell the whole story of

water quality as there are many other water quality parameters that are not included

in the index. The index presented here is not specifically aimed at human health or

aquatic life regulations. However, a water index based on some very important

parameters can provide a simple indicator of water quality. It gives the public a

general idea the possible problems with the water in the region.

(Mitchell Mark K. and Stapp William B, 2000)

2.4 Lake pollution

Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah lake pollution contributes to the poor quality of

water life, it will cause the water life like fish to die.

(Nor Aminadia Bt Baharuddin, 2007 )

88

2.5 pH, power of Hydrogen

Measurement of the amount of free hydrogen ions in water is known as pH.

Specifically, pH is the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of hydrogen

ions. pH is measured on a logarithmic scale, an increase of one unit indicates an

increase of ten times the amount of hydrogen ions. A pH of 7 is considered to be

neutral. Acidity increases as pH values decrease, and alkalinity increases as pH

values increase. Most natural waters are buffered by a carbon-dioxide-bicarbonate

system, since the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere serves as a source of carbonic

acid.

This reaction tends to keep pH of most waters around 7 - 7.5, unless large

amounts of acid or base are added to the water. Most streams draining tend to be

slightly acidic (6.8 to 6.5) due to organic acids produced by the decaying of organic

matter. Natural waters in the Piedmont of Georgia also receive acidity from the soils.

In waters with high algal concentrations, pH varies diurnally, reaching values as high

as 10 during the day when algae are using carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. pH

drops during the night when the algae respire and produce carbon dioxide.

The pH of water affects the solubility of many toxic and nutritive chemicals;

therefore, the availability of these substances to aquatic organisms were affected. As

acidity increases, most metals become more water soluble and more toxic. Toxicity

of cyanides and sulfides also increases with a decrease in pH (increase in acidity).

Ammonia, however, becomes more toxic with only a slight increase in pH.

Alkalinity is the capacity to neutralize acids, and the alkalinity of natural

water is derived principally from the salts of weak acids. Hydroxide carbonates, and

bicarbonates are the dominant source of natural alkalinity. A reaction of carbon

dioxide with calcium or magnesium carbonate in the soil creates considerable

amounts of bicarbonates in the soil. Organic acids such as humic acid also form salts

that increase alkalinity. Alkalinity itself has little public health significance, although

highly alkaline waters are unpalatable and can cause gastrointestinal discomfort.

(Watershed Protection Plan Development Guidebook)

99

2.6 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of the amount of oxygen

that bacteria will consume while decomposing organic matter under aerobic

conditions. Biochemical oxygen demand is determined by incubating a sealed sample

of water for five days and measuring the loss of oxygen from the beginning to the

end of the test. Samples often must be diluted prior to incubation or the bacteria will

deplete all of the oxygen in the bottle before the test is complete. The main focus of

wastewater treatment plants is to reduce the BOD in the effluent discharged to

natural waters. Wastewater treatment plants are design to function as bacteria farms,

where bacteria feed oxygen and organic waste. The excess bacteria grown in the

system are removed as sludge, and this “solid” waste is then disposed of on land.

(Watershed Protection Plan Development Guidebook)

2.7 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) does not differentiate between biologically

available and inert organic matter, and it is a measure of the total quantity of oxygen

required to oxidize all organic material into carbon dioxide and water. COD values

are always greater than BOD values, but COD measurements can be made in a few

hours while BOD measurements take five days.

(Watershed Protection Plan Development Guidebook)

1100

2.8 Total suspended solid (TSS)

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is comprised of organic and mineral particles

that are transported in the water column. TSS is closely linked to land erosion and to

erosion of river channels. TSS can be extremely variable, ranging from less than 5

mg/L to extremes of 30,000 mg/L in some rivers. TSS is not only an important

measure of erosion in river basins, it is also closely linked to the transport through

river systems of nutrients (especially phosphorus), metals, and a wide range of

industrial and agricultural chemicals.

2.9 Temperature

Metabolic rate and the reproductive activities of aquatic life are controlled by

water temperature. Metabolic activity increases with a rise in temperature, thus

increasing the demand for oxygen for the aquatic life. However, an increase in

stream temperature also causes a decrease in DO (dissolve oxygen), limiting the

amount of oxygen available to these aquatic organisms. With a limited amount of

DO available, the fish in this system will become stressed. A rise in temperature can

also provide conditions for the growth of disease-causing organisms.

Water temperature varies with season, elevation, geographic location, and

climatic conditions and is influenced by stream flow, streamside vegetation,

groundwater inputs, and water effluent from industrial activities. Water temperatures

rise when streamside vegetation is removed. When entire forest canopies were

removed, temperatures in Pacific Northwest streams increased up to 8 oC above the

previous highest temperature. Water temperature also increases when warm water is

discharged into streams from industries.

(Watershed Protection Plan Development Guidebook)

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2.10 Ammonia nitrogen

Ammonia nitrogen is present in various concentrations in many surface and

ground water supplies. Any sudden change in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen

in water supply is cause for suspicion. A product of microbiological activity,

ammonia nitrogen is sometimes accepted as chemical evidence of pollution when

encountered in natural waters.

Ammonia is rapidly oxidized in natural water systems by special bacterial

groups that produce nitrite and nitrate. This oxidation requires that dissolved oxygen

be available in the water. Ammonia is an additional source of nitrogen as a nutrient

which may contribute to the expanded growth of undesirable algae and other forms

of plant growth that overloads the natural system and cause pollution.

2.11 Dissolved oxygen, DO

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen that

is dissolved or carried in a given medium. It depends on physical, chemical and

biological activities in water which caused increase DO by agitation of the water

surface.

(Watershed Protection Plan Development Guidebook)

1122

2.12 Oil and grease

Oil and grease are found in wastewater either as an emulsion or as free-

floating agglomerates. Chemicals, such as detergents and solvents, and mechanical

agitation can cause oil and grease to become emulsified. Triglycerides are glycerol

esters of fatty acids. Fats are mixtures of various triglycerides, with a small

percentage of monoglycerides and diglycerides. Triglycerides that are liquid at room

temperature are often referred to as oils. According to the Water Environment

Federation’s Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes, Manual of Practice FD-3, “Grease is

a general classification for grouping such materials as fats, oils, waxes, and soaps

according to their effect on wastewater collection and treatment systems or their

physical (semisolid) forms.” For the purpose of this document, the acronym “FOG”

will be used as a general term for fats, oil, and grease.

By its very nature, grease will adhere to many types of surfaces, with sewers

especially vulnerable to grease build-up. The cool internal surfaces of sewers provide

ideal locations on which thin layers of grease can build up. While a large clump of

grease will not attach itself to a sewer, it will leave a tiny portion of itself if it does

come into contact with the sewer. Over a period of time, subsequent “touches” by

clumps of grease will build up to the point that the sewer is completely choked by a

“grease log.” Grease also accumulates due to cooling and dilution of surfactants, that

allows the grease to separate and collect on all sewer system surfaces, including wet

wells at pump stations, where controls can become fouled and prevent pumps from

operating properly.

When sewage can no longer get past a grease build-up, it must go

somewhere. Sewage will seek the nearest outlet, which may be a manhole or a

service lateral, sometimes backing up into a house or business. Regardless where the

sewage goes, the sewer agency is responsible for any damage that occurs. If that

damage results in a violation of a permit that is issued by this department,

enforcement action against the sewer agency is a distinct possibility.

(Jennifer Peters Dodd & Roger D. Lemasters)

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2.13 Nitrate

Nitrates are naturally present in soil, water, and food. In the natural nitrogen

cycle, bacteria convert nitrogen to nitrate, which is taken up by plants and

incorporated into tissues. Animals that eat plants use the nitrate to produce proteins.

Nitrate is returned to the environment in animal feces, as well as through microbial

degradation of plants and animals after they die.

Microorganisms can convert nitrate or the ammonium ion (which is a

nitrogen atom combined with four hydrogen atoms) to nitrite; this reaction occurs in

the environment as well as within the digestive tract of humans and other animals.

After bacteria convert (reduce) nitrate to nitrite in the environment, the nitrogen

cycle is completed when they then convert the nitrite to nitrogen.

Normally, this natural cycling process does not allow excessive amounts of

nitrates or nitrites to accumulate in the environment. However, human activities have

increased environmental nitrate concentrations, with agriculture being the major

source. This includes increased use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers as well as

concentrated livestock and poultry farming; the latter two produce millions of tons of

nitrate-containing manure each year. Nitrate and nitrite compounds are very soluble

in water and quite mobile in the environment. They have a high potential for entering

surface water when it rains, as nitrates in applied fertilizers can dissolve in runoff

that flows into streams or lakes; they also have a high potential for entering

groundwater through leaching. The concentration associated with soil particles has

been estimated to be about half the concentration in interstitial water (the water in the

pore spaces between the soil particles).

1144

2.14 Phosphorus

Phosphorous is a multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group. It is found in

nature in several allotropic forms, and is an essential element for the life of

organisms. There are several forms of phosphorous, called white, red and black

phosphorous, although the colours are more likely to be slightly different. White

phosphorous is the one manufactured industrial; it glows in the dark, is

spontaneously flammable when exposed to air and is deadly poison. Red

phosphorous can vary in color from orange to purple, due to slight variations in its

chemical structure. The third form, black phosphorous, is made under high pressure,

looks like graphite and, like graphite, has the ability to conduct electricity.

In the natural world phosphorous is never encountered in its pure form, but

only as phosphates, which consists of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen

atoms. This can exists as the negatively charged phosphate ion (PO43-), which is

how it occurs in minerals, or as organophosphates in which there are organic

molecules attached to one, two or three of the oxygen atoms.

The amount of phosphorous that is naturally present in food varies

considerably but can be as high as 370 mg/100 g in liver, or can be low, as in

vegetable oils. Foods rich in phosphorous include tuna, salmon, sardines, liver,

turkey, chicken, eggs and cheese (200 g/ 100 g).

There are many phosphate minerals, the most abundant being forms of

apatite. Fluor apatite provides the most extensively mined deposits. The chief mining

areas are Russia, USA, Morocco, Tunisia, Togo and Nauru. World production is 153

million tones per year. There are concerns over how long these phosphorous deposits

will last. In case of depletion there could be a serious problem for the worlds food

production since phosphorus is such an essential ingredient in fertilizers.

In the oceans, the concentration of phosphates is very low, particularly at the

surface. The reason lies partly within the insolubility of aluminum and calcium

phosphates, but in any case in the oceans phosphate is quickly used up and falls into

1155

the deep as organic debris. There can be more phosphate in rivers and lakes, resulting

in excessive algae growth. For further details go to environmental effects of

phosphorous.

(Lenntech B.V, 1998-2011)

2.15 Acceptable conditions of sewage discharge

Table 2.1: Acceptable conditions of sewage discharge of Standard A and B

New sewage treatment system

Parameter Unit Standard

A B

(a) Temperature oC 40 40

(b) pH value - 6.0-9.0 5.5-9.0

(c) BOD5 at 20oC mg/L 20 50

(d) COD mg/L 120 200

(e) Suspended solids mg/L 50 100

(f) Oil and grease mg/L 5.0 10.0

(g) Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/L 5.0 5.0

(h) Nitrogen mg/L 10.0 10.0

(i) Phosphorus mg/L 5.0 10.0

(Environmental Quality Acts, 1974 (Act 127), Environmental Quality

Regulation (Sewage), 2009*)

1166

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah (PSIS) has a huge artificial lake which is built

since the existence of this polytechnic. The sources of PSIS lake water is from the

surface and the drainages runoff rainwater. Most of the waste water that produced

and discharged is send to the water treatment plant in the Polytechnic Sultan Idris

Shah. After the waste water undergoes treatment, the water is ensured to reach the

standard that require before being release. Therefore, the drainages do not carry any

waste water. However, the lake water still becoming more and more polluted year

after year.

For this project, the work procedure is done step by step in a systematic plan

called methodology. Starting from planning of the project until the end of project

which are conclusion and recommendation. A gantt chart also had been made as the

guide line in order to obey the period of work research.

1177

3.2 Work procedure

Figure 3.1 : Flow chart of work procedure of this project

4) Collection and

comparison of data/ result

with standard parameters

5) Suggestions and

recommendations

3) Testing of water samples

2) Collect water sampling

from identified points

1) Identification of points

for water sampling 4 point will be taken (lake

and drainage points)

PPaarraammeetteerrss ::

BOD

COD

pH

TSS

Temperature

Ammonia Nitrogen

DO

Oil and grease

Nitrate

Phosphorus

1188

Table 3.1 : Scheduled of work progression

WEEK/ ACTIVITY Dec January February March April May

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20

Project Briefing

Submission of

proposed project title

Proposal submission

Guidance &

discussion

Project work

development &

second report draft

(50%)

Guidance &

discussion

Project work

development &

second report draft

(75%)

Preparation of

presentation &

submission of final

report (Level 100%)

Project presentation

1199

3.3 Project Description

3.3.1 Identification of points for water sampling

In this study, four points had been identified which are the main lake as point

one, wetland of the lake as point two, outlet from the treatment plant as point three

and one of the drainage that near to lake is mark as point four.

3.3.2 Collect water sampling from identified points

Water samples had been collected from all four points. There are ten

parameters at each point. The parameters are oil and grease, biochemical oxygen

demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total

suspended solids (TSS), pH, temperature, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonical nitrogen

(NH3-N).

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3.3.3 Testing of water samples

3.3.3.1 Ammoniacal nitrogen by APHA 2450 D method

Sample and blank sample preparation

1. Pour 25 ml of sample into a 25 ml mixing graduated cylinder (the

prepared sample).

2. Pour 25 ml of deionized water into a second cylinder (the blank).

3. Add the contents of one Ammonia Salicylate Reagent Powder Pillow to

each cylinder. Stopper. Shake to dissolve.

4. After three minutes, add the contents of one Ammonia Cyanurate Reagent

Powder Pillow to each cylinder. Stopper. Shake to dissolve.

Analysis was conducted using DR3000 HACH SPECTROPHOTOMETER

1. Enter the stored program number for ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N),

salicylate method.

Press: 385 READ/ENTER, the display will show: DIAL nm TO 655

2. Rotate the wavelength until displays shows: 655 nm.

3. Press: READ/ENTER, the display will show: mg/l NH3 Salic

4. Pour the blank into a sample cell. Place the cell into the cell holder. Close

the light shield.

5. Press ZERO. The display will show: WAIT, then: 0.00 mg/l N-NH3 Salic.

6. Fill a second cell with the prepared sample. Place the cell into the cell

holder. Close the light shield.

7. Press: READ/ENTER, the display will show: WAIT, then the result in

mg/l ammonia as nitrogen (NH3-N) will be displayed.

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*Adapted from Clin.Chim. Acta., 14 403 (1966)

HACH Water Analysis Handbook. NITROGEN, AMMONIA (0 to 0.50 mg/l

NH3-N) for water, wastewater and seawater

3.3.3.2 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by incubation at 20oC for 5 days

method

1. Fill 2 oxygen reaction bottles each time with pretreated sample and 2 glass

bead to overflowing. Close bubble-free with the slanted ground-glass

stoppers.

2. Fill 2 oxygen reaction bottles each time with inoculated nutrient-salt solution

and 2 glass bead to overflowing. Close bubble-free with the slanted ground-

glass stoppers.

3. Use one bottle of pretreated sample and one inoculated nutrient-salt solution

for the measurement of the initial oxygen concentration.

4. Incubate one bottle of pretreated sample and one inoculated nutrient-salt

solution closed in a thermostatic incubation cabinet 20 + 1°C for 5 days.

5. To determine the concentration of oxygen, select method 070 on Merck

Spectroquant Multy.

6. Add to each oxygen reaction bottle 5 drops of BSB-1K and then 10 drops of

BSB-2K close bubble-free, and mix for approx 10 seconds.

7. Add to each oxygen reaction bottle 10 drops of BSB-3K, reclose and mix

8. Transfer each solution into a separate 16-mm cell, close with the screw cap.

9. Fill approximately 10 ml of distilled water into 16-mm cell (do not add any

reagent!). Close with screw cap (Blank Cell)

10. Insert the cell containing the blank into the cell compartment. Align the

11. mark on the cell with that on the photometer. Press Zero.

12. Insert the cell containing the sample into the cell compartment. Align the

13. mark on the cell with that on the photometer. Press Test

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3.3.3.3 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) by reactor digestion method

1. Carefully pipette 2.0 ml of distilled water into a second reaction cell ,close

tightly with the screw cap, and mix vigorously.

2. Carefully pipette 2.0 ml of the sample into a reaction cell, close tightly with

the screw cap,and mix vigorously.

3. Heat both cells in the thermoreactor at 148 °C for 2 hours.

4. Remove both cells from the thermoreactor and place in the cell rack to cool.

5. Swirl both cells after 10 minutes.

6. Replace both cells in the rack for complete cooling to room temperature.

7. Select method 1 6 2.

8. Insert the cell containing the blank into the cell compartment. Align the mark

on the cell with that on the photometer. Press Zero.

9. Insert the cell containing the sample into the cell compartment. Align

themark on the cell with that on the photometer. Press Test.

3.3.3.4 Total suspended solids (TSS) by vacuum filtration and heat method

Preparation step

1. Firstly prepare a filter paper

2. The filter paper then put on the filtration apparatus

3. Then on the vacuum pump to create suction and wash the filter paper with

20ml of distill water type 3 for three times. The suction continues until the

water is fully drained.

4. After that transfer the filter paper from filtration apparatus to one `planchet`

stainless steel aluminum.

5. Dry it in the oven at the temperature ranging from 103oc to 105

oc for one

hour.

6. Keep the filter paper in the dessicator until it is needed to be used.

2233

Procedure

1. Weight the filter paper that was kept in dessicator and record the reading

2. Put the filter paper on membrane filter funnel

3. Take 10ml of water sample and filter it vacuum pressure.

4. Rinse the filter paper with distil water three time and continue it with

vacuum pressure for 3 minute until the filtration process is complete.

5. Move the filter paper carefully from the filter funnel and place it on an

aluminum `planchet` or a stainless steel.

6. The filter paper in the oven at the temperature ranging from 103oc to 105

oc

for one hour.

7. After that the filter paper is removed from the oven and weight again.

8. Repeat step 1 to 7 to the rest of the sample.

3.3.3.5 Oil and grease by extraction/gravimetric method

1. Dry distillation flask constantly by 70°C in the drying oven for 24 hours.

After 24 hours drying, weight the distillation flask using analytical balance.

This weight will be sign as W1 (weight of dry distillation flask without

oil/grease).

2. Take a water sample by filling a clean 500 ml graduated separatory funnel to

the 500 ml mark.

3. Using a pipet, add 4 ml of sulphuric acid standard solution, 14.5 N to the

separatory funnel. Stopper and shake.

4. Add 30 ml of n-Hexane to the separatory funnel.

5. Shake the stoppered separatory funnel vigorously for two minutes.

6. Stand the separatory funnel upright in a support. Wait 10 minutes.

7. Insert a small cotton plug soaked with n-Hexane into the delivery tube of the

separatory funnel. Drain the n-Hexane layer into the distillation flask.

8. Repeat steps 4 to 7 three times, then, discard the water layered.

2244

9. Rinse the separatory funnel with n-Hexane to remove any oil film left on the

funnel walls.

10. Place the flask, which contain of oil/grease and n-Hexane into the drying

oven for 24 hour.

11. After 24 hour, weight the distillation flask using analytical balance. This

weight will be sign as W2 (weight of oil/grease + dry distillation flask).

12. Then, the calculation of test result as follow:

Weight total (mg/l) = W2- W1

Sample volume in litre

W2 = Weight of oil/grease + dry distillation flask

W1 = Weight of dry distillation flask without oil/grease

*Adapted from Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater

Method 1664, Revision A: N-Hexane Extractable Material (HEM; Oil and

Grease) and Silica Gel Treated N-Hexane Extractable Material (SGT-HEM;

Non-polar Material) by Extraction and Gravimetry, February 1999. United

States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C

3.3.3.6 Nitrate by photometer method

1. Fill the Nitratest Tube with sample to the 20 ml mark.

2. Add one level spoonful of Nitratest Powder and one Nitratest tablet. Do not

crush the tablet. Replace screw cap and shake tube well for one minute.

3. Allow tube to stand for about one minute then gently invert three or four

times to aid flocculation. Allow tube to stand for two minutes or longer to

ensure complete settlement.

4. Remove screw cap and wipe around the top of the tube with clean tissue.

Carefully decant the clear solution into a round test tube, filing to the 10 ml

marks.

2255

5. Add one Nitricol tablet, crush and mix to dissolve.

6. Stand for 10 minutes to allow full colour development.

7. Select wavelength 570 nm on Photometer.

8. Take Photometer reading in the usual manner (see Photometer instructions).

9. Consult Nitratest calibration chart (Transmittance-display photometer only).

Table 3.2: Nitrate comparison

NITRATEST Nitrate mg/l N 570 nm

% T 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

90 - - - - .000 .003 .006 .009 .012 .015

80 .018 .021 .024 .028 .032 .036 .040 .043 .047 .051

70 .055 .059 .063 .068 .072 .076 .080 .085 .089 .094

60 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14

50 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20

40 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28

30 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.42

20 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.65 0.70

10 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 - - - -

3.3.3.7 Phosphate LR by photometer method

1. Fill the test tube with sample to 10 ml mark.

2. Add one Phosphate NO. 1 LR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve.

3. Add one Phosphate NO.2 LR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve.

4. Stand for 10 minutes to allow full colour development.

5. Select wavelength 640 nm on Photometer.

6. Take Photometer reading in the usual manner.

7. Consult Phosphate LR calibration chart.

2266

3.3.4 Collection and comparison of data/ result with standard parameters

All the data of experiments will be record. In order to let the readers to

understand the result easily, the result will be present in table form. In this project,

two type of standards being selected. Firstly, water quality index (WQI).

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved

oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), pH, temperature and ammonical nitrogen

(NH3-N) are the parameters that to determine the standard of WQI.

Secondly is new sewage treatment system standard. oil and grease,

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total

suspended solids (TSS), pH, temperature, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonical nitrogen

(NH3-N) are the parameters that to compare with this standard which is stated in

Environmental Quality Act 1974 (ACT 127), regulations, rules and orders.

3.3.5 Suggestions and recommendations

From this study, parameters that do not achieve the standard and the quality

of the water will be furthered for future treatment or study, some suggestions and

recommendations will be provided in order to improve the quality of the PSIS lake

water.

2277

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND PROJECT ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter showed about the data of laboratory test for the sampling water.

The parameters are oil and grease, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical

oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), pH,

temperature, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonical nitrogen (NH3-N). The analysis

results are base on Water Quality Index (WQI) and new sewage treatment system

standard.

Four points that had been selected in this study are PSIS lake as P1, wetland

of PSIS lake as P2, drainage beside futsal court which near to the hostel as P3 and

drainage behind the PSIS water treatment plant as P4.

2288

4.2 Analysis of pH parameter

Table 4.1: Result of pH Test

Point 1st reading 2

nd reading 3

rd reading Average

P1 6.20 6.30 6.30 6.30

P2 6.27 6.13 6.06 6.15

P3 6.32 6.52 6.52 6.45

P4 7.77 7.96 7.90 7.87

Figure 4.1: Graft of pH test

The pH scale of acidic is less than 6.5 averages, for neutral between 6.5 – 9.0

and alkaline pH is more than 9.0. The parameters of pH result in good condition,

because the reading for the four points is in the neutral range of scale. When the test

does in sunny day, it influenced the reading too.

0123456789

1011121314

P1 P2 P3 P4

pH

pH Result

total ofpH

AAllkkaalliinnee

AAcciiddiicc

2299

4.3 Analysis of temperature test (C)

Table 4.2: Result of temperature test

Point 1st reading 2

nd reading 3

rd reading Average

P1 27.8 27.9 28.1 27.9

P2 27.3 27.1 27.2 27.2

P3 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2

P4 29.7 29.7 29.2 29.5

Metabolic rate and the reproductive activities of aquatic life are controlled by

water temperature. Metabolic activity increases with a rise in temperature, thus

increasing a fish’s demand for oxygen; however; an increase in stream temperature

also causes a decrease in DO, limiting the amount of oxygen available to these

aquatic organisms. With a limited amount of DO available, the fish in this system

will become stressed. A rise in temperature can also provide conditions for the

growth of disease-causing organisms. The temperature tests in sunny day influence

the temperature too. The result shows at point 4 have a high temperature compare

with other points.

3300

4.4 Analysis of dissolved oxygen (DO)

Table 4.3: The result of dissolved oxygen

Point 1st reading 2

nd reading 3

rd reading Average

P1 9.80mg/l 9.70mg/l 9.59mg/l 9.697mg/l

P2 0.22mg/l 0.13mg/l 0.11mg/l 0.153mg/l

P3 0.45mg/l 0.33mg/l 0.27mg/l 0.350mg/l

P4 14.16mg/l 13.90mg/l 13.83mg/l 13.960mg/l

Point four shows the highest of dissolved oxygen with the average reading

13.960 mg/l and the lowest reading at point two with average 0.153 mg/l. Point four

source from effluent of water treatment plant PSIS and point two at wetlands of PSIS

lake. From the observation DO at points 2 in low reading because of the many

aquatic plant and algae.

4.5 Analysis of phosphate test

Table 4.4: The result of phosphate test

Point 1st reading 2

nd reading 3

rd reading Average

Blank 157mg/l 161mg/l 164mg/l 160.7mg/l

P1 5mg/l 6mg/l 7mg/l 6.00mg/l

P2 7mg/l 8mg/l 8mg/l 7.67mg/l

P3 7mg/l 8mg/l 21mg/l 12mg/l

P4 39mg/l 42mg/l 44mg/l 41.67mg/l

3311

Table 4.5: Phosphate LR (test for low levels of Phosphate in natural and drinking

water)

Point Total of Phosphate (mg/l) Total of Phosphate LR (mg/l)

Blank 160.7 0.00

P1 6.00 4.00

P2 7.67 4.00

P3 12 3.75

P4 41.67 1.30

4.6 Analysis of ammonical nitrogen (NH3-N)

Table 4.6: The result of ammonical nitrogen

APHA method 2450D

Point Result mg/l

P1 0.62

P2 3.84

P3 1.84

P4 2.70

3322

Figure 4.2: Total of phosphate LR and NH3-N versus total average (mg/l)

The graft shows the result of Phosphate and Ammonical Nitrogen at point 2 is

highest. It is because the location for the test at the wetland of lake PSIS. The

different average of Phosphate and NH3-N at point one very apparent. The rating

highest of Phosphorus in the lake makes growth of algae bloom. Ammonical

Nitrogen happen when the highest of effluent in the lake.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Blank P1 P2 P3 P4

Total of Phosphate LR (mg/l)

NH3-N (mg/l)

3333

4.7 Analysis of total suspended solid (SS)

Table 4.7: The result of total suspended solid (SS)

Clarification Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

Weight filter

paper (x)

0.0917g 0.00927g 0.0928g 0.0921g

Weight filter

paper + dry

sample (y)

0.0918g 0.0928g 0.0948g 0.0938g

Weight of dry

sample (y-x)

0.0001g 0.0001g 0.0020g 0.0017g

**Total

suspended

solids

10g/ml 10g/ml 200g/ml 170g/ml

**total suspended solid = (y-x)g x 106

volume (ml) @ 10ml

3344

4.8 Analysis of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Table 4.8: The result of BOD

Point Result mg/l

P1 1.48

P2 0.04

P3 0.02

P4 2.30

From observation for the BOD result for the four points in still standard class

II for Water Quality Index.

4.9 Analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Table 4.9: The result of COD

Point 1st reading 2

nd reading 3

rd reading Average

Blank 0 0 0 0

P1 91mg/l 91mg/l 91mg/l 91mg/l

P2 63mg/l 63mg/l 63mg/l 63mg/l

P3 66mg/l 66mg/l 66mg/l 66mg/l

P4 48mg/l 48mg/l 48mg/l 48mg/l

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) use to determine organic substances in

lake water. From the result for this parameter shows the average of COD in class IV

in Water Quality Index (WQI). The table shows the result condition in highest

pollution.

3355

4.10 Analysis of nitrate (test for nitrate in natural, drinking and waste water)

Table 4.10: The result of nitrate

Point 1st reading 2

nd reading 3

rd reading Average of Nitrate Test

Blank 161mg/l 164mg/l 162mg/l 162.3mg/l

P1 85mg/l 80mg/l 82mg/l 82.3mg/l

P2 106mg/l 107mg/l 82mg/l 98.3mg/l

P3 89mg/l 91mg/l 91mg/l 90.3mg/l

P4 108mg/l 112mg/l 114mg/l 111.3mg/l

Table 4.11: The result of Nitratest

Point Total of Nitrate (mg/l) Total of Nitratest (mg/l)

Blank 162.3mg/l 0.000

P1 82.3mg/l 0.043

P2 98.3mg/l 0.000

P3 90.3mg/l 0.015

P4 111.3mg/l 0.000

3366

4.11 Analysis of Oil and Grease

Table 4.12: The result of oil and grease

Extraction/gravimetric method

Point Result mg/l

P1 0.0184

P2 0

P3 0.0102

P4 0.0498

The table shows for all the points of the study have are low rate of oil and

grease except at point two, this is because of the point are wetland of the lake and

have are many aquatic plant to absorb the oil and grease.

3377

4.12 DOE water quality index (WQI)

Table 4.13: Water quality index (WQI) that use in Malaysia

PARAMETER UNIT CLASS

I II III IV V

Ammonical

Nitrogen

mg/l < 0.1 0.1 -

0.3

0.3 -

0.9

0.9 -

2.7

> 2.7

Biochemical

Oxygen

Demand

mg/l < 1 1 - 3 3 – 6 6 - 12 > 12

Chemical

Oxygen

Demand

mg/l < 10 10 -

25

25 –

50

50 -

100

> 100

Dissolved

Oxygen

mg/l > 7 5 - 7 3 – 5 1 - 3 < 1

pH - > 7 6 - 7 5 – 6 < 5 > 5

Total

Suspended

Solid

mg/l < 25 25 -

50

50 –

150

150 -

300

> 300

Water Quality

Index (WQI)

- < 92.7 76.5 -

92.7

51.9 -

76.5

31.0 -

51.9

> 31.0

3388

4.12.1 DOE water quality classification based on water quality index

Table 4.14: Sub index and water quality index

SUB INDEX &

WATER QUALITY INDEX

INDEX RANGE

CLEAN SLIGHTLY

POLLUTED

POLLUTED

Biochemical Oxygen

Demand(BOD)

91 - 100 80 – 90 0 - 79

Ammonical Nitrogen(NH3-N) 92 - 100 71 – 91 0 - 70

Suspended Solids(SS) 76 - 100 70 – 75 0 - 69

Water Quality Index(WQI) 81 - 100 60 – 80 0 - 59

4.12.2 Water classes and uses

Table 4.15: Description of water quality index classes

CLASS USES

Class I Conservation of natural environment.

Water Supply I - Practically no treatment necessary.

Fishery I - Very sensitive aquatic species.

Class IIA Water Supply II - Conventional treatment.

Fishery II - Sensitive aquatic species.

Class IIB Recreational use body contact.

Class III Water Supply III - Extensive treatment required.

Fishery III - Common, of economic value and

tolerant species; livestock drinking.

Class IV Irrigation

Class V None of the above.

3399

4.12.3 WQI formula and calculation

Table 4.16: Formula for water quality index

FORMULA

WQI = (0.22* SIDO) + (0.19*SIBOD) + (0.16*SICOD) + (0.15*SIAN) + (0.16 *

SISS) + (0.12 * SI pH)

where;

SIDO = Sub index DO (% saturation)

SIBOD = Sub index BOD

SICOD = Sub index COD

SIAN = Sub index NH3-N

SISS = Sub index SS

SI pH = Sub index pH

0 ≤ WQI ≤ 100

BEST FIT EQUATIONS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF VARIOUS SUBINDEX

VALIES

Sub index for DO (In % saturation)

SIDO = 0 for x ≤8

SIDO = 100 for x ≤92

SIDO = -0.395 + 0.030x2 - 0.00020x

3 for 8 < x < 92

Sub index for BOD

SIBOD = 10 .4 - 4.23x for x ≤ 5

SIBOD = 108* exp (-0.055x) - 0.1x for x > 5

D

Sub index for COD

SICOD = -1.33x + 99.1 for x ≤ 20

SICOD = 103* exp (-0.0157x) - 0.04x for x > 20

4400

Sub index for NH3-N

SIAN = 100.5 - 105x for x ≤ 0.3

SIAN = 94* exp (-0.573 ) - 5* I x - 2 I for 0.3 < x < 4

SIAN = 0 for x ≥ 4

Sub index for SS

SISS = 97.5* exp(-0.00676x) + 0.05x for x ≤ 100

SISS = 71* exp(-0.0061x) + 0.015x for 100 < x < 1000

SISS = 0 for x ≥ 1000

Sub index for pH

SI pH = 17.02 - 17.2x + 5.02x2 for x < 5.5

SI pH = -242 + 95.5x - 6.67x2 for 5.5 ≤ x < 7

SI pH = -181 + 82.4x - 6.05x2 for 7 ≤ x < 8.75

SI pH = 536 - 77.0x + 2.76x2 for x ≥ 8.75

Note:

*means multiply with

4411

4.12.4 Analysis of the lake water quality result with WQI

Table 4.17: The result of sub index for each point

Total Sub Index Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

DO 0.022% 0% 0% 0.049%

BOD 94 mg/l 100 mg/l 100 mg/l 91 mg/l

COD -3.6 mg/l -2.5 mg/l -2.6 mg/l -1.8 mg/l

NH3-N 7.09 mg/l -9.19 mg/l 0.80 mg/l -3.49 mg/l

SS 0 mg/l 0 mg/l 0 mg/l 0 mg/l

pH 95 93 96 96

WQI 29.75 28.38 30.22 28.00

Figure 4.3: Graft of Lake Water Quality with DOE Water Quality Classification

based on Water Quality Index

29.75 28.38 30.22 28

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

point 1 point 2 point 3 point 4

ANALYSIS OF LAKE WATER QUALITY WITH DOE WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION

BASED ON WATER QUALITY INDEX

WQI

CLEAN

SLIGHTLY POLLUTE

POLLUTED

4422

The result shows the total of sub index calculation. From the sub index

parameters calculation the result compare with the DOE Water Quality Classification

based on Water Quality Index, table shows the reading for four points get polluted.

PSIS lake is in ranking class II.

4.13 New sewage treatment system

Table 4.18: Result of the each parameters according to new sewage treatment system

standard

Parameter Unit Standard B P1 P2 P3 P4

Temperature oC 40 27.9 27.2 28.2 29.5

pH value - 5.5-9.0 6.30 6.15 6.45 7.87

BOD5 at 20oC mg/L 50 1.48 0.04 0.02 2.3

COD mg/L 200 91 63 66 48

Suspended solids mg/L 100 10 10 200 170

Oil and grease mg/L 10.0 0.0184 0 0.0102 0.0498

Ammoniacal

Nitrogen

mg/L 5.0 0.62 3.84 1.84 2.7

Nitrogen mg/L 10.0 0.043 0.000 0.015 0.000

Phosphorus mg/L 10.0 4.00 4.00 3.75 1.30

Standard B had been choose for the comparison because standard B is

applicable to any other inland water or Malaysian waters. Standard A is not selected

because standard A is applicable to discharge into any inland water within catchment

area. There is no any catchment area near to Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah.

According to Standard B, all parameters at each points are in standard B expect

suspended solids (SS) at point three and four.

4433

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

Lake is one of the recreation areas in Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah (PSIS).

After few years of this polytechnic being in operation, the quality of lake water has

been affected due to the pollution and high effluent from the environment.

Through the knowledge of learning and observation, the PSIS lake is

currently undergoing eutrophication process. The study of water quality parameters

and indices (WQI) found that the lake is in class five which is extremely polluted

compare to normal class. With the observations and examinations that had been gone

through the growth of algae, aquatic plants, aquatic life, death and decomposition of

manure and vegetation in the vicinity of the lake, eutrophication process was

occurred in disturbing the process of ecosystem of the lake.

Furthermore, according to the development officer of PSIS, Mr. Yuzha bin

Usoff, who works at the unit maintenance of Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah, the

sediments will deposited in the lake and soil erosion will happen when heavy rain

comes thus will cause the lake becomes shallower year after year. Therefore,

sediments and soil must be controlled from entry to the lake to avoid effluent from

the lake. Besides, Mr. Yuzha also commented that the death of aquatic life was

4444

caused by lack of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the lake. On the otherhand, odor

pollution was a problem caused by the residents in PSIS.

Eutrophication is caused by the increase of chemical nutrients, typically

compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus, in an ecosystem. It may occur on

land or in water. Nitrogen is not readily available in soil because N2 (a gaseous form

of nitrogen) is very stable and unavailable directly to higher plants. Terrestrial

ecosystems rely on microbial nitrogen fixation to convert N2 into other physical

forms (such as nitrates). However, there is a limit to how much nitrogen can be

utilized. Ecosystems receiving more nitrogen than the plants require are called

nitrogen-saturated.

Standards for runoff water quality are based on the Water Quality Index

(WQI) which is measured in terms of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total

Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammonical Nitrogen

(NH3-N), pH and the presence of heavy metals. BOD is caused by organic pollution

mostly from domestic effluents, TSS from soil erosion and sedimentation and

NH3-N from sewage and animal waste. These measurements are consolidated into an

overall water quality index to classify rivers as clean, slightly polluted and extremely

polluted.

5.2 Recommendations

To prevent eutrophication phenomena happens faster than natural process,

control and conservation measures should be implemented immediately to stop or

slow down the chances of a normal lake into the process of eutrophication. The

control measures and recommendations are as follow:

4455

5.2.1 Admission control effluent and surface water runoff

The entry of effluent into the lake, identified from the rubbish bin waste

water located at the hostel blocks. Follow by the waste management from the student

hostel blocks needs to be more concerned about the condition of surface water that

flows into the drain. As the waste water will pass into drain and flow directly into the

lake. Therefore, leachate is formed and flow into the lake. Waste management from

the hostel blocks and the entry of the effluents should be managed thoroughly before

the waste water is entered into the drainage that connected with the lake.

Besides, the inclusive of nutrients from the surface runoff can be controlled

by constructing drains that can suitable filter out the waste garbage and lead the

surface runoff to a suitable location in order to prevent from entering the lake. As a

result, slowly or decrease the insertion of outside effluent precipitation and soil

erosion to the lake when heavy rains. Therefore, silt traps should be installed.

Natural elements such as twigs, grass and effluent manure between the

elements should be take it seriously. With the inclusive of those effluents can

significantly influence the value of the nutrient and phosphorus in the lake. Grass

cutting should be punctuated by cleaning up the lake areas to avoid the wastage from

entering the lake.

4466

Figure 5.1: Household waste sites located at the hostel blocks

Figure 5.2: Waste water gathered from the garbage containers near the garbage

house

4477

Figure 5.3: Waste water from the garbage containers flows into

the drains that directly link with the lake without any filters

Figure 5.4: The waste water from the basins was direct discharge into the drain

4488

5.2.2 Artificial ventilation

Method of artificial ventilation is performed below the surface of water to

reduce the eutrophication process. It is a process to increase the DO content and to

create balance in the ecosystem of the lake as the DO is an important parameter of

aquatic life.

5.2.3 Method of sediment

Excavation, ventilation and closure of the sediment are the methods that can

be implemented to remove the nutrients that exist on the lake. This is because;

sediment plays an important role in nutrient cycles and eutrophication processes.

One of the methods of sediment was dredged sediment control. This method

has proven effective for small lakes such as PSIS lake. Sediment can be removed to

deepen the lake and the entry of nutrients can be controlled. In addition, the inclusive

of phosphorus resulting from the sediment can be prevented from sediment aeration.

To contain the exchange of nutrients and slows the growth of rooted aquatic macro

fit closing the cover of sediment to the lake can be used. However, problems arise in

the event of damage to the cover sheet of the sediment.

4499

5.2.4 An awareness campaign

Those recommendations measure would cost high. Therefore, high awareness

from the PSIS residents is needed to reduce the eutrophication of the lake. Most of

the residents lack of awareness, particularly forming the solid waste that discharge

into the lake. Activities like awareness campaigns should be carried out by the

residents. Figure 5.5 and figure 5.6 showed the lack of environmental cleanliness

awareness from the residents.

Figure 5.5: Rubbish and grass that flow into the drains

Figure 5.6: Rubbish that had been collected at the drainage

5500

5.3 Suggestions to further this study in the future

Improvements can be done in this project. Suggestions in improving for the

upcoming project will be related as follow:

a) Make sure all the apparatus or machines are calibrated before using it.

b) More sampling points to be carry out to represent all areas to get a better data.

c) Carry out sampling for twice or three times to have a better view of data.

5511

REFERENCES

1. Abdul Hafidz b. Kamaruddin, 17DKA04F512, Sesi Julai 2007, Mengenalpasti

Masalah Longkang Statik di Kawasan Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah.

2. Ahmad Ismail & Ahmad Badri Mohammad, 1995, Ekologi Air Tawar, Kuala

Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka.

3. Barnes, K.H., J.L. Meyer, and B.J. Freeman, 1998. Sedimentation and Georgia’s

Fishes: An analysis of existing information and future research. 1997 Georgia

Water Resources Conference, March 20-22, 1997, the University of Georgia,

Athens Georgia.

4. Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127), Regulations, rules & orders (As at

25th

June 2011) International law book services, (369pg).

5. Davis, ML & D.A Cornwell (1991), Introduction to Environment Engineering,

Boston Massachussetts, P.W.S.

6. Helmut Klapper (1991), Control of Eutrophication in Inland Waters

7. Holmbeck-Pelham, S.A. and T.C. Rasmussen. 1997. Characterization of

temporal and spatial variability of turbidity in the Upper Chattahoochee River.

K.J. Hatcher, ed. Proceedings of the 1997 Georgia Water Resources Conference.

March 20-22, 1997, Athens, Georgia.

8. Jennifer Peters Dodd & Roger D. Lemasters – Tennessee Department of

Environment and Conservation.

5522

9. Kajian Tahap Pencemaran Tasik Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, Nor Aminadia Bt

Baharuddin, 17DKA04F002, Sesi Januari 2007

10. Mengenalpasti Masalah Longkang Statik di Kawasan Politeknik Sultan Idris

Shah, Abdul Hafidz b. Kamaruddin, 17DKA04F512, Sesi Julai 2007

11. MERCANTE, CABIANCA, SILVA, COSTA & ESTEVES, 2004, Water quality

in fee-fishing ponds located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo city, Brazil:

an analysis of the eutrophication process.

12. Nor Aminadia Bt Baharuddin, 17DKA04F002, Sesi Januari 2007, Kajian Tahap

Pencemaran Tasik Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah.

13. Stuart harrad and lesley batty, university of birmingham,uk. George arhonditsis

and miriam diamond, university of toronto, canada, (2007). “student projects in

environmental science”. John wiley & sons.wiley. England.

14. Ruth F. Weiner, Robin A. Matthews, P. Aarne Vesilind, Environmental

Engineering.

15. Watershed Protection Plan Development Guidebook, Northeast Georgia

Regional Development Center.

APPENDIX

5544

Appendix A: Four points selected for water sampling

First point (main lake) Second point (wetland of the lake)

Third point (drainage beside futsal court Fourth point (outlet from PSIS waste

oppressive hostel) water treatment plant)

5555

Appendix B: The plan of Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah