Final Report of Turkey Trade and Commerce.2003

7/31/2019 Final Report of Turkey Trade and Commerce.2003

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A

GLOBAL / COUNTRY STUDY AND REPORTON

General Overview of Trade and Commerce of TurkeySubmitted to

L.J.INSTITUTION OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THEREQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF BUSINESS ASMINISTRATIONIn

Gujarat Technological University

Under the guidance of faculty guidePRIYANKA SHAH

P f


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Students Declaration

We, Patel Mrugesh, Balla Arun, Mehta Chintan, Ram Ranjan, Jandhlani Neeta, Panchal Gopal

hereby declare that the report for Global/ Country Study Report entitled GENERAL OVERVIEW

OF TRADE AND COMMERCE in Turkey is a result of our own work and our indebtedness to other

work publications, references, if any, have been duly acknowledged.

Place: Ahmedabad

SignatureDate:

Patel Mrugesh

Balla Arun

Mehta Chintan

Ram Ranjan

Jandhlani Neeta


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1. CH.1 Brief introduction of Turkey 32. CH.2 History ofTurkey 4

3. CH.3 Introduction of Turkey Market 6

4. CH.4 General Overview of Trade and Commerce Of Turkey 7

5. CH.5 Trading Policies in Turkey 8

6. CH.6 Channels of Distribution of Turkey 9

7. CH.7 Trade statistics of Turkey 11

8. CH.8 Bibliography 20


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CH 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF TURKEY

Turkey known officially as the Republic of Tureky, it is a Eurasian country locatedin Western Asia and in East Thrace in South-eastern.

Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The country's official language is Turkish,which is spoken by approximately 85% of the population as mother tongue.

Turkey today still holds a very strategic position on the world map.

This vast land of 67.8 million people has tackled the challenges of the future through its journeyalong the road towards modernisation and democracy.

Today, it has a vibrant society, a dynamic economy, an active political lire and great confidence in

its future.

Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Istanbul.

Turkey is a paradise of sun, sea, mountains, and lakes offering the holiday maker a completechange from the anxieties and routine of everyday life.

From April to October, most parts of Turkey have an ideal climate, providing perfect conditions in

which a visitor can relax on sandy beaches or enjoy the peace of mountains and lakes.

Turkey has a magnificent past and is a land full of historic treasures covering 13 successive

i ili ti
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_states_and_empireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_states_and_empires


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CH.2 History of Turkey

The occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I

prompted the establishment of the Turkish national movement. Under the leadership ofMustafa KemalPasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during theBattle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking theterms of the Treaty of Svres.

By 18 September 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the new Turkish state wasestablished. On 1 November, the newly founded parliament formally abolishedthe Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July

1923, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic ofTurkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officiallyproclaimed on 29 October 1923, in the new capital ofAnkara. The Lausanne treatystipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1 million Greeksleft Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently introduced manyradical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its

Ottoman past.[13] With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed uponMustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atatrk".

Turkey remained neutral during most ofWorld War II, but entered the war on the side oftheAllies on 23 February 1945, as a ceremonial gesture; and on 26 June 1945, becamea charter memberof the United Nations. Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quellinga communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases inthe Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The

f G
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_of_the_Turkish_national_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausannehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Straitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_of_the_Turkish_national_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausannehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Straitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine


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The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. Thepresident is elected for a five-year term by direct elections.Abdullah Gl was elected aspresident on 28 August 2007, by a popular parliament round of votes, succeeding AhmetNecdet Sezer.

Executive poweris exercised by the Prime Ministerand the Council of Ministers which make

up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament,the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Thejudiciary is independent of the executive andthe legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of lawsand decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort foradministrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others.

The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in thegovernment and is most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament. Thecurrent prime minister is the former mayor of stanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdoan, whoseconservative Justice and Development Party won an absolute majority of parliamentaryseats in the 2002 general elections, organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of2001, with 34% of the suffrage.

Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and everyTurkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004, there were

50 registered political parties in the country. The Constitutional Court can strip the publicfinancing of political parties that it deems anti-secular orseparatist, or ban their existencealtogether.

There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-listproportional representation system from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81administrative provinces of Turkey. To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive politicalfragmentation, only parties winning at least 10% of the votes cast in a national parliamentary
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BClhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Appeals_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_general_election,_2002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_thresholdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BClhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Appeals_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_general_election,_2002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_threshold


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CH.3 INTRODUCTION OF TURKEY MARKET

The Overall Economic Situation:

Turkey is normally called the Gateway to Europe from Asia as it is in the middle of the twocontinents. It is situated between Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraqand Syria, with theMediterranean, Aegean, Black and Sea of Marmara forming its coastline. The abundantnatural resources such as natural stone, marble, boron, chromium, thorimn, coal, with a total

value of US$2,000 billion. Natural stones and marbles account for 40% of the resourcereserves and also rank first in different varieties available. Boron trioxide reserves 700 billiontons, worth about US$356 billion while chromium reserves of 0.1 billion tons, and thoriumaccounts for 22% and the greatest amount ofany one country. Gold reserves stand at 450 tons, silver 1,100 tons and coal 8.5 billion tons,although oil and natural gas are in short supply and it is therefore necessary to import these.Water is also in short supply as there is only 1,430 cubic metres per head in storage.

Business Opportunities:

AgricultureTurkey is traditionally a farming country, therefore the foundation of agriculture is sound. Thecountry is self sufficient in grain, cotton, fruit, vegetables and meat. Agriculture accounts for20% of the gross domestic product and the population employed in agriculture accounts for


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CH.4 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF TRADE AND COMMERCE OF TURKEY

Turkey has one of the most liberal trade regimes, based on its 1.5 percent MFN Tariff TradeRestrictiveness Index (TTRI).1 It ranks as the 5th least restrictive tariff regime out of a 125country sample. Turkey has a trade regime that is less restrictive than that of an averageEurope and Central Asia (ECA) (4.4 percent) or upper-middle-income country (6.9 percent).The TTRI for non-agricultural products, for which the tariffs are based on the EU commonexternal tariff due to Turkeys participation in the customs union with the EU, is 1.3 percent,which is lower than that of its comparators. But Turkey is much more protective of its

agricultural products. Its latest TTRI for agricultural products is 21.8 percent.

Foreign Trade Overview

The spearheads of Turkish foreign trade are the automobile and textile industries , followedby the food industry, machinery and equipment and electronic equipment, steel andchemical sectors respectively. The European Union is by far Turkey's leading customer,

followed by the United States, China and Iraq. Yet the country shows a high trade deficitlevel because of its high energy dependency on Russia and its Middle Eastern neighbours.In addition, like the household appliance sector, which paradoxically is a high exportindustry, many components are imported to subsequently be assembled in Turkey. Despitegovernment efforts to promote innovation , Turkish exports have relatively low added value.Similarly, Turkish exports are still not very present on markets with high developmentpotential and suffer from being compared to German ones.


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CH.5 Trading Policies in Turkey

The objective of Turkeys trade policies at all levels is to effectuate the principle of "free and

fair trade" in its relations. The World Trade Organization (WTO), which regulates the courseof the multilateral trade system, and the ongoing Doha Development Round negotiations areconsidered as invaluable platforms by Turkey to voice its concerns and endorse its interests.

The Customs Union established with the European Community (EC) in 1995, which cameinto force in 1996 right after the completion of the Uruguay Round has also been acornerstone in Turkeys trade policies. The ECs determining influence in Turkeys traderelations has intensified even more with the beginning of the full membership process.

Turkey also makes efforts to achieve a liberalized world trade and beginning from its region,works to enhance its commercial and economic relations with its neighbours. Turkeyexpects its trade policy to contribute to the economic and also political stability in its region.Towards that end, Turkey also pursues ambitious trade agendas from a regional perspectivein organizations such as Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Black Sea EconomicCooperation (BSEC), Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) and Developing-8 as a

member.


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CH.6 CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION OF TURKEY

RETAILERS

In 2011 for the first time, Turkey ranked among the ten most attractive destinations for retailinvestments. Compared to the previous year, the country thereby moved up eight positions. This isshown in the Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) 2011 of A.T. Kearney, the consulting firm,which, for the tenth consecutive time, assessed the attractiveness of 30 emerging markets fortrading companies. According to this assessment, the Turkish market shows great potential.

Especially in Istanbul and other major Turkish cities, the propensity to consume is constantlygrowing. The number of shopping centres, supermarkets and hypermarkets is growing. But also inmedium sized cities, retail companies are beginning to invest in more compact store formats andestablishing new locations.

Trade characterised by tradition: The Turkish retail landscape is still organised rathertraditionally. Currently, the top five retail companies hold a market share of less than tenpercent. Independent, family-owned shops, the so-called Bakkallar, as well as open marketsand bazaars are still very common across the country. According to estimates, Turkeycurrently has 550,000 Bakkalar shops. Especially in rural areas and smaller cities, wheremodern supermarkets and hypermarkets are still rare, traditional shops assume an importantlocal supply function.


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4. Magazines

5. Journals

Some of the leading newspaper of turkey are Zaman, Todays Zaman, Posta Saboh, Taraf, Agos.These are some news paper which are useful in the mass circulation of news in the turkey market.

Radio News Channnel like Deta FM, Billboard Radio, TRT- 3, and Radio Istanbul are some turkey

radio stations are available as free streaming audio service on internet.

Television network comprises of Satellite, cable, Terrestrial and mobile network.

CH.7 TRADE STATISTICS OF TURKEY


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Exports 1,1% 1,1% 1,0% Exports 4,0% 4,5% 4,7%

EU27 MERCHANDISE TRADE WITH TURKEY BY PRODUCT (2011) - SITC* (UN, WTO/ITS) & AMA/NAMA (WTO) BREAKDOWNS

Millions of euros Source: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical Regime 4)

32 513

17 622

8 653

Imports Exports Balance

14 891 12 113 13 7569 077

Millions of euros

80 00070 00060 00050 000 43 817


68 351

-10 000-20 000

3 831 2 101

-10 012

4 679 40 00030 00020 000

10 0000

3 490 3 274

24 534

286 1 039 753

Agri. Prod. (Food(incl. Fish) & Raw

Materials)

Fuels and miningproducts

Chemicals Machinery andtransport equipment

Textiles & Clothing Other Products -10 000 -216

Agricultural Products

(AMA/WTO)

Non-Agricultural

Products (NAMA/WTO)

Other Products

* SITC Rev. 3: Agri. Prod. (Food (incl. Fish) & Raw Materials): 0, 1, 2, 4, excl. 27, excl. 28; Fuels and mining products: 3, 27, 28, 68; Chemicals: 5; Machinery and transport equipment: 7; Textiles & Clothing: 65, 84

TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES (SERVICES EXCLUDING "GOVERNMENT SERVICES")

TURKEY WITH THE WORLD EU27 WITH TURKEY

Billions of eurosImports Exports Balance Billions of euros Imports Exports Balance

30,0

25,0

20,0

23,4 23,4

13,9

25,215,0

10,0

5,0

12,8

6,8

11,5

6,4

13,7

8,0

15,0

10,0

5,0

0,0

11,3 12,1 11,1 12,2 11,30,0

-5,0

-10,0-6,0

-5,0 -5,8

2008 2009 20102008 2009 2010

Source: World Trade Organisation Source: Eurostat (NewCronos)

% OF THE WORLD (excluding Intra-EU Trade) 2008 2009 2010 % OF TOTAL EXTRA-EU27 2008 2009 2010

Imports 0,6% 0,7% 0,7% Imports 2,9% 2,8% 3,1%

Exports 1,2% 1,3% 1,2% Exports 1,3% 1,4% 1,5%

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTEU27 FDI WITH TURKEY EU27 STOCKS OF FDI WITH TURKEY

Billions of euros

7,0

6,0

6,2 6,5Inflows Outflows Balance

5,85,0

Billions of euros

70,0

60,0

Inward Stocks Outward Stocks Balance65,5

54,057,3


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EU'S TRADE BALANCE WITH TURKEY

European Union, Trade with Turkey millions of euro, %

Period ImportsVariation

(%, y-o-y)

Share oftotal

EU Imports

(%)

ExportsVariation

(%, y-o-y)

Share oftotal

EU Exports

(%)

Balance Trade

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

47 028 12,7

45 960 -2,3

36 197 -21,2

42 323 16,9

47 588 12,4

3,3

2,9

3,0

2,8

2,8

52 650 5,2

54 093 2,7

44 101 -18,5

61 253 38,9

72 588 18,5

4,2

4,1

4,0

4,5

4,7

5 621

8 133

7 903

18 930

24 999

99 678

100 053

80 298

103 577

120 176

2011Q1

2011Q2

2011Q3

2011Q4

2012Q1

2012Q2

2012Q3

2012Q4

12 461 -

12 186 -

11 271 -

11 670 -

- -

- -

- -

- -

3,0

2,9

2,7

2,8

-

-

-

-

18 590 -

19 230 -

17 597 -

17 170 -

- -

- -

- -

- -

5,1

5,1

4,6

4,3

-

-

-

-

6 129

7 044

6 325

5 501

-

-

-

-

31 052

31 417

28 868

28 840

-

-

-

-

Average annual growth (2007-2011) 0,3 8,4 4,8

80 000

70 000

60 000

50 000

40 000

30 000

20 000

10 000

0

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011


European Union, Trade with the World millions of euro, %


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TURKEY'S TRADE WITH MAIN PARTNERS (2010)

1 EU27 39 754,5 46,3%

23

4

5

Iraq 4 564,0 5,3%Russia 3 497,5 4,1%

United States 2 906,2 3,4%

United Arab Emirat 2 522,1 2,9%

6

7

8

9

10

Iran 2 300,3 2,7%

China 1 716,2 2,0%

Egypt 1 698,9 2,0%

Saudi Arabia 1 683,7 2,0%

Switzerland 1 587,2 1,8%

11

12

13

14

15

Israel 1 569,3 1,8%

Libya 1 464,4 1,7%

Syria 1 391,9 1,6%

Azerbaijan 1 173,1 1,4%

Algeria 1 134,1 1,3%

16

17

18

19

20

Ukraine 949,6 1,1%

Turkmenistan 861,4 1,0%

Kazakhstan 620,5 0,7%

Georgia 582,6 0,7%

Tunisia 539,0 0,6%

21

22

23

24

25

Morocco 469,8 0,5%

Brazil 466,3 0,5%

Lebanon 466,2 0,5%

India 458,0 0,5%

Singapore 447,8 0,5%26

27

28

29

30

Jordan 434,0 0,5%

Canada 361,3 0,4%

Kuwait 302,7 0,4%

South Africa 280,9 0,3%

Norway 260,0 0,3%

31

32

33

34

35

Australia 253,5 0,3%

Yemen 250,6 0,3%

Serbia 230,9 0,3%

South Korea 229,2 0,3%

Kosovo 222,5 0,3%

1 EU27 94 364,1 42,0%

23

4

5

Russia 19 788,3 8,8%China 14 715,2 6,5%


Iran 8 091,5 3,6%

6

7

8

9

10

Iraq 5 586,3 2,5%


Ukraine 3 853,2 1,7%

South Korea 3 838,1 1,7%


11

12

13

14

15

United Arab Emirate 3 049,3 1,4%

India 3 043,8 1,4%

Algeria 2 845,6 1,3%

Japan 2 700,9 1,2%

Israel 2 602,4 1,2%

16

17

18

19

20

Kazakhstan 2 480,4 1,1%

Egypt 2 399,0 1,1%

Syria 1 898,7 0,8%

Azerbaijan 1 826,7 0,8%

Libya 1 791,1 0,8%

21

22

23

24

25

Brazil 1 485,9 0,7%

Indonesia 1 306,4 0,6%

Turkmenistan 1 152,9 0,5%

Thailand 1 134,0 0,5%

Canada 1 052,7 0,5%26

27

28

29

30

Malaysia 1 020,9 0,5%


Norway 879,7 0,4%

Uzbekistan 866,0 0,4%

Georgia 802,6 0,4%

31

32

33

34

35

Morocco 770,8 0,3%

Bangladesh 769,8 0,3%

Pakistan 753,6 0,3%

Tunisia 750,8 0,3%

Vietnam 646,2 0,3%

The Major Imports Partners The Major Export Partners The Major Trade Partners

Rk Partners Mio euro % Rk Partners Mio euro % Rk Partners Mio euro %

World (all countrie 138 894,2 100,0% World (all countrie 85 949,4 100,0% World (all countrie 224 843,7 100,0%

1 EU27 54 609,7 39,3%

23

4

5

Russia 16 290,8 11,7%China 12 999,0 9,4%


Iran 5 791,1 4,2%

6

7

8

9

10

South Korea 3 608,9 2,6%

Ukraine 2 903,5 2,1%

India 2 585,8 1,9%

Japan 2 495,7 1,8%


11

12

13

14

15

Kazakhstan 1 859,9 1,3%


Algeria 1 711,5 1,2%

Indonesia 1 117,1 0,8%

Israel 1 033,2 0,7%

16

17

18

19

20

Iraq 1 022,3 0,7%

Brazil 1 019,6 0,7%

Thailand 967,0 0,7%

Malaysia 849,9 0,6%

Egypt 700,1 0,5%

21

22

23

24

25

Canada 691,4 0,5%


Azerbaijan 653,6 0,5%

Uzbekistan 652,4 0,5%

Bangladesh 640,9 0,5%26

27

28

29

30

Norway 619,7 0,4%

Pakistan 567,7 0,4%

Vietnam 566,4 0,4%

United Arab Emirat 527,2 0,4%

Syria 506,8 0,4%

31

32

33

34

35

Nigeria 450,2 0,3%

Mexico 373,9 0,3%

Australia 337,2 0,2%

Libya 326,6 0,2%

Morocco 300,9 0,2%


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EUROPEAN UNION, TRADE WITH THE WORLD AND TURKEY, BY SITC SECTION (2011)*

European Union, Imports from the World European Union, Imports from... Turkey

SITC

CodesSITC Sections

Value

(millions of

euro)

Share of

Total (%)

SITC

CodesSITC Sections

Value

(Millions of

euro)

Share of

Total (%)

Share of

total EU

Imports

TOTAL 1 683 931 100,0% TOTAL 47 588 100,0% 2,8%SITC 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 485 445 28,8% SITC 7 Machinery and transport equipment 17 622 37,0% 4,0%

SITC 7 Machinery and transport equipment 438 645 26,0% SITC 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 11 227 23,6% 6,1%

SITC 8 Miscellaneous manufacturedarticles 214 871 12,8% SITC 8 Miscellaneous manufacturedarticles 10 952 23,0% 5,1%

SITC 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 183 699 10,9% SITC 0 Food and live animals 3 257 6,8% 3,9%

SITC 5 Chemicals and related prod, n.e.s. 152 490 9,1% SITC 5 Chemicals and related prod, n.e.s. 2 069 4,3% 1,4%

SITC 0 Food and live animals 83 827 5,0% SITC 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 1 201 2,5% 1,6%

SITC 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 76 944 4,6% SITC 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 765 1,6% 0,2%

SITC 9 Commodities and transactions n.c.e. 30 003 1,8% SITC 9 Commodities and transactions n.c.e. 223 0,5% 0,7%

SITC 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 8 596 0,5% SITC 1 Beverages and tobacco 165 0,3% 2,3%

SITC 1 Beverages and tobacco 7 061 0,4% SITC 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 18 0,0% 0,2%

European Union, Imports from the World European Union, Imports from... Turkey

SITC 5

9,1%

SITC 0

5,0%

SITC 2

4,6%

SITSCSITI

O9TCtCh4e

1r

1,8%00,05

,4,%1%%

SITC 3

28,8%

SITC 0

6,8%

SITC

2SITSCSISTIO3TI

CTtChC9e1r4

SITC 5 2,5%1,6%00,05,3,%02%%

4,3%

SITC 7

37,0%

SITC 610,9% SITC 8

23,0%

SITC 8

12,8%SITC 7

26,0% SITC 6

23 6%

European Union, Exports to the World European Union, Exports to... Turkey


19/24

* The sums of the individual SITC product categories are less than the totals due to confidentiality reasons. DG TRADE

Source: EUROSTAT (Comext, Statistical regime 4); World excluding Intra-EU trade and European Union: 27 members. 21-Mar-12


20/24

23 6 709,9 14,1% 1,0%

8

8

19

6

20

31

14

39

34

23

95

3 830,4 8,0% 2,9%

3 477,4 7,3% 3,2%

241,7 0,5% 1,3%

3 235,7 6,8% 3,7%

353,0 0,7% 1,3%

2 879,4 6,1% 0,5%

811,1 1,7% 1,9%

765,2 1,6% 0,2%

629,8 1,3% 0,2%

135,4 0,3% 0,1%

1 303,1 2,7% 3,1%40 547,2 85,2% 4,3%

4

14

13

7

16

5

6

15

21

11

25

3

2

8

5

8

6

5

2

2

8

6

2 066,7 4,3% 6,1%

2 069,0 4,3% 1,4%

243,6 0,5% 0,5%

881,2 1,9% 4,6%

944,1 2,0% 1,2%

4 113,6 8,6% 4,8%

17 621,9 37,0% 4,0%

1 410,1 3,0% 0,8%

70,4 0,1% 0,1%

1 317,6 2,8% 1,8%

22,2 0,0% 0,1%

10 535,3 22,1% 10,3%

9 131,5 19,2% 18,7%

1 403,7 2,9% 2,6%

5 676,6 11,9% 3,6%

417,2 0,9% 1,4%

1 892,5 4,0% 2,9%

3 366,8 7,1% 5,4%

3 743,8 7,9% 16,7%

8 366,4 17,6% 11,6%

2 565,9 5,4% 1,8%

924,4 1,9% 2,6%

5 12 344,2 17,0% 4,8%

8

10

36

10

4

4

2

5

5

13

5

5

3 779,5 5,2% 3,3%

2 561,9 3,5% 2,7%

13,9 0,0% 0,4%

2 548,0 3,5% 2,8%

1 217,6 1,7% 5,8%

8 564,8 11,8% 6,0%

3 420,0 4,7% 17,6%

3 857,8 5,3% 3,9%

3 771,1 5,2% 4,1%

86,7 0,1% 1,3%

1 286,9 1,8% 5,0%

58 764,7 81,0% 4,8%

2

6

8

1

6

7

4

6

6

4

16

44

6

5

6

4

5

4

6

8

8

6

3 428,9 4,7% 8,4%

11 857,8 16,3% 4,7%

2 680,3 3,7% 2,7%

3 981,9 5,5% 11,3%

5 195,7 7,2% 4,4%

4 487,2 6,2% 4,0%

32 471,8 44,7% 5,0%

4 352,2 6,0% 5,4%

1 345,4 1,9% 5,4%

2 781,7 3,8% 6,8%

225,1 0,3% 1,5%

14 737,9 20,3% 6,1%12 019,3 16,6% 7,4%

2 718,6 3,7% 3,4%

13 308,2 18,3% 4,1%

1 538,5 2,1% 3,3%

8 716,4 12,0% 4,3%

3 053,4 4,2% 4,2%

1 282,0 1,8% 7,5%

819,0 1,1% 4,0%

4 414,6 6,1% 3,3%

694,2 1,0% 2,8%

1 544,7 2,1% 3,4%

5 634,4

-51,0

-915,6

-227,8

-687,7

864,6

5 685,4

2 608,9

3 092,6

3 141,3

-48,7

-16,2

18 217,5

1 362,2

9 788,9

RANK OF TURKEY IN EUROPEAN UNION TRADE (2011)*

EU Imports EU Exports EU Balance

SITC Rev.3 (UN, WTO/ITS) & AMA/NAMA** (WTO)

Product GroupsRank

Value

(in millions

ofeuro)

Share of

Product in

Total (%)

Share of

Partner in EU

Imports

(%)

Rank

Value

(in millions

ofeuro)

Share of

Product in

Total (%)

Share of

Partner in EU

Exports

(%)

Value

(in millions

ofeuro)

TOTAL 7 47 588,4 100,0% 2,8% 5 72 587,6 100,0% 4,7% 24 999,2

1000 - Primary products

1100 - Agricultural products (Food (incl. Fish) & Raw Materials)

1110 - Food

1111 - Fish

1112 - Other food products and live animals

1120 - Raw materials

1200 - Fuels and mining products

1210 - Ores and other minerals

1220 - Fuels

1221 - Petroleum and petroleum products

1222 - Other fuels

1230 - Non ferrous metals2000 - Manufactures

2100 - Iron and steel

2200 - Chemicals

2210 - Pharmaceuticals

2220 - Plastics

2230 - Other chemicals

2300 - Other semi-manufactures

2400 - Machinery and transport equipment

2410 - Office and telecommunication equipment

2411 - Electronic data processing and office equipment

2412 - Telecommunications equipment

2413 - Integrated circuits and electronic components

2 436,6

3 100,7

4 251,6

373,6

14 849,9

2 942,0

1 275,0

1 464,1

202,9

2420 - Transport equipment

2421 - Automotive products

2422 - Other transport equipment

2430 - Other machinery

4 202,6

2 887,8

1 314,8

7 631,6

2431 - Power generating machinery 1 121,3

2432 - Non electrical machinery 6 823,9

2433 - Electrical machinery -313,5

2500 - Textiles -2 461,8

2600 - Clothing -7 547,5

2700 - Other manufactures 1 848,7


21/24

* The sums of the individual SITC product categories are less than the totals due to confidentiality reasons. DG TRADE

** Based on: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/markacc_e/namachairtxt_dec08_e.pdf

Source: EUROSTAT (Comext, Statistical regime 4); Share by products in EU 27 Total Trade excluding Intra-EU trade.

21-Mar-12
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/markacc_e/namachairtxt_dec08_e.pdfhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/markacc_e/namachairtxt_dec08_e.pdf


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EU Exports to

TDC Sections World

Turkey

Share ofMillions Share of

total EUof euro Total

Exports

EU Balance with

TDC Sections World Turkey

TOTAL 1 531 122 72 588 100,0% 4,7%

TDC 16

TDC 17

TDC 15

TDC 06

TDC 07

TDC 05

TDC 11

TDC 18

TDC 10

TDC 04

TDC 01

TDC 02

TDC 20

TDC 13

TDC 08

TDC 09

TDC 14

TDC 12

TDC 03

TDC 19

TDC 21

425 431

224 819

109 013

223 961

59 934

104 786

38 722

69 879

30 249

53 583

21 813

20 493

23 413

17 106

13 408

10 093

49 608

7 072

3 946

2 326

4 611

20 359

12 422

9 249

8 047

5 472

4 211

2 451

2 098

1 572

1 239

794

663

639

520

445

432

401

349

27

24

23

28,0%

17,1%

12,7%

11,1%

7,5%

5,8%

3,4%

2,9%

2,2%

1,7%

1,1%

0,9%

0,9%

0,7%

0,6%

0,6%

0,6%

0,5%

0,0%

0,0%

0,0%

4,8%

5,5%

8,5%

3,6%

9,1%

4,0%

6,3%

3,0%

5,2%

2,3%

3,6%

3,2%

2,7%

3,0%

3,3%

4,3%

0,8%

4,9%

0,7%

1,0%

0,5%

TOTAL -152 809 24 999

TDC 06 87 026 6 854

TDC 15 3 611 3 857

TDC 17 133 928 3 148

TDC 07 11 181 2 839

TDC 05 -413 721 2 737

TDC 18 15 028 1 885

TDC 10 13 985 1 229

TDC 01 530 534

TDC 09 -444 390

TDC 12 -10 522 245

TDC 14 2 650 170

TDC 08 430 86

TDC 21 1 664 21

TDC 03 -4 899 6

TDC 19 1 259 4

TDC 20 -13 557 -187

TDC 04 15 132 -216

TDC 13 6 217 -387

TDC 02 -23 060 -1 184

TDC 11 -54 338 -9 688

EU TRADE WITH THE WORLD AND EU TRADE WITH TURKEY (2011)*(Ranking by Trade Flows in 2011)

EU Imports from

TDC Sections World

Turkey

Share ofMillions Share of

total EUof euro Total

Imports

TOTAL 1 683 931 47 588 100,0% 2,8%

TDC 11

TDC 17

TDC 16

TDC 15

TDC 07

TDC 02

TDC 05

TDC 04

TDC 06

TDC 13

TDC 20

TDC 08

TDC 10

TDC 01

TDC 14

TDC 18

TDC 12

TDC 09

TDC 03

TDC 19

TDC 21

93 060

90 891

350 449

105 402

48 752

43 553

518 507

38 451

136 934

10 889

36 970

12 978

16 265

21 283

46 959

54 851

17 595

10 536

8 845

1 067

2 947

12 140

9 274

8 568

5 391

2 633

1 847

1 474

1 455

1 193

907

826

358

343

260

231

214

104

42

21

20

3

25,5%

19,5%

18,0%

11,3%

5,5%

3,9%

3,1%

3,1%

2,5%

1,9%

1,7%

0,8%

0,7%

0,5%

0,5%

0,4%

0,2%

0,1%

0,0%

0,0%

0,0%

13,0%

10,2%

2,4%

5,1%

5,4%

4,2%

0,3%

3,8%

0,9%

8,3%

2,2%

2,8%

2,1%

1,2%

0,5%

0,4%

0,6%

0,4%

0,2%

1,9%

0,1%

TDC sections (Harmonized System):

TDC 01 Ch.01-05 Live animals; animal products TDC 11 Ch.50-63 Textiles and textile articles

TDC 02 Ch.06-14 Vegetable products TDC 12 Ch. 64-67 Footwear, headgear, umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking-sticksTDC 03 Ch.15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products TDC 13 Ch.68-70 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar material

TDC 04 Ch.16-24 Prepared foodstuffs; beverages, spirits and vinegar; tobacco... TDC 14 Ch.71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones

TDC 05 Ch.25-27 Mineral Products TDC 15 Ch.72-83 Base metals and articles of base metal

TDC 06 Ch.28-38 Products of the chemical or allied industries TDC 16 Ch.84-85 Machinery and mechanical appliances; electrical equipment

TDC 07 Ch.39-40 Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof TDC 17 Ch.86-89 Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment

TDC 08 Ch.41-43 Raw hides and skins, leather, furskins and articles thereof TDC 18 Ch.90-92 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision

TDC 09 Ch.44-46 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal; cork and articles ofcork TDC 19 Ch. 93 Arms and ammunition; parts and accessories thereof

TDC 10 Ch.47-49 Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; paper or paperboard TDC 20 Ch.94-96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles

TDC 21 Ch.97 Works of art, collectors pieces and antiques

* The sums of the individual TDC categories are less than the totals due to confidentiality reasons. DG TRADE

Source: EUROSTAT (Comext, Statistical regime 4); World excluding Intra-EU trade and European Union: 27 members.

21 Mar 12


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21-Mar-12

CH.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM2. WWW.WTO.COM3. WWW.TURKSTAT.GOV.COM

4
http://www.wto.com/http://www.wto.com/


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4.

Final Report of Turkey Trade and Commerce.2003

Documents

Transcript of Final Report of Turkey Trade and Commerce.2003