Final Report MBA

7/25/2019 Final Report MBA

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Chapter 1

Introduction

Pakistan is one of the most resource rich countries in the world having a large amount of coal,gas, gemstones, copper and gold reserves. Other resources also include oil, iron, titanium and

aluminum which are a necessity for any growing economy. Forests are limited to 4 of

Pakistan!s land" nonetheless the forests are a main source of food, lum#er, paper, fuel wood,late$, and medicine. %he forests are also used for wildlife convservation and ecotourism. &

natural resource is anything that people can use which comes from nature. People do not make

natural resources, #ut gather them from the earth. '$amples of natural resources are air, water,wood, oil, wind energy, iron, and coal. %here are two types of natural resources i.e. renewa#le

resources which grow again and come #ack again after we use it. For e$ample, soil, sunlight,

water and wood are renewa#le resources. (on)renewa#le resources do not grow and come #ack.For e$ample, coal is a non)renewa#le resource.

Pakistan has an area of *+,4- km , lies #etween /+0! to 20 -+! ' longitude and -0 4! to-/0 +! ( latitude. Pakistan has an altitude ranging from + to */11 m, therefore, has a variety of

climatic 3ones and a uniue #iodiversity. Pakistan has a#out /,+++ species of higher plants. It has#een reported that /++ to 2++ species are used for medicinal purposes. 5ome of these medicinal

plants are , &loe 6era, 7arsh 7allow ,great #urdock, pot marigold , gotu kola , chamomile,

8lo#e &rtichoke , Chinese 9am , 5i#erian 8inseng , 8reat 9ellow 8entian , 5ea :uckthorn,%a$us willichiana .

& total of 22 plants species have #een recorded in the ;hy#er Pukhtoon;hwa including

species of fungi, species of lichens, species of gymnosperms, and / species ofmonocotyledons #elonging to * families while -+ species of dicotyledons #elonging to 21

families. %he natural landscape of ;P; is enriched with coniferous forest including Abies

pindrow


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countries presently use her#al medicine for some aspect of primary health care. &n her# is a

plant or plant part used for its scent, flavor, or therapeutic properties. ?er#al medicine, also

called #otanical medicine or phytomedicine, refers to using a plantEs seeds, #erries, roots, leaves,#ark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. ?er#alism has a long tradition of use outside

conventional medicine. It is #ecoming more main stream as improvements in analysis and

uality control, along with advances in clinical research, show the value of her#al medicine intreating and preventing disease.

Taxus wallichianacommonly known as ?imalayan 9ew is a temperate ?imalayan multipurpose

tree specie of great medicinal value and ethno #otanical importance.%a$us willichiana is of great importance all over the world and specifically in the countries

where it grows, #ecause of its multiple uses and economical #enefits. :ut it!s very unfortunate

that this specie is endangered due to its vast importance and uses and the most important use is

that it produces %a$ol in its #ark. %a$ol is very effective anti)cancer drug which is used inchemotherapy against #reast and ovarian cancer.

Taxus wallichianamedicinal history is e$traordinary as compare to other yew species. It is

e$tensively used for its pain killing a#ilities, anti)inflammatory, anti)fungal, anti)#acterial, anti)

convulsing, anti)pyretic and anti)cancer activity, also for infertility. %his plant is usedtraditionally for the treatment of high fever and painful inflammatory conditions ,#ronchitis,

asthma, epilepsy, snake #ites and scorpion stings. %he leaves of this plant are used to makeher#al tea for indigestion and epilepsy. Taxus willichianais also very impotant #ecause it is used

for door frames, ca#inet work and wood turning and wood inlaying, also for candlesticks, knife

handles, gates and fences, poles, #ars and Ewattle and dau#E in walls of rustic constructions.%he#ark of the tree is also used to make #utter tea, and the wood from the tree is used for tim#er to

#uild lodgings in the area.

%he climate recorded for Taxus willichiana should #e moderately cool #ut they can survive in

harsh winters. &verage precipitation is less than or eual to /++ mm %he average snow fall isa#out //+ cm.Deasons for eradication are &nthropogenic distur#ances, e$ploitation of #ark

leaves for ta$ol evelop 8I5 7aps of freuency distri#ution and density of Taxus wallichianain selected

hotspots.4 ?uge amounts and pure form of drugs can #e produced which are less antigenic.


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In India, e$tracts from its #ark and leaves are used for the treatment of #ronchitis, asthma,

epilepsy, snake #ites and scorpion stings.

2.1.4 Other Uses

%he lum#er of ?imalayan 9ew is long)lasting and in solid and is used for door frames, ca#inet

work and wood turning, wood inlaying, also for candlesticks, knife handles, gates and fences,

poles, #ars and Ewattle and dau#E in walls of rustic constructions.%he wood is also #urnt as incense in (epal and parts of %i#et. %he inner yap also produces a red

rinse, often used in holy rituals #y the :rahmins of (epal.

%he #ark of the tree is also used to make #utter tea, and the wood from the tree is used for tim#erto #uild lodgings in the area.

In Pakistan the #rushwood are used as feedstuff for animals and for #urying the dead. . %he

vegetation is poisonous #ut can #e given as silage to goats if no other verdure is availa#le. %he

inner #ark is used in various concoctions, essences, and adhesives and non)to$ic part of theseyews is the plump aril round the seed, which is dis#ursed #y local residents as Aams.

Taxus contorta and Taxus wallichiana, #ecause of their similarity with 'uropean 9ew


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appropriate measures are taken to protect Taxus wallichiana and increase its population within

&(P and across its other ha#itats in Pakistan the endangered species is at risk of serious losses

while future anti) cancer medicinal developments are #rought to a halt.

& study was conducted on KIn 6itro Callogenesis and Organogenesis in Taxus wallichiana in

+1- < ?ussain., et al = %he ?imalayan 9ewL Taxus wallichiana, is an average si3ed mild foresttree species of &sia e$tending from &fghanistan through the ?imalayas to the Philippines. It has

#een deeply misused for its foliage and #ark that can #e used to create the anti)cancer drug

%a$ol. :ecause of its long seed inactivity period, its normal re#irth from kernels is very low.

Decently ue toits long dormancy period it is slow to reach maturity while the consumption of fruits #y #irds,

monkeys, rats are causing regeneration failure. In situ and e$ situ conservation should #einitiated. Furthermore awareness is highly reuired. %his will conserve the species, #oost the

rural economy and also provide employment opportunity for the local inha#itants.

Dahman., et al ue to its high economic demand,unsustaina#le e$traction, and over)harvesting, the species is now in the endangered category and

is near to e$tinction .It is suggested that take such essential measures to eliminate the need to cut

down protected forest and endangered species and provide alternative measures for providingfuel wood, and to use the natural resources in sustaina#le pattern in order to have them in future .


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C?&P%'D -

7'%?O>OGO89

3.1 Stud$ Area

&yu#ia (ational Park is one of the fourteen declared (ational Parks in the country that falls inthe IC()Category 6 i)e it should #e protected, sustained and the associated conservation

practices should #e applied to maintain its natural importance and other values created #yinteractions with humans.


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3.2 )ocation

%he geographical location of park is --0 !()2-0 +!' covering a#out -,-1 hectares


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17.83 m radius

Or 0.1 ha area

3.0 !ersonal Observation

&s we went deep down into the forest to find our selected hotspots, we o#served different aspects

of the forest and the plant species variation inha#iting it. &s for %a$us, we noticed that most of

the trees were older and mature" the roots of these trees were very deep and thick.

& maAor num#er of these trees were grown on the lower depths of the mountains and wereinaccessi#le. &lmost all the mature trees were damaged somehow.

&lso we noticed that the natives lacked awareness a#out the importance of %a$us, and it was

#eing cut down relentlessly.%he management of the &yu#ia (ational Park was also found inactive, in a manner that during

the hours we spent in the forest, no one ueried our presence even in restricted areas.

3. %ield nvesti&ation

%heplots were taken in - hotspots i)e

5umundar M 7ar /+1+ feet


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%i&ure ' Ma( showin& the selected hots(ots.


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C?&P%'D 4

D'5G%5 &(> >I5C55IO(

4.1 #SU)"S

4.1.1 +S"

&ccording to the survey conducted *44 trees were studied in - hotspots among which only -

were found to #e of the specie Taxus wallichiana, the total density of Taxus wallichianaclearly

indicates the e$tinction in the specie!s population. %he total density was found to #e *+

treesNhectare.

4.1.2 %#5U+-

?owever the specie occurred in N-+ plots resulting in a freuency of /.//2 showing that the

trees though less in num#er are scattered in different areas of the park along with other species.

4.1.3 AMAGS

%he total #ig trees damaged were 4* out of 111 in all the - hotspots. Bhile the total num#ers of

damaged trees were 1, 4, in i= 5umandar 7ar, ii= 7ushkpuri track, iii= &yu#ia Pipeline

track respectively.


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37%

26%

13%

4%

8%2%10%

Damages

Trunk

Over lopping

Crown

kin

!r"

#rown $ungus

$ull damaged

%i&ure 4.16 !ie7-hart e(ictin& the Amount and "$(e o* ama&e in "a8us wallichiana9

4.2 S-USSO+

In the #eginning of our study we were #riefed a#out the importance of the concerned specie i)e

%a$us wallichiana.It is known as the ?imalayan yew and e$ists natively from ?imalayas to the

Philippines. In Pakistan the specie is found to e$ist in the &yu#ia (ational Park and Chitral

(ational Park, with a few sites of 5wat. Conservation status of yew was placed in a >> category.

>ata >eficient >= is a category applied #y the IC( to a species when the availa#leinformation is not sufficient for its proper assessment and conservation and due to this it is on the

verge of e$tinction.


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conserving the graves while the %a$ol e$tracted as an ama3ing anti)cancer drug and coversion of

its ha#itate for agriculture.

%he ?imalayan yew has #een su#Aect to heavy e$ploitation for its leaves and #ark. >ecline rate

have #een particularly heavy.%his decline has #een compounded in some areas #y increasing

deforestation and agricultural e$pansion associated with rising rural populations.%he specie iscurrently classified asendangered#y the IC(.?owever it is present in protected areas, and at

least some conservation and propagation measures are underway, with an eye to its commercial

value in the medicine trade.Plantations should #e esta#lished and programes to #e carried out to

in order to encourage its protection and cultivation in community forests. &warness compaign in

local population should #e run a#out the sustaina#le use of ta$us wallichiana #ecause of it

medicinal importance .People should #e provided with alternative source of fuel in order to

minimi3e its cutting #y local communities .8overnment interests are another effective way of

protecting this valua#le specie . (8O!s that are running for conservation of endanger species

should take such incentives in the form of environmental friendly su#sidies and ta$es .

Deforestation is imperative for the num#er of tress which are removed or harvested.

4.2.1 SUMU+A# MA#

%his hotspot is located at /+1+ feet which is a lower elevation area as compared to other hotspots

we covered. %he track was moderately developed #ut the road was well constructed, providing

easy access to tourists and natives. In this hotspot the num#er of %a$us trees and the regeneration

was found to #e lowest and the reason #ehind this decline in Taxus wallichiana is the lower

elevation providing opportunities to cattlemen to lead their cattle into pastures and also lopping

of trees for fuel wood #y the natives. %he total fully grown trees in this hotspot were -4 while the

regeneration was / and the specie occurred in N1+ hotspots. In 5umundar 7ar the trees wereeither over lopped, dried, fully damaged or the trunk was partially damaged, also a natural #rown

fungus was found to grow on the trees.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN


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%i&ure 4.2

4.2.2 MUSH:!U# "O!

Be started our e$pedition at >unga8ali


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%i&ure 4.3

4.2.3 AU;A !!)+ 2

%his was the most intriguing trail as it ran deep through the dense forest and was known to #e the

route of :ritish horse riders, and presently of the &siatic leopard. >ue to its seclusion from the

natives this track had the most a#undant num#er of trees including the regeneration of the specie

Taxus wallichiana amongst all the hotspots covered. &lso the damaged trees were least found.

%otal full grown trees were - while regeneration was /+ and species occurred in all 1+N1+ plots.


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availa#ility and also the health of the plant was satisfactory. Be concluded that the hotspots were

specified as hotspots #ecause of the same reason.

%he comparison is shown through these graphs"

1 2 3 4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

3

10

& &

6 6

18

&

7 7

10

16

8

11

16

10

7 7

Ta'us Trees in sample plo(s

)"u*ia +a(ional ,ark


amundarmarTa'us Trees in sample plo(s

-ukhshpuri


).,ipeline 2

%i&ure 4./ 6Abundance o* "a8us trees in selected hots(ots as com(ared to the random

(lots9


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random ho(spo(

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0

12.0

4.33

0

)

#

%i&ure 4.0 6-om(arison o* dama&es9


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C?&P%'D

Conclusion Decommendations

-O+-)USO+

In our study we recorded a num#er of plant species in the forest alongside Taxus wallichiana.

%he Taxus wallichianaoccurrence was found to #e distri#uted widely, #ut in a good measure.Be

concluded that the Taxus wallichiana specie was mostly regeneration and the mature trees were

damaged due to natural or anthropogenic causes. Be also concluded that the regeneration plants

were maintaining a #alance with the damaged trees.

%he natives lacked awareness a#out the importance and conservation of the specie. %hey were

uncompromisingly cutting and overusing Taxus wallichiana for domestic use, fuel wood, and

fortification of graves. In order to overcome the difference of age old way of thinking, the (on)8overnmental Organi3ation has #een working to provide gas #urners and also has initiated the

utili3ation of manure to produce #io gas as an alternative of fuel wood.

#-OMM+A"O+S

& conservation team should #e made #y the management for the inspection of trees on regular

#asis, for the purpose of recording damages, and for taking mitigatory measures for restoring the

specie.%he team should #e responsi#le for allowing only the authori3ed persons and permitted

tourists in the park and make sure natives do not enter and carry out unnecessary lopping. &reas

where species are in more num#er should #e demarcated to seclude it from rest of the species to

highlight their importance and protect them. %rees that are more prone to damage should also #e

highlighted or demarcated so that the inspecting team mem#ers can easily spot them and proceed

with the conservation and preservation procedures.

Initiate simulated growth of %a$es to generate the production of %a$ol in advanced num#ers.Put

:ar#ed)wire fencing around the regeneration plants in order to protect them from the livestock of

the natives, and also the wild animal species of the forest.

In order to conserve this natural resource community #ased management should #e commenced

involving management of the &yu#ia (ational Park, the conservation team and the community.

Change the mindsets of the natives and religious e$tremists to refrain them from the e$cessiveuse of its #ark and fruit.

Final Report MBA

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