FINAL REPORT. postharvest quality of bellpeppers. CRAVO. May … · 2015. 6. 22. · 0.05 0.1 0.15...
Transcript of FINAL REPORT. postharvest quality of bellpeppers. CRAVO. May … · 2015. 6. 22. · 0.05 0.1 0.15...
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To: Cravo Equipment Ltd30 White Swan Road,
POSTHARVEST FRUIT QUALITY OF POSTHARVEST FRUIT QUALITY OF YELLOW SWEET YELLOW SWEET PEPPER PEPPER GROWN UNDER RETRACTABLE ROOF GROWN UNDER RETRACTABLE ROOF GREENHOUSE WITH GREENHOUSE WITH AND AND WITHOUT WITHOUT ANTIANTI--INSECT INSECT NET AND SHADEHOUSE CONDITIONS NET AND SHADEHOUSE CONDITIONS
AT CULIACAN, MEXICOAT CULIACAN, MEXICO
30 White Swan Road,Brantford Ontario, Canada N3T 5L4
[email protected]@cravo.com
From:Manuel A. Báez Sañudo, Rosalba Contreras & Yoshio Félix
[email protected] de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD) Unidad Culiacán
Laboratorio de Calidad PoscosechaCarretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México. 80110
May 2015
May 2015
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Fruits Fruits of of yellow color yellow color sweet pepper sweet pepper (cultivar (cultivar Estefania Estefania –– Syngenta) Syngenta) were harvested from three were harvested from three growing system under protected environment :growing system under protected environment :
11. Retractable roof greenhouse (CRAVO . Retractable roof greenhouse (CRAVO unprotected) WITHOUT antiunprotected) WITHOUT anti--insect netinsect net
22. Retractable roof greenhouse (CRAVO . Retractable roof greenhouse (CRAVO protectedprotected) ) WITH antiWITH anti--insect insect netnet
33. Shade house. Shade house
11
33. Shade house. Shade house
All protected growing systems are located in All protected growing systems are located in agricultural valley of Culiacan Sinaloa, México.agricultural valley of Culiacan Sinaloa, México.
Fruits were harvested by CIAD staff on May 05Fruits were harvested by CIAD staff on May 05thth
2015 and then transported to postharvest Lab after 2015 and then transported to postharvest Lab after 22--3 hours on plastic containers protected inside 3 hours on plastic containers protected inside with plastic foam to avoid fruit damage.with plastic foam to avoid fruit damage.
SAMPLIN
G O
F FRUIT
SSAMPLIN
G O
F FRUIT
S
22
33
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Once in postharvest Lab., all fruits were:Once in postharvest Lab., all fruits were:
�� Washed and disinfected with chlorine water at 300 ppmWashed and disinfected with chlorine water at 300 ppm�� Dried at room temperatureDried at room temperature�� Homogenized by size, ripeness, absence of defects (injured, deformed, Homogenized by size, ripeness, absence of defects (injured, deformed,
damaged, etc.)damaged, etc.)�� Sorted by size uniformity .Sorted by size uniformity .�� Identified each to following up change of color during Identified each to following up change of color during postharvest storagepostharvest storage
POSTHARVEST Q
UALIT
Y LAB.
POSTHARVEST Q
UALIT
Y LAB.
POSTHARVEST Q
UALIT
Y LAB.
POSTHARVEST Q
UALIT
Y LAB.
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Subsequently, Subsequently, fruits fruits of all treatments were stored for 14 days at 20 of all treatments were stored for 14 days at 20 °°C C and 70and 70--90% 90% RH RH to simulate marketing conditions and to simulate marketing conditions and evaluating fruit evaluating fruit
quality quality and and color changes color changes regularlyregularly
POSTHARVEST STORAGE
POSTHARVEST STORAGE
60
70
80
90
100
35
40
45
50
Re
lati
ve
Hu
mid
ity
(%
)
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
POSTHARVEST STORAGE
Simulating marketing conditions
Temperature Relative Humidity
POSTHARVEST STORAGE
POSTHARVEST STORAGE
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
15
20
25
30
05
/05
/20
15
05
/06
/20
15
05
/07
/20
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05
/08
/20
15
05
/09
/20
15
05
/10
/20
15
05
/11
/20
15
05
/12
/20
15
05
-13
-20
15
05
-14
-20
15
Re
lati
ve
Hu
mid
ity
(%
)
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
DATE (M/D/Y)
Temperature Relative Humidity
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During During postharvest room storagepostharvest room storage, , following following fruit quality analysis were conduced:fruit quality analysis were conduced:
�� Physical analysisPhysical analysis: : wall thickness (mm), wall thickness (mm), weight loss (%), firmness weight loss (%), firmness (millimeters deformed (millimeters deformed by applying a constant force), peel color by applying a constant force), peel color (brightness, (brightness, chrome chrome and and Hue Hue angle)angle)
FRUIT
QUALIT
Y A
NALYSIS
FRUIT
QUALIT
Y A
NALYSIS
(brightness, (brightness, chrome chrome and and Hue Hue angle)angle)
�� Chemical analysisChemical analysis: : titratabletitratable acidity (% acidity (% of of citric citric acid), total soluble solids (acid), total soluble solids (°°Brix) and pHBrix) and pH
FRUIT
QUALIT
Y A
NALYSIS
FRUIT
QUALIT
Y A
NALYSIS
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RESULTS. Sweet pepperRESULTS. Sweet pepper
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. W
all thickness
. W
all thickness
Digital caliper AutoTec150 mm (d=0.01 mm)
General Linear Model:
Wall thickness versus Treatments
Grouping Information Using Tukey Method and
95.0% Confidence
2
4
6
8
10
12
Fru
it w
all
th
ick
ne
ss (
mm
)
Cravo WITH net Cravo WITHOUT net Shade houseRESULTS
RESULTS. W
all thickness
. W
all thickness
Fruits of greater wall thickness are associated with firmer fruit s and longer postharvest life
Average of 32 fruits
Fruit variability within each treatment is given by length of standard deviation bar
Treatment N Mean Grouping
Cravo WITHOUT net 32 8.932 A
Cravo WITH net 32 8.387 B
Shade house 32 7.397 C
Means that do not share a letter are
significantly different.
0
Cravo WITH net Cravo WITHOUT net Shade house
Treatments
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. . W
eight
Weightloss
loss
(%)
(%)
General Linear Model:
Cumulative weight loss versus Treatments
Grouping Information Using Tukey Method and 95.0%
Confidence
Treatment N Mean Grouping
Shade house 24 4.53209 A
Cravo WITHOUT net 25 3.41995 B
Cravo WITH net 25 3.30269 B
Means that do not share a letter are significantly
different.
2
4
6
8
10
We
igh
t lo
ss (
%)
Cravo WITH net
Cravo WITHOUT net
Shade house
RESULTS
RESULTS. .
DIGITAL SCALESartorius mod. BP4100 d=0.01 g
Individual weight of 5 fruit per treatment. Same fruits were weighted at
each evaluation date
Average of 5 fruits (Repeated measurement in same fruits at each evaluation time)
In sweet peppers, cumulative weight loss between 6 and 8% causes fruit wilting and shriveling.
Fruits grown on shade house conditions lost more weight than those produced at retractable roof greenhouse (CRAVO) with and without anti-insect net
These results may be due to differences in fruit cuticle composition during growth as a result of environmental conditions, crop management and nutrition, among other factors.
0
0 3 6 9 12 15
Days at 20°C
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. Fru
it firm
ness (m
m deform
ed)
. Fru
it firm
ness (m
m deform
ed)
General Linear Model:
Fruit firmness(mm) versus Treatments
Grouping Information Using Tukey Method and 95.0%
Confidence
Treatment N Mean Grouping
Shade house 20 7.092 A
Cravo WITHOUT net 20 5.204 B
Cravo WITH net 20 5.113 B
Means that do not share a letter are significantly
different.
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Fru
it f
irm
ne
ss (
mm
de
form
ed
by
ap
ply
ing
2 k
g)
Cravo WITH net
Cravo WITHOUT net
Shade house
Greater deformation means more flabby fruit
Deformations above 10 mm are considered unsuitable for marketing since fruits are too flabby.
In sweet peppers, fruit firmness values are directly related to water loss
RESULTS
RESULTS. Fru
it firm
ness (m
m deform
ed)
. Fru
it firm
ness (m
m deform
ed)
DIGITAL CHATILLON PENETOMETER modelo CS225 Series
Firmness (millimeters deformed by applying 2 kg force with a 5 cm diameter
flat plate in equatorial fruit side).
Average of 4fruits (Destructive measurement. 5 different fruits at each evaluation time)
Fruit variability within each treatment is given by length of standard deviation bar
0
0 3 7 10 15
Fru
it f
irm
ne
ss (
mm
de
form
ed
by
ap
ply
ing
2 k
g)
Days at 20°C
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. Peel color (
. Peel color ( °°Hue)
Hue)
General Linear Model:
Hue angle (°HUE) versus Treatments
Grouping Information Using Tukey Method and 95.0%
Confidence
Treatment N Mean Grouping
Cravo WITH net 50 80.31 A
Cravo WITHOUT net 50 79.67 A
Shade house 48 74.98 B
Means that do not share a letter are
SPECTROPHOTOMETER Konica Minolta CM-700d
Two lectures per fruit in equatorial opposite sides.
N=10 fruits/treatment
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Hu
e a
ng
le (
°HU
E)
Cravo WITH net Cravo WITHOUT net Shade house
The color perception is composed of three variables: Hue angle (°Hue), Chromaticity and Lightness.
The HUE ANGLE (°Hue) in the color circle represents values from 0 to 360°. Counter clock wise (0°=red; 90°=yellow; 180°=green; 270°=blue and 360°=violet-purple) (SEE FIGURE)
In yellow sweet peppers, HUE angle decreases slightly during postharvest life to orange colors as a result of senescence. Lower values of °Hue means more orange fruit.
RESULTS
RESULTS. Peel color (
. Peel color (
Means that do not share a letter are
significantly different.
0
10
0 3 7 10 15
Days at 20°C
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General Linear Model:
Chromaticity versus Treatments
Grouping Information Using Tukey Method and 95.0%
Confidence
Treatment N Mean Grouping
Cravo WITH net 50 54.36 A
Cravo WITHOUT net 50 50.15 B
Shade house 48 45.20 C
Means that do not share a letter are
significantly different.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER Konica Minolta CM-700d
Two lectures per fruit in equatorial opposite sides.
N=10 fruits/treatment
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Ch
rom
ati
city
(C
hro
me
va
lue
)
Cravo WITH net Cravo WITHOUT net Shade house. Peel color (C
hro
maticity)
. Peel color (C
hro
maticity)
The color perception is composed of three variables: Hue angle (°Hue), Chromaticity and Lightness.
CHROMATICITY mean color intensity . Higher values indicate fruit with more intense or pure coloration (less gray) (SEE FIGURE)
In sweet peppers, there are no significant changes in fruit color chrome during postharvest room storage period. Higher values mean more intensity or saturated color fruit (SEE FIGURE).
Thera was differences among treatments.
significantly different.
0
0 3 7 10 15
Days at 20°C
RESULTS
RESULTS. Peel color (C
hro
maticity)
. Peel color (C
hro
maticity)
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General Linear Model:
Lightness versus Treatments
Grouping Information Using Tukey Method and
95.0% Confidence
Treatment N Mean Grouping
Cravo WITH net 50 57.61 A
Cravo WITHOUT net 50 55.32 B
Shade house 48 51.71 C
Means that do not share a letter are
significantly different.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER Konica Minolta CM-700d
Two lectures per fruit in equatorial opposite sides.
N=10 fruits/treatment
. Peel color (L
ightn
ess)
. Peel color (L
ightn
ess)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Lig
htn
ess
(L
va
lue
)
Cravo WITH net Cravo WITHOUT net Shade house
The color perception is composed of three variables: Hue angle (°Hue), Chroma and Lightness.
LIGHTNESS shows values from 0 to 100 in a vertical scale, where higher values indicate brighter or lighter fruit color and low values near 0 are related with dark colors (SEE FIGURE).
In yellow sweet peppers, the brightness values did not show significant changes during postharvest. Lower values mean less bright or less clear color fruit (see figure)
Thera was differences among treatments.
RESULTS
RESULTS. Peel color (L
ightn
ess)
. Peel color (L
ightn
ess)
0
10
0 3 7 10 15
Days at 20°C
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10 g of fresh fruit taken from same fruit utilized 10 g of fresh fruit taken from same fruit utilized for measuring for measuring
. Chem
ical analysis
. Chem
ical analysis
10 g of fresh fruit taken from same fruit utilized 10 g of fresh fruit taken from same fruit utilized for measuring for measuring firmness, firmness, were homogenized with 50 ml of distilled water in a were homogenized with 50 ml of distilled water in a
commercial blender and then filtered to obtain an extract. commercial blender and then filtered to obtain an extract. With the extract, pH, TA and With the extract, pH, TA and °°Brix were Brix were measured.measured.
pH & titratable acidity (TA). An aliquot of 50 ml of the extract was placed in an automatic titrator Mettler Toledo mod. T50 equipped with a glass electrode DGi 111-SC.
Total Soluble Solids (TSS or °Brix). One drop of the extract was placed in a refractometer Mettler Toledo mod. RM40 with temperature compensation.
RESULTS
RESULTS. Chem
ical analysis
. Chem
ical analysis
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General Linear Model:
pH versus Treatments
Grouping Information Using Tukey Method and
95.0% Confidence
Treatment N Mean Grouping
Cravo WITHOUT net 20 5.191 A
Cravo WITH net 20 5.185 A
Shade house 20 5.085 B
Means that do not share a letter are
significantly different.
pH unit
pH unit
2
3
4
5
6
pH
un
its
Cravo WITH net Cravo WITHOUT net Shade house
In sweet peppers, there are no significant changes in pH values during postharvest room storage period.
pH values were remained between 5.08 and 5.19 for all treatments during evaluation period, although significant differences were showed among treatments.
pH unit
pH unit
0
1
0 3 7 10 15
Days at 20°C
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TIT
RATABLE A
CID
ITY (% of citric acid)
TIT
RATABLE A
CID
ITY (% of citric acid)
General Linear Model:
Titratable acidity versus Treatments
Grouping Information Using Tukey Method and
95.0% Confidence
Treatment N Mean Grouping
Shade house 20 0.2170 A
Cravo WITH net 20 0.1847 B
Cravo WITHOUT net 20 0.1761 B
Means that do not share a letter are
significantly different.
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Cit
ric
aci
d (
pe
rce
nta
ge
)
Cravo WITH net Cravo WITHOUT net Shade houseTIT
RATABLE A
CID
ITY (% of citric acid)
TIT
RATABLE A
CID
ITY (% of citric acid)
Acidity content in yellow sweet peppers showed no significant changes during postharvest storage, although there were differences among treatments. Fruits grown in shade house conditions showed higher values in citric acid content, being statistically different although it had been only 0.04% .
Values were remained between 0.17 and 0.21% among treatments.
0
0.05
0 3 7 10 15
Days at 20°C
-
TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLID
S (
TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLID
S (°°Brix)
Brix)
General Linear Model:
°Brix versus Treatments
Grouping Information Using Tukey Method and
95.0% Confidence
Treatment N Mean Grouping
Shade house 20 8.121 A
Cravo WITH net 20 7.203 B
Cravo WITHOUT net 20 7.170 B
Means that do not share a letter are
significantly different.
2
4
6
8
10
Tota
l so
lub
le s
oli
ds
(°B
rix
)
Cravo WITH net Cravo WITHOUT net Shade house
TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLID
S (
TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLID
S (
Soluble solids content (°Brix), showed differences among treatments. Highest values were for fruit grown in shade house, being generally 13% sweeter than fruit grown in Cravo WITHOUT anti-insect net, perhaps by an accumulation of sugar due to increased dehydration of fruits in postharvest storage.
0
2
0 3 7 10 15
Days at 20°C
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� Sweet peppers grown in Cravo greenhouses with and without anti-insect net, had statistically greater fruit thickness wall (13%-21%) than those grown in shade
house conditions.
� After 15 days of postharvest storage, cumulative weight loss associated with fruit dehydration was 30-35% higher in sweet peppers grown in shade house versus
Cravo greenhouse without and with anti-insect net respectively.
� Sweet pepper fruits grown in Cravo greenhouses with and without anti-insect net were significantly 40% firmer than those fruits grown in shade house.
CONCLUTIO
NS. S
weet peppers
CONCLUTIO
NS. S
weet peppers
� The characteristic yellow color of the fruit became more orange during postharvest (lower values of ° Hue) in sweet peppers grown in shade house
conditions being different to the fruits cultivated in Cravo greenhouse with or without anti-insect net.
� Greater color intensity (chrome) and brightness was obtained in fruits grown in Cravo greenhouses with anti-insect net protection.
� Titratable acidity content was increased and consequently lower pH value was observed in fruits grown in shade house conditions as highest ° Brix content.
CONCLUTIO
NS. S
weet peppers
CONCLUTIO
NS. S
weet peppers
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PHOTOGRAPHS OF FRUIT COLOR
CHANGE DURING POSTARVEST ROOM
STORAGESTORAGE
(same fruits)
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INIT
IAL / H
ARVEST D
AY (DAY 0 AT 20
INIT
IAL / H
ARVEST D
AY (DAY 0 AT 20 °°C)
C)
CRAVO with net0 DAYS AT 20°C
CRAVO without net0 DAYS AT 20°C
INIT
IAL / H
ARVEST D
AY (DAY 0 AT 20
INIT
IAL / H
ARVEST D
AY (DAY 0 AT 20
Shade house0 DAYS AT 20°C
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3 D
AYS AT 20
3 D
AYS AT 20 °°CC
CRAVO with net3 DAYS AT 20°C
CRAVO without net3 DAYS AT 20°C
3 D
AYS AT 20
3 D
AYS AT 20
Shade house3 DAYS AT 20°C
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7 D
AYS AT 20
7 D
AYS AT 20 °°CC
CRAVO with net7 DAYS AT 20°C
CRAVO without net7 DAYS AT 20°C
7 D
AYS AT 20
7 D
AYS AT 20
Shade house7 DAYS AT 20°C
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10 D
AYS AT 20
10 D
AYS AT 20 °°CC
CRAVO with net10 DAYS AT 20°C
CRAVO without net10 DAYS AT 20°C
10 D
AYS AT 20
10 D
AYS AT 20
Shade house10 DAYS AT 20°C
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15 D
AYS AT 20
15 D
AYS AT 20 °°CC
CRAVO without net
Shade house
15 D
AYS AT 20
15 D
AYS AT 20
CRAVO with net
15 DAYS AT 20°C