Final Review What are the parts of an experiment?
Observation Hypothesis Experiment Data Collection Conclusion Retest What are the variables of an experiment?
Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers.He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the sametask (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A isgiven the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given thespecial juice. After an hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers eachgroup has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks, Group B made 2,113 stacks. Independent Variable Special juice Dependent Variable How many stacks are made Control Variable No special juice given (normal group) What is the relationship between the variables?
Independent Variable Manipulated by the scientist The scientist applies this variable to a group Graphed on the X axis Dependent Variable Measured by the scientist What are you counting? Graphed on the Y axis Control Variable Used for comparison Usually the group that received nothing special! What is an experimental control?
Lisa is working on a science project. Hertask is to answer the question: "DoesRogooti (which is a commercial hairproduct) affect the speed of hair growth".Her family is willing to volunteer for theexperiment. Set up an experiment to test this. What would the independent variablebe? Whether a family member gets Rogooti ornot. What would the dependent variable be? Hair growth What would the control be? The family members that do NOT get Rogooti What is a conclusion? Lisa is working on a science project. Hertask is to answer the question: "DoesRogooti (which is a commercial hairproduct) affect the speed of hairgrowth". Her family is willing tovolunteer for the experiment. Marge and Homer used Rogooti and grew14 inches of hair in two weeks. An inch aday. Maggie and Bart did NOT use Rogooti andgrew 2 cm of hair in two weeks. An answer to the experimentbased on data obtained. Should be LOGICAL! What is some evidence that supports the conclusion?
Lisa is working on a science project. Her task isto answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which isa commercial hair product) affect the speed ofhair growth". Her family is willing to volunteerfor the experiment. Marge and Homer used Rogooti and grew 14 inchesof hair in two weeks. An inch a day. Maggie and Bart did NOT use Rogooti and grew 2cm of hair in two weeks. What should Lisa conclude? How would she represent thisinformation? What are trends in graphs?
Negative (inverse) When one increases, the otherdecreases Positive (direct) When one increases, the otherincreases OR when one decreases,the other decreases No relationship One has NO EFFECT on the other. Why do scientists repeat experiments?
In order to verify results, experiments must beRETESTED! It adds validity to the findings. How do scientists communicate findings?
When scientists want to communicate the results oftheir experiment, they use SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS orother publications! How does society influence scientific studies?
What do you think? How does scientific study influence society?
What do you think? What is pure and applied science?
Pure Science Answers questions about phenomenaand mechanisms in the natural world. Why do you do it? Because we wanted to know! EX. Studying the ICE MAN Applied Science Application of scientific knowledge topractical problems. To fight disease, identify criminals, learnhow to store hazardous wastesetc. What are the characteristics of life?
1. have cells 2. reproduce 3. have DNA 4. grow and develop 5. obtain and use energy 6. respond to their environment 7. maintain homeostasis 8. evolve over time What are the levels of organization in living things?
From small to LARGE! Atoms Molecules/Compounds Organelle Cells Tissues Organ Organ system Organism What are the four types of carbon-based molecules?
What structures in the cell are they a part of? What are the momomers? What are the polymers? NucleicAcids In the nucleus nucleotides DNA Proteins Transport proteins in the cell membrane Amino acids Leucine (protein) Lipids Makes up the majority of the cell membrane triglycerides Phospholipids Identification chains on the cell membrane monosaccharides cellulose Carbohydrates What are Macromolecules?
They are POLYmers made of many smaller unitscalled MONOmers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids They are ORGANIC That means they all haveCARBON! What are the building blocks of macromolecules?
The MONOmers of eachof the macromoleculesare: Carbohydrates are madeof MONOSACCHARIDES Lipids are made ofTRIGLYCERIDES Proteins are made ofAMINO ACIDS Nucleic acids are madeof NUCLEOTIDES What macromolecule makes the cell membrane?
Lipids What are the characteristics of enzymes?
1. They are PROTEINS! 2. They SPEED UP the RATE of chemical reactions by LOWERING ACTIVATION ENERGY 3. They are REUSABLE. They can be used over and over again. 4. They are SPECIFIC. An enzyme only works on very specific substrates What is the cell theory? 1. All organisms are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. What technology lead to the cell theory?
MICROSCOPES!!!! What are prokaryotes? Pro= EARLY Karyo= NUT
They lack a nucleus and othermembrane bound organelles. Are single celled Bacteria and Archaea What are eukaryotes? Eu = GOOD Karyo = NUT
They have a nucleus andmembrane boundorganelles. They can be single celledor multicellular They are plants andanimals What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
More primitive Has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Multicellular Plant and Animal Cells Unicellular Bacteria and Archaea DNA scientists Griffiths:bacteria transforming principle cameup with idea that DNA was transforming principle Avery: furthered Griffiths work said DNA wasgenetic material Hershey and Chase:Worked bacteria phages Wilkins and Franklin:x-ray diffraction images Watson and Crick:built DNA double helix model Chargaff:discovered base pairing Hooke:discovered cells What are the cells organelles and their functions?
Nucleus Control center of the cell,contains DNA Smooth EndoplasmicReticulum Creates lipids, detoxifies thecell, and involved in cellmetabolism Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Creates proteins for use bythe body and cell. What are the cells organelles and their functions?
Ribosomes Assist in the assembly of proteins Involved in DNA translation and transcription Golgi Apparatus Packages and modifies proteins for export Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Creates ATP Lysosome Is the stomach of the cell, breaks down molecules Programmed for cell death What is another name for the cell membrane?
FluidMosaicModel What is the function of water in a plant cell?
Maintainsthe cellshape What is the difference between the mitochondria and chloroplast?
Present in PLANTS and ANIMALS Present in PLANTS ONLY Where CELLULAR RESPIRATION takes place Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS takes place Has a MATRIX, CRISTAE, and a DOUBLE MEMBRANE Has GRANA, THYLAKOIDS, and CHLOROPHYLL What is the structure and function of the cell membrane?
Lipid bi-layer (made of fats) Has tags that allow white blood cells to identify itas part of the body Controls what enters and leaves the cell Is the bouncer of the cell Cell Transport Transport against the concentration gradient
Passive Transport Active Transport Transport down theconcentration gradient Does not requireenergy Transport against theconcentration gradient Requires energy - ATP What are some mechanisms of cellular transport?
Osmosis Passive Transport Does NOT requireenergy Active Transport Requires Energy(ATP) What is diffusion? Passive Transport Simple diffusion
Requires NO ENERGY Simple diffusion Down a concentration gradient Solutes automatically diffuse from HIGH to LOWconcentration Facilitated diffusion Solutes diffuse from HIGH to LOW concentration Solutes USE A PROTEIN to help them cross the lipid bi- layer Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport Aided by atransport protein What are the special properties of water?
Water is POLAR The molecule has a positive and negative side. Oxygen is anelectron hog, and will be slightly negative. Water is a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT With time, water can dissolve almost any substance. Water has CAPILLARY ACTION It can move up a narrow tube AGAINST the force of gravity Water has ADHESION and COHESION Adhesion water and other substance (like glass) clingtogether Cohesion water and water cling together What is osmosis? The diffusion of wateracross a semi-permeablemembrane Is passive diffusion Requires NO energy Water will go from an areaof LOW soluteconcentration to HIGHsolute concentration Think of a tea bag in water What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?
Solute concentration isthe same inside andoutside the cell. Water moves equallyinto and out of thecell. Normal Cell What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?
Solute concentrationoutside the cell is LOWERthan solute concentrationinside the cell. Water is moving INSIDEthe cell Cell swells and burst cytolysis What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?
Solute concentrationoutside the cell is HIGHERthan solute concentrationinside the cell. Water is moving OUTSIDEthe cell. Cell shrinks plasmolysis What are some energy storing molecules?
Plants useSTARCH Animals useGLYCOGENandTRIGLYCERIDES Sugar and fat What is photosynthesis?
A process to capture energy from sunlightto make sugars. Takes place in the CHLOROPLASTS Uses the light capturing moleculechlorophyll Includes the Light Reaction Photosystem II Photosystem I Includes the Dark Reaction Calvin Cycle 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6+ 6O2 Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen What is made during photosynthesis?
sugar glucose Oxygen What is cellular respiration?
Releases chemical energy from sugars andother carbon based molecules to make ATP Takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA Both PLANTS & ANIMALS undergo cellular respiration Includes Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the ElectronTransport Chain Can include Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation in Animals Alcoholic Fermentation in plants C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O a sugar + oxygen carbon dioxide + water What is made during cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide Water What is the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Organelle for Process Chloroplast Mitochondria Reactants CO2 and H2O Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2 Electron Transport Chain Proteins in the chloroplast Proteins in the mitochondria Cycle of Chemical Reactions Calvin Cycle builds the sugar molecule (C6H12O6) Krebs Cycle breaks down the sugar molecule (C6H12O6) Products Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2 CO2 and H2O What does anaerobic and aerobic mean?
An = not Aerob = uses oxygen Processes or organisms that do not require oxygen Ex. Glycolysis and fermentation Aerobic Processes or organisms that do require oxygen Ex. Cellular Respiration What is Interphase? G1 S G2 Cell grows
During G0, the cell does itsjob S Cell replicates its DNA G2 Cell grows again ALL of these areINTERPHASE! What are the purposes and processes of Mitosis?
Division of the nucleus Used for repair and growth Only happens in EUKARYOTIC cells Includes 4 steps Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Results in: TWO genetically IDENTICAL daughtercells What are the purposes and processes of Meiosis?
Produces gametes (egg or sperm) Includes 8 steps Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Results in: 4 genetically DIFFERENT HAPLOID daughtercells. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
# of divisions 1 2 # of daughter cells 2 4 Genetically Identical Yes No Chromosome # 46 (diploid) 23 (haploid) Where Somatic (body) cells Germ cells When Throughout life After puberty Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction What does haploid and diploid mean?
Di = two Ploid = chromosomes Having two chromosomes for each trait In humans 46 (normal body cells) Haploid Hap = half or one Having one chromosome for each trait In humans 23 (gamete; egg or sperm) Who identified the structure and function of DNA?
Fredrick Griffith wasexperimenting with two forms ofbacteria (S and R form). After heat-killing S bacteria, andmixing it with R bacteria, he foundthat the R bacteria had transformedinto S bacteria. He called this the transformingprinciple. Avery, Hershey, and Chaseconfirmed that the transformingprinciple was DNA. Who identified the structure and function of DNA?
Rosalind Franklinand MauriceWilkins Took x-ray photosof DNA James Watson andFrancis Crick Interpreted photosto figure out thatDNA was a twisteddouble helix What is the function of DNA?
Stores genetic information Contains instructions for making PROTEINS What are the components of DNA?
DNA is a polymer made ofnucleotides. The nucleotides have a phosphate,sugar, and nitrogenous base. There are four different types ofnitrogenous bases. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine How do you get from DNA to chromosomes to genes?
DNA has ALL geneticinformation DNA is coiled intochromosomes duringreplication Chromosomes containgenes that will becometraits What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
Purpose Carries genetic information Assists in reading the information on DNA Structure Double stranded Single stranded Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil Bases What are genetics? The science of heredity and the interaction betweengenes and the environment.