Final Thesis Defense

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOCIO- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF LOCALS AND THAI

ETHNIC MINORITY IN VIETNAM

Final Thesis Defense

Nguyen The Manh [email protected]

Committee: Dr. Mokbul Morshed Ahmad (Chairperson) Prof. Jayant Kumar Routray (Member)

Dr. Soparth Pongquan (Member)

AIT,SERD, 2011

Objectives of the Study

• To examine the socioeconomic status of Thai ethnic minority groups;

• To specify the problem of Thai ethnic group regarding development status compared to Local group;

• To assess the policies regarding of socioeconomic for ethnic minority; and

• To give recommendation for the development socioeconomic of Thai ethnic minority for policy makers.

The general objective is to assess socioeconomic aspects of Thai ethnic people in Vietnam

26/2/13 2

Specific Objectives

26/2/13 3

Conceptual Framework of the Research

26/2/13 4

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Ethnic Minority/Indigenous People in the World2.1.1 Definition 2.1.2 Indigenous People in Philippine2.1.3 Indigenous People in Bolivia2.1.4 Indigenous People in Guatemala2.1.5 Indigenous People in Nepal2.1.6 Ethnic Minority in Thailand2.1.7 Ethnic People in China2.1.8 Ethnic Minority People in Cambodia2.1.9 Ethnic Minority in Laos PDR2.2 Ethnic Minority/Indigenous People in Vietnam

26/2/13 5

Chapter 3: Methodology of the Research

Study Area • One of the mountainous area in North of Vietnam;• Thanh An located far from Dien bien phu city only 15-20

km• Most of population: Thai ethnic minority ( more than

60%);• The Ethnic Minority poverty rate: 40% to 50%;• Thai Ethnic: second largest of number population

(1,500,000 people).

26/2/13 6

Study Area (Dien Bien Province)

Source: Thanh An Office 2010

Map of Study Area

26/2/13 7

Sampling Procedure and Method

26/2/13 8

Data Collection Method

Informants Number of informants

Technique collection data

Sampled households 71 Standardized questionnaires

Key informants (government officers from province to local)

4 Interview

Leader of the villages, unions, organizations

7 Interview, group discussion

Workshop 1 Discussion, 59 participants

Others Interview

Total 83

26/2/13 9

Chapter 4 Profile of the Study Area

Dien Bien Province Mountainous, one of poor province North-west region far from Hanoi 650

km (GSO, 2009) Population: 468,280 (DSO 2007) Land area :9,554 km2 Ethnic minority: 21 EMs Climate/Weather: 24 to 270C Humidity: 84% Rainfall: 1,500 mm - 2,700 mm

Map of Study Area

26/2/13 10

Chapter 5 Main Findings

Profile of HouseholdHousehold Size

Members Household size Total

Thai ethnic Local

f % f % f %

<3 4 10.5 2 6.1 6 8.5

4-5 25 65.8 25 75.8 50 70.4

>6 9 23.7 6 18.2 15 21.1

Total 38 100 33 100 71 100

T - test Df = 69, Sig: 0.301

Source: Field Survey, 2010

There was no difference in household size between Thai ethnic minority households and Local households

26/2/13 11

Age of the Respondents

Chapter 5 Main Findings (Cont…)

Age Age of the Respondents TotalThai ethnic Local

f % f % f %31-39 12 31.6 7 21.2 19 26.

840-49 12 31.6 10 30.3 22 31.

050-57 14 36.8 16 48.5 30 42.

3Total 38 100 33 100 71 100

T - test Df = 69, Sig: 0.169There was no difference in terms of age both groups.


26/2/13 12


Land Holding of Households


26/2/13 13


Land Ownership by Households

Area

(m2)

Target Groups TotalThai ethnic Localf % f % f %

1,700 - 4,800 26 68.4 12 36.4 38 53.55,200 - 9,400 8 21.1 13 39.4 21 29.6

10,000 - 12,400 4 10.5 8 24.5 12 16.9Total 38 100 33 100 71 100

Chi - Square Df = 2 Sig: 0.025

There are a difference in terms of total land ownership


26/2/13 14


Total Land Use

Thai ethnic % Local % Total % df Sig

Homestead land 10,760 6.2 14,450 6.5 25,210 6.4 69 0.003

Cropland 127,200 73.2 181,700 82.3 308,900 78.3 69 0.008

Garden land 6,450 3.7 1,200 0.5 7,650 1.9 17 0.012

Forestry land 7,300 4.2 4,300 1.9 11,600 2.9 5 0.704

Clear Forest Land 22,150 13 19,250 8.7 41,400 10.5 31 0.019

Total 173,860 100 220,900 100 394,760 100 69 0.142

Unit: Square meter


26/2/13 15

Education

Education Level Level of Education of Respondents TotalThai ethnic Localf % f % f %

Illiterate 19 50 0 0 19 26.8Primary school 9 23.7 2 6.1 11 15.5Secondary school 9 23.7 17 51.5 26 36.6High school 1 2.6 14 42.4 15 21.1Total 38 100 33 100 71 100Chi-square Df = 3, Sig: 0.000

It was found that the education level of Local respondents was better than that of Thai ethnic respondent in terms of all three educational levels.


Education of Respondents


26/2/13 16


Number of Children per Household

No. children per households

Target Groups TotalThai ethnic Localf % f % f %

1 4 10.5 4 12.1 8 11.32-3 25 65.8 24 72.7 49 69.04 9 23.7 5 15.2 14 19.7

Total 38 100 33 100 71 100T - test Df = 69, Sig: 0.600

There was no difference between two groups in terms of number of children per household according to statistical analysis


26/2/13 17


Educational Level of Children

Thai ethnic Local T - testf % f % df Sig

Number of Children never attended school

3 3.16 0 0 69 0.001

Number of Children Dropped out of school

39 41.05 19 23.75 69 0.143

Primary School 7 7.37 6 7.5 69 0.469Secondary school 24 25.26 21 26.25 69 0.167High School 21 22.11 27 33.75 69 0.445University/College 1 1.05 7 8.75 69 0.000Total 95 100 80 100


There is no difference in primary, Secondary, High school, but difference in University level

26/2/13 18


Perception of Respondents on Education

Thai ethnic minority

(n=38)

Local

(n=33) Chi-square

Yes

(%)

No

(%)Total

Yes

(%)

No

(%)Tota

l Df Sig

Number of households, which had children go to school

76.3 23.7 100 90.9 9.1 100 1 0.102

Perception of respondents on education for children

47.4 52.6 100 81.8 18.2 100 1 0.003

There was a difference between Thai ethnic and Local people in terms of perception on education for children


26/2/13 19


Level of Satisfaction on Education

Target Groups TotalThai ethnic Local

f % f % f %Do not know 0 0 7 21.2 7 9.9Dissatisfied 7 18.4 0 0 7 9.9Moderate 16 42.1 0 0 16 22.5Satisfied 15 39.5 26 78.8 41 57.7Total 38 100 33 100 71 100Chi-square Df = 3, Sig 0.000

There was a significant difference in termss of satisfaction on education between two groups


26/2/13 20


Living Condition and Health Care System

Thai ethnic

(n=38)

Local

(n=33)

Yes

(%)

No

(%)Total

Yes

(%)

No

(%)Total

Access to electricity 100 0 100 100 0 100Sanitation system 78.9 21.1 100 66.7 33.3 100Food shortage in last year 73.7 26.3 100 24.2 75.8 100Any member get sick in last year 78.9 21.1 100 39.4 60.6 100Satisfaction on the clinic 10.5 89.5 100 21.2 78.8 100


26/2/13 21


Drinking Water Source

Target Groups Total

Thai ethnic Local

f % f % f %

Well 13 34.2 23 69.7 36 50.7

Other (river, lake, rain water…) 25 65.8 10 30.3 35 49.3

Total 38 100 33 100 71 100

Df = 1, Sig: 0.003

Source: Field Survey, 2010There is a difference between two groups in terms of water source

26/2/13 22


Food Shortage

Target Group TotalThai ethnic Localf % f % f %

None 10 26.3 25 75.8 35 49.31 month 0 0.0 7 21.2 7 9.92 months 15 39.5 0 0.0 15 21.13 months 10 26.3 1 3.0 11 15.54 months 3 7.9 0 0.0 3 4.2Total 38 100.0 33 100.0 71 100.0

None: enough foodThere are a difference in terms of food shortage, more Thai ethnic households experience inadequate food than Local households


26/2/13 23


Employment

Thai Ethnic

(n=38)

Local

(n=33)

Respondent Spouse Respondent Spouse

f % f % f % f %

Agriculture 38 100 38 100 31 93.9 31 93.9

Small business 0 0 0 0 2 6.1 1 3

Wage labour 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3


Main Employment

26/2/13 24


Secondary Occupation of Respondent and Spouse

Thai Ethnic Local

Respondents Spouse Respondents Spouse

f % f % f % f %

Small business 0 0 5 13.2 4 12.1 0 0

Cow/cattle raising 0 0 3 7.9 1 3 16 48.5

Pig/poultry 10 26.3 9 23.7 19 57.6 8 24.2

Produce wine 3 7.9 5 13.2 2 6.1 5 15.2

Wage labor 25 65.8 16 42.1 7 21.2 4 12.1

Total 38 100 38 100 33 100 33 100


26/2/13 25


Economic StatusIncome

Thai ethnic Local Total

Mean % Mean % Mean %

Crop Income 19,782.63 66.6 43,881.52 67.3 30,983.52 67.0

Livestock Income 8,543.24 28.8 14,853.12 22.8 11,469.57 24.8

Non-farm Income 2,919.05 4.7 11,435 9.9 7,073.17 8.1

Total Income 29,714.21 100.0 65,214.85 100 46,214.51 100

T - test Df = 69, Sig: 0.000

Unit: 1,000 VND

There are a differences in terms of income between two groups, Local households have income better than that of Thai ethnic minority in significant


26/2/13 26


Distribution of Household Income by Classification

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

%

Unit: 1,000 VND


26/2/13 27


Household Expenditure

26/2/13 28


Poverty Situation of Ethnic Households

Saving amountTarget group

TotalThai ethnic Local

f % f % f %-12,030 to -30 19 50 9 27.3 28 39.41,240 to 9,050 17 44.7 12 36.4 29 40.810,510 to 43,800 2 5.3 12 36.3 14 19.8Total 38 100 33 100 71 100T - test Df = 69, Sig: 0.000

saving = total income – total expenditure

Unit: 1,000 VND

Source: Field Survey, 2010There is a difference in terms of saving between two groups in significant

Saving by Groups

- : negative saving

26/2/13 29


Poverty Situation by Groups

Thai ethnic(n = 38)

Local hh(n=33)

Non Poor Poor Near Poor Non Poor PoorNear Poor

Less than 4,800 0 36.84 0 0 0 04,810 - 5,200 0 0 2.63 0 3More than 5,210 60.53 0 0 96.9 0 01 USD (7,200) 0 65.8 0 0 9.09 01.25 USD (8,865) 0 84.2 0 0 30.3 0Note: 1 USD = 20,050 VND, Source: VietCombank 2010)


In sum, the rate of Thai ethnic poverty were significantly higher than that of local households

26/2/13 30


Credit Borrowing situation

Thai ethnic Local Total

f % f % f %

Borrowed 22 57.9 7 21.2 29 40.8

Not Borrowed 16 42.1 26 78.8 42 59.2

Total 38 100 33 100 71 100

Chi-square test Df = 1, Sig: 0.002

It can be said that, there was a difference between Thai ethnic minority and Local people in terms of loan taking


26/2/13 31


Loan Amount

Loan Levels Target Groups TotalThai ethnic Local

f % f % n %1,500 - 3,600 14 63.6 2 28.6 16 55.24,000 - 7,500 7 31.8 1 14.3 8 27.6

10,000 - 30,000 1 4.5 4 57.1 5 17.2

Total 22 100 7 100 29 100T - test Df = 27, Sig 0.000

In sum, there were a difference between Thai ethnic minority and Local people in terms of loan amount.Source: Field Survey, 2010

Unit: 1,000 VND

26/2/13 32


Loan Purpose

Loan Purpose itemsTarget Groups

TotalThai ethnic Local peoplef % f % f %

For crop production 4 18.2 3 42.9 7 24.1Small business 0 0.0 2 28.6 2 6.9For education of children 0 0.0 2 28.6 2 6.9Pay debt 1 4.5 0 0.0 1 3.4For other (buy motorbike, electric fan, cell phone, etc)

17 77.3 0 0.0 17 58.6

Total 22 100 7 100 29 100


26/2/13 33

Chapter 6: Assessment of Perspective on Their Backwardness of People

Perspective of RespondentsThai ethnic Local people

Yes

(%)

No

(%)Total

Yes

(%)

No

(%)Total

HHs get benefits from projects, programs, and policies

60.5 39.5 100 63.6 36.4 100

How to develop economy of households next year

63.2 36.8 100 75.8 24.2 100

Training crops technology such as new variety

31.6 68.4 100 27.3 72.7 100

Visiting new development economic models

21.1 78.9 100 36.4 63.6 100

Others activities to develop economic households

5.3 94.7 100 12.1 87.9 100

Satisfaction on agri-extension station in terms of training new crops, new technology.

5.3 94.7 100 15.2 84.8 100

Problem and constrains HHs faced in last years

97.4 2.6 100 81.8 18.2 100


26/2/13 34

Chapter 6: Assessment of Their Backwardness

SWOT of Socioeconomic AspectsStrengths Weaknesses

Labor force are good in terms of structure labor force

Good network in terms of relationship and collocation.

Support policies from Government in terms of development socioeconomic policies, project and poverty reduction program.

Access to capital, finance are available, microcredit from many sources

Quality of land is very good for crops. Potential of livestock aspect. Good quality of rice, corn and other fruits with high

prize. New young generation is good in terms of

education. Irrigation system are available for crops Climate is suitable for crops.

Lack of strategy to development in the future, development for staff

Lack of quality staff, most of staff are old (age of local authorities are over 55)

Capacity of local leaders, and staff are limited Lack of market information, market policy for

Thai ethnic minority. Many natural hazard, crop diseases, livestock

diseases, insects even human cancer etc Lack of quality drinking water, Sanitation system

are inadequate Poor health condition, Health care system are

till inadequate, using natural resources Poverty rate of ethnic minority are still high,

and high rate of unbalance. poverty reduction of Thai Ethnic households are

still lower than that of Local households

26/2/13 35

Chapter 6: Assessment of Perspective on Their Backwardness of People

SWOT of Socioeconomic Aspects

Opportunities Threaten New generation are most educated Many projects were set up in terms of development

capacity building, socioeconomic development. Supporting from government in terms of policy

budget, occupation, jobs, etc. Policy supported to agriculture are set up and

performance Many opportunities from city in terms of jobs,

education for children because Thanh An located near city center of Dien bien province.

Agricultural products are very good in terms of quality so that household can sell with high cost.

Infrastructure and transportation system are improved.

Capacity is available in terms of budget, and access to other aspect.

Difficult to control drug user, drug is available. More people infected HIV/AIDS because of using

drug, and more social evil problem. Natural disaster, climate change New crops diseases, insects appear People tended to sell land Young people changed negative, behavior, way of

live Inadequate agricultural labor in the future

because people tend to migrate the urban area. More and more human diseases such as cancer,

diabetic, heart disease etc appear in this area recently.

26/2/13 36

Chapter 7:Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Summary of Main FindingsHousehold size: No difference Respondent’s age: Not differentLand ownership: a different in terms of cropland, no different in terms of total land ownershipEducation: there was different in education of respondentsEducation for children: no different, but at university level, a different in significance statistic testing. Health Care and Living Condition: There were still have many constrains and limitation in terms of health care system, and clinic etcEmployment: Most of villagers in Thanh An has lived base on agricultural activities Thai ethnic minority tends to move to city to earn money, work as wage labor

26/2/13 37

Chapter 7:Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation

Economic Aspect There was disparity in terms of economic aspectsThai ethnic household did not have enough income for daily life (50%)The poverty rate of Thai ethnic households (36.84%), 1USD/person/day, the rate of poverty 65.8%, poverty of Local household increased to 10%.If poverty line condition is 1.25USD/person/day, Thai ethnic 84%, 30% for Local households.Credit and LoanMore Thai ethnic households (57.9%) took loan compare to Local households (21.2%). Many of Thai ethnic misused loanPolicyThe unsuitable policy still existed in each policy; no perfect policy, no policy for market and disable people Poverty reduction policy, most policy just focused the result of policy not find out the root cause of poverty in order to help poor people sustainable escape poverty

26/2/13 38


Conclusion

+ Big disparity socioeconomic development status+ Thai ethnic minority people are less development than Local people in terms of perception, education.+ Thai ethnic minority people are poor and passive not only economic aspect but also poor in knowledge that why even they are poor but they are not felling poor.+ Although supporting by government in terms of programs and policies but Thai ethnic minority cannot get much benefit compare to Local people+ The conventional culture somehow brings direct or indirect impact to Thai ethnic minority in terms of negative impact on socioeconomic aspects+ Capacity of Local Leaders were limited, lacked skills working, low salary, as a result not willing to work.

26/2/13 39


Recommendation Capacity of local leaderGovernment of Vietnam provides the policy should very clear and more focus on education for children next time in order to reduce poverty Creative more occupation for both Thai ethnic and Local people In terms of health care and living condition, government should enhance, provide more project in health care and clean water source.The government should provide the policies and programs in terms of poverty reduction and sustain escape poverty, particular focus not only economic but also focus other aspect as health care, knowledge, occupation, living condition (multi-dimension poverty)To improve and provide the policy on terms of market orientation. “OVOP (One Village One Product) as OTOP in Thailand”

26/2/13 40


Government also should take care of non agricultural sector and migrated employment because Thai ethnic minority tends to move to city earning money Government should also reform the program in poverty reduction (P 135 phase III) sustainable escape poverty Call for more stakeholders in terms of funding, all part of society should take care of ethnic minority people, NGOs, private sector, philanthropy

Further research An assessment agricultural sector and analysis of agricultural policy which impact on income of Thai ethnic minority. Study on impact climate change on socioeconomic status of ethnic people. Research on impact of wage worker on livelihood of Thai ethnic society.

26/2/13 41

Thank you very much

26/2/13 42

26/2/13 43

26/2/13 44

Final Thesis Defense

Documents

Transcript of Final Thesis Defense