Final Year ppt

8/12/2019 Final Year ppt

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Simulation And Analysis Of Routing Protocols

For Mobile Ad-hoc Networks: A Comparisonof Performance Of Ad-hoc On Demand

Distance Vector(AODV)& Dynamic Source

Routing (DSR) Protocols

Under the able guidance ofProf Girish Chandra Sir

Submitted By:

Anshu Shukla Taruna Arora

0905210016 0905210062


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OUTLINEObjectives

Why talk about MANETs?

Routing Protocols in MANETs

AODV Routing Protocol

DSR Routing Protocol

Simulation Tool:NS2

Performance MetricsConclusion


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OBJECTIVESThe objectives of the project undertaken are as follows:

Study issues pertaining to MANETs

Analysis of Existing MANETs routing protocol

Parameters pertaining to performance of these protocols Comparison of Ad hoc On Demand distance Vector

(AODV) Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing

(DSR) Protocol.

Lay guidelines to choose optimal protocol for differentsituations

3


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Why talk about MANETs?

Infrastructure less network having no fixed base stations.

Dynamic topology, low bandwidth and low power

consumption. multi-hop networks.

Typical application examples

Include a disaster recovery

A military operation.

group of peoples with laptops, in a business meeting at aplace where no network services is present

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Routing Protocols in MANETs

Routing protocols define a set of rules which governs the

journey of message packets from source to destination in a

network

5

Ad hoc Routing Protocols

Hybrid Protocols

Reactive ProtocolsProactive Protocols


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Proactive Routing Protocols

Also called as table driven routing protocols.

Every node maintain routing table.

This feature although useful for datagram traffic, incurs

substantial signalling traffic and power consumption.

The routing tables are updated periodically whenever the

network topology changes.

Not suitable for large networks.

Various well known proactive routing protocols:

DSDV

OLSR

WRP

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Reactive Routing Protocols

Also known as on demand routing protocols.

Have two major components :

Route discovery

Route Maintenance

Have acknowledgement mechanism due to which route

maintenance is possible.

Well known reactive routing protocols:

DSR AODV

TORA

LMR

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Reactive Routing

Protocols(Cont.)

Advantages :

Decreases the routing overhead.

Disadvantages :

add latency to the network due to the route discoverymechanism.

Applications:

these protocols are suitable in the situations where

low routing overhead is required.

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Ad-hoc On Demand distance Vector Routing

Protocol

AODV is a beaconless protocol in which no HELLO messages areexchanged between nodes

Instead of containing information about the complete networktopology sender only includes the address of its neighbour in the

packet. It uses the periodic beaconing and sequence numbering procedure

Uses traditional routing tables, one entry per destination.

AODV uses destination sequence Routing to prevent routing loops.

Uses timer-based route expiry mechanism to purge stale routes.

Each node maintains at most one route per destination so thedestination replies only once to the arriving request during a routediscovery.

Invoke a new route discovery whenever the only path from the

source to the destination fails. 10


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Ad-hoc On Demand distance Vector Routing

Protocol

11

When topology changes frequently, route

discovery needs to be initiated often whichcan be very inefficient since route

discovery associated with significantlatency and overhead.


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The advantage of AODV is that it is adaptable to highly

dynamic networks.

However, node may experience large delays during route

construction. Link failure may initiate another route discovery, which

introduces extra delays and consumes more bandwidth as the

size of the network increases .

When topology changes frequently, route discovery needs tobe initiated often which can be very inefficient since route

discovery is associated with significant latency and overhead.

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Ad-hoc On Demand distance Vector Routing Protocol


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DYNAM IC SOURCE ROUTING

PROTOCOL

Designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless ad hocnetworks of mobile nodes. The sequence of hops is included ineach packet's header.

Allows the network to be completely self-organizing and self-

configuring, without the need for any existing networkinfrastructure or administration.

It uses source routing which means that the source must knowthe complete hop sequence to the destination.

Node maintains a route cache, where all routes it knows arestored.

Allows multiple routes to any destination and allows each senderto select and control the routes used in routing its packets,

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DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING PROTOCOL

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DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING PROTOCOL

15

The main advantage is that intermediate nodes can learn routes

from the source routes in the packets they receive.

Using source routing , it avoids the need for up-to-date routing

information in the intermediate nodes through which the packets

are forwarded.

It avoids routing loops easily because the complete route is

determined by a single node instead of making the decision hop-

by-hop.


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August 24,2006 Talk at SASTRA 16

Port costs less than Rs. 1000

OVERVIEW OF PERFORMANCE METRICS:

OVERVIEW OF PERFORMANCE

METRICS:


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Bluetooth: Wireless PAN

M1

Bluetooth (Named after Danish KingHarold Bluetooth)

Based on Master-Slave concept

Short-range (10 meters)

Eliminate the need for cables Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band

720 Kbps

Three modes of operation park/hold/sniff

Piconet & Scatternet (master+7 slaves)

Interference due to multiple piconetsand IEEE 802.15.1 home/person LAN

To eliminate interference frequencyhoping technique used

Ominidirectional with both voice & data Port costs about Rs. 2000

Piconet 1 Piconet 2

S1

M 1/S1

S2

S2S1


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Wi-Fi: Wireless LAN (Hot Spot)

Wireless Fidelity based LAN

Most popular on Laptops

Replacement to wired LAN

Connectivity on the move

Short-range (100 meters) Ad Hoc and Base station mode

Security provided at physical layer

Operates in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz

Collection of IEEE standards

802.11a/b/g 11 Mpbs & 54 Mbps Low range, requires more power

hence not suitable for PDAs

Difficult to control access & security

Set up is expensive

Ad HocNet

AccessPoint Net


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Wi-Max: Wireless MAN

Wireless Max

High Speed 40-70 Mbps

Mid-range (30 Kmeters)

Eliminate the need for cables Saving of wired cost

Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band

IEEE standard 802.16


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Issues in Wireless Networking

Infrastructured networks

Handoff location management (mobile IP)

channel assignment



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Issues in Wireless Networking

Infrastructureless networks

Wireless MAC

Security (integrity, authentication,confidentiality)

Ad Hoc Routing Protocols

Multicasting and Broadcasting



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Indoor Environments

Three popular technologies

- High Speed Wireless LANs(802.11b (2.4GHz, 11

Mbps), 802.11a (5GHz, 54 Mbps & higher)

- Wireless Personal area Networks PANs (IEEE804.14)

HomeRF

Bluetooth, 802.15

- Wireless device networks Sensor networks, wirelessly networked robots



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What is an Ad hoc Network

Collection of mobile wireless nodes forming a

network without the aid of any infrastructure or

centralized administration

Nodes have limited transmission range Nodes act as a routers



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Ad Hoc Networks

Rapidly deployableinfrastructure Wireless: cabling impractical

Ad-Hoc: no advance planning

Backbone network: wirelessIP routers


Network of access devices

Wireless: untethered

Ad-hoc: random deployment

Edge network: Sensor networks,

Personal Area Networks (PANs), etc.

Disaster recovery

Battlefield

Smart office


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Ad Hoc Network

Characteristics Dynamic topologies

Limited channel bandwidth

Variable capacity links

Energy-constrained operation

Limited physical security

Applications

Military battlefield networks

Personal Area Networks (PAN)

Disaster and rescue operation

Peer to peer networksAugust 24,2006 Talk at SASTRA 25


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Security Challenges in Ad Hoc

Networks

Lack of Infrastructure or centralized control

Key management becomes difficult

Dynamic topology

Challenging to design sophisticated & secure routingprotocols

Communication through Radio Waves

Difficult to prevent eavesdropping

Vulnerabilities of routing mechanism Non-cooperation of nodes

Vulnerabilities of nodes

Captured or CompromisedAugust 24,2006 Talk at SASTRA 26


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Security

Challenges in ad hoc network security The nodes are constantly mobile

The protocols implemented are co-operative in nature

There is a lack of a fixed infrastructure to collect audit data No clear distinction between normalcy and anomaly in ad hoc

networks

Secure the Routing Mechanism A mechanism that satisfies security attributes like authentication,

confidentiality, non-repudiation and integrity Secure the Key Management Scheme

Robust key certification and key distribution mechanism



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Scalable, reliable, consistent,distributed service


Calendar+ service

Integrate dynamic traffic & schedule

Doctor prescription service

track health indicators

Doctor write prescription

Follow me kiosk service

receive and transmit messages

Fridge & shopping service

Fridge records stock

Suggests shopping based on recipe

Shopping guide in store

Sensor services

exercise monitor

biometrics

traffic information

services

Sensors mobile devices

Services while on move


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Tourist guide

Stuttgart tourist guide

Like MapQuest except on mobile device

Mapping local interests Museums historical sites

Shopping & restaurants Sample Data

Small text with description, operatinghours

Local map



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How it works

Info station Island of wireless station

Embedded in area

Users have cheap low bandwidth components

Integrated to network with high quality connection Requires some overlap to manage transition

between stations for hand off

Scaleable by load balancing Each center contains unique information

Overhead of communication

Initialize externally specified; adjusts quickly



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Map-on-the-move

Provide appropriate map

County resolution driving in car

Info stations small area high bandwidth

Remainder lower bandwidth



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Problems in a Mobile Environment

Variable Bandwidth

Disconnected Operation Limited Power

Implications on distributed file

system support?



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Constraints in mobile computing

PDA vs. Laptop vs. cell phones

Cellular modem connection: Failure prone

Space: office vs. city vs. county

Not continuous connectivity required

Data such as pictures text files not streaming

audio and video

Heterogeneous devices



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MANET: Mobile Ad hoc Networks

August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 34

A collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a

network without any existing infrastructure and the relative

position dictate communication links (dynamically changing).

From DARPA Website


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Rapidly Deployable Networks

Failure of communication networks is a critical problem facedby first responders at a disaster site major switches and routers serving the region often damaged

cellular cell towers may survive, but suffer from traffic overload anddependence on (damaged) wired infrastructure for backhaul

In addition, existing networks even if they survive may not beoptimized for services needed at site significant increase in mobile phone traffic needs to be served

first responders need access to data services (email, www,...)

new requirements for peer-to-peer communication, sensor net or

robotic control at the site Motivates need for rapidly deployable networks that meet

both the above needs ->recent advances in wireless technology canbe harnessed to provide significant new capabilities



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Infostations Prototype: System for Rapid

Deployment Applications

Outdoor Infostations withradio backhaul for first responders to set up

wireless communicationsinfrastructure at a disaster site

provides WLAN services and access

to cached data wireless backhaul link includes data cache

Project for development of: high-speed short-range radios 802.11 MAC enhancements

content caching algorithm &software hardware integration including solar

panels, antennas and embeddedcomputing device with WLAN card

August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 36WINLABs Outdoor Infostations Prototype (2002)


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Ad-Hoc Wireless Network

A flexible, open-architecture ad-hoc WLAN and sensor networktestbed ...

open-source Linux routers, APs and terminals (commercialhardware)

Linux and embedded OS forwarding and sensor nodes (custom)

radio link and global network monitoring/visualization tools

prototype ad-hoc discovery and routing protocols


PC-based

Linux routerPC

Router network

with arbitrary topology

AP

Compute

& storage

servers

Management

stationsRadio Monitor

Forwarding Node/AP

(custom)

Sensor Node

(custom)

802.11b

PDA

802.11b

Linux PCCommercial

802.11


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What is a WSN?

A network that is formed when a set of small sensor devices

that are deployed in an ad hoc fashion no predefined

routes, cooperate for sensing a physical phenomenon.

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of base stations

and a number of wireless sensors.

Is simple, tiny, inexpensive, and battery-powered


Sensor: The device Observer: The end user/computer

Phenomenon: The entity of interest to the observer


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Why Wireless Sensors Now?

MooresLaw is making sufficient CPU performance available

with low power requirements in a small size.

Research in Materials Science has resulted in novel sensing

materials for many Chemical, Biological, and Physical

sensing tasks.

Transceivers for wireless devices are becoming smaller, less

expensive, and less power hungry (low power tiny Radio

Chips).

Power source improvements in batteries, as well as passive

power sources such as solar or vibration energy, are

expanding application options.

August 24,

2006 Talk at SASTRA 39


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Typical Sensor Node Features

A sensor node has: Sensing Material

PhysicalMagnetic, Light, Sound

ChemicalCO, Chemical Weapons

BiologicalBacteria, Viruses, Proteins Integrated Circuitry (VLSI)

A-to-D converter from sensor to circuitry

Packaging for environmental safety

Power Supply PassiveSolar, Vibration

ActiveBattery power, RF Inductance

August 24,



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Portable and self-sustained (power, communication, intelligence).

Capable of embedded complex data processing.

Transceiver

Embedded

Processor

Sensor

Battery

Memory

Transceiver

Embedded

Processor

Sensor

Battery

Memory

1Kbps- 1Mbps

3m-300m

Lossy Transmission

8 bit, 10 MHz

Slow Computation

Limited Lifetime

Requires

Supervision

Multiple sensors

128Kb-1Mb

Limited Storage


Sensor Node Hardware

Sensor + Actuator + ADC + Microprocessor + Powering Unit

+ Communication Unit (RF Transceiver) + GPS


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Sensors and Wireless Radio

Types of sensors:-Pressure,

-Temperature

-Light

-Biological

-Chemical-Strain, fatigue

-Tilt

Capable to survive harshenvironments (heat, humidity,corrosion, pollution etc).

No source of interference tosystems being monitored and/orsurrounding systems.

Could be deployed in largenumbers.



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Wireless Sensor Networks

ZigBee Wireless Communication

Protocol

Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard

Small form factor Relatively Inexpensive

Low Power Consumption

Low Data Rate of Communication

Self Organising, Self-Healingmulti-

hop nodes Integrated Sensors

Ideal for Wireless Sensor Network

Applications

August 24,



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WSN APPLICATIONS

Potential for new intelligent applications: Smart Homes

Process monitoring and control

Security/Surveillance

Environmental Monitoring Construction

Medical/Healthcare

Implemented with Wireless Sensor Networks!

August 24,



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August 24,


Medical and Healthcare Appln

Backbone

Network

Possibility for Remote consulting

(including Audio Visual communication)

Net Switch

Wireless Remote

consultation

Net Switch

Remote

Databases

In Hospital

Physician


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August 24,


Medical and HealthcareApplications

Sensors equipped

with BlueTooth

Source: USC Web Site


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iBadge - UCLA

Investigate behavior of children/patient

Features:

Speech recording / replaying Position detection

Direction detection / estimation (compass)

Weather data: Temperature, Humidity,Pressure, Light

August 24,



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Other Examples

MIT d'Arbeloff Lab The ring sensor

Monitors the physiological status of the

wearer and transmits the information to

the medical professional over the Internet Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Nose-on-a-chip is a MEMS-based sensor

It can detect 400 species of gases and

transmit a signal indicating the level to a

central control station

VERICHIP: Miniaturised, Implanted,

Identification Technology



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Structural Health Monitoring

August 24,


Semi-active Hydraulic Damper(SHD), Kajima Corporation, JapanModel bridge with attached wireless sensors,

B.F. Spencers Lab, Civil E., U. Illinois U-C

Accelerometer board prototype,

Ruiz-Sandoval, Nagayama & Spencer,Civil E., U. Illinois Urbana-Champaign


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Application in Environment Monitoring

Measuring pollutant

concentration

Pass on information to

monitoring station

Predict current

location of pollutant

volume based on

various parameters

Take corrective action


Pollutants monitored by sensors in

the river

Sensors report to the base

monitoring station

ST


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August 24,



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August 24,


Vehicular Traffic Control


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VMesh: Distributed Data Sensing, Relaying, &

Computing via Vehicular Wireless Mesh NetworksAugust 24,2006 Talk at SASTRA 53

US FCC allocated 5.850 to5.925 GHz dedicated shortrange communicationDSRC)

Road side to VehicleVehicle to vehiclecommunication

Project at The University of California, Davis
http://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet/vmesh.htmlhttp://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet/vmesh.htmlhttp://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet/vmesh.htmlhttp://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet/vmesh.htmlhttp://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet/vmesh.htmlhttp://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet/vmesh.html


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Network characteristics of WSN

Generally, the network:

Consists of a large number of sensors (103 to 106)

Spread over large geographical region (radius = 1

to103km)

Spaced out in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions

Is self-organizing

Uses wireless media May use intermediate collators

August 24,



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Sensor Network Topology

Hundreds of nodes require careful handling of topology

maintenance.

Predeployment and deployment phase

Numerous ways to deploy the sensors (mass, individual

placement, dropping from plane..)

Postdeployment phase

Factors are sensor nodes position change, reachability due

to jamming, noise, obstacles etc, available energy,

malfunctioning, theft, sabotage

Redeployment of additional nodes phase

Redeployment because of malfunctioning of units

August 24,



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Organization into Ad Hoc Net

Individual sensors are quite limited.

Full potential is realized only by using a

large number of sensors.

Sensors are then organizedinto an ad hoc

network. Need efficient protocolsto route and

manage data in this network.August 24,



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Network Topologies

Star

Single Hop Network

All nodes communicate

directly with Gateway No router nodes

Cannot self-heal

Range 30-100m

Consumes lowest power

August 24,



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Network Topologies

Mesh Multi-hopping network

All nodes are routers

Self-configuring network

Node fails, network self-heals

Re-routes data throughshortest path

Highly fault tolerant network

Multi-hopping provides

much longer range Higher power

consumptionnodes mustalways listen!

August 24,



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Network Topologies

Star-Mesh Hybrid Combines of stars low power

and

meshs self-healing and

longer range All endpoint sensor nodes

can communicate withmultiple routers

Improves fault tolerance

Increases network

communication range

High degree of flexibility andmobility

August 24,



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Self-Organizing WLAN

Opportunistic ad-hoc wireless networking concepts starting to mature

Initial use to extend WLAN range in user-deployed networks

Based on novel auto-discovery and multi-hop routing protocols

extends the utility and reach of low-cost/high speed WiFi equipment

August 24,


Wired Network

InfrastructureAP1AP2

802.11 Access to

AP

Ad-hoc radio link

(w/multi-hop routing

Mobile Node (MN)

(end-user)

Ad-hoc access

To FN

Self-organizing

Ad-hoc WLAN

Forwarding Node (FN)

Forwarding

Node (FN)

Ad-hoc

Infrastructurelinks

H t t i f ti


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How to get information

from Data-centric Sensor Networks?


Types of Queries:

Historical Queries: Analysis of data collected over time

One Time Queries: Snapshot view of the network

Persistent Queries: Periodic monitoring at long and regularintervals

Routing required to respond to a Query:

Application specific

Data centric Data aggregation capability desirable

Need to minimize energy consumption


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Software Framework

August 24,


MAC layer (Tiny OS, routing)

Configuration Table

Power consumption status & replacement strategy

Sensor Data Management

Middleware

Application (passing parameters via API)


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Technical challenges

Sensor design

Self-organizing network, that requires 0-

configuration of sensors Random or planned deployment of sensors, and

collators

Auto-addressing Auto-service discovery

Sensor localizationAugust 24,



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Power Consumption

Limited Power Source

Battery Lifetime is limited

Each sensor node plays a dual role of data

originator and data router (data processor)

The malfunctioning of a few nodes consumeslot of energy (rerouting of packets and

significant topological changes)August 24,



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Environmental Factors

Wireless sensors need to operate in

conditions that are not encountered by

typical computing devices:

Rain, sleet, snow, hail, etc.

Wide temperature variations

May require separating sensor from electronics

High humidity

Saline or other corrosive substances

High wind speedsAugust 24,



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Historical Comparison

August 24,


Consider a 40 Year OldComputer

Model Honeywell H-300 Mica 2

Date 6/1964 7/2003

CPU 2 MHz 4 MHz

Memory 32 KB 128 KB

SRAM ??? 512 KB


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Advances in Wireless Sensor Nodes

Consider Multiple Generations of Berkeley Motes

August 24,


Model Rene 2 Rene 2 Mica Mica 2

Date 10/2000 6/2001 2/2002 7/2003

CPU 4 MHz 8 MHz 4 MHz 4 MHz

Flash

Memory

8 KB 16 KB 128 KB 128 KB

SRAM 32 KB 32 KB 512 KB 512 KB

Radio 10 Kbps 10 Kbps 40 Kbps 40 Kbps


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Summary

Sensor networks will facilitate one to address severalsocietal issues: Early-warning systems

Disaster mitigation

Applications in other sectors Security, transportation, irrigation

Technology is available today Research into new sensors

Needs experimentation, pilot deployment Lots needs to be done in Software (OS, MAC, Application)

While cost is an issue today, it will not be so tomorrow

August 24,



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References

Wireless & Mobile Systems Prof Dharma Prakash Agrawaland H. Deng

Integrating Wireless Technology in the Enterprise byWilliams Wheeler, Elsevier Digital Press

Circuits & Systems for Wireless Communications Edited by

Markus Helfenstein and George S. Moschytz, KluwerAcademic Publishers

August 24,



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