Final Rect
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Transcript of Final Rect
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EARLY 20TH
CENTURY
PEAK BETWEEN 1ST
AND 2ND WORLD WAR
2ND INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
MACHINE AGE
(1880-1945)
MACHINE AGE / TECHNOLOGICAL AGE
ART MODERNE/MODERNISM
ART MOVEMENTS
ART NOUVEAUDE STIJLART DECOBAHAUSART MODERNEINTERNATIONAL STYLE
IMPORTANTDEVELOPMENTS
Textile
manufacturing
Iron manufacturing
Steel manufacturing
Transportation
Mass production
Communication
Building materials
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INTROD
UCTION
REVOLUTION
1ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
TEXTILES
IRON
RAILROADS
USE OF MACHINES IN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
STEEL
AUTOMOBINES
ELECTRONICS
MASS PRODUCTION
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IM
PORTANT
INVENTIONS/
DEVEL
OPMENTS
Flying ShuttleSped up the weaving process
Allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be
mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms.
Patented by John Kay in 1733.
Later led to further developments of powered spinning machines like thespinning jenny and the water frame
EXTILES
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Open-Hearth Process
Method used a special furnace to make kinds of steelExcess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to producesteelIn 1865--French engineer Pierre-mile Martin took out a license fromSiemens and first applied his regenerative furnace for making steel. Their process was known as the Siemens-Martin process, and the furnaceas an "open-hearth" furnace. Most open hearth furnaces have been replaced by the basic oxygen
furnace or electric arc furnace.
IM
PORTANT
INVENTIONS/
DEVEL
OPMENTS
STEEL
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IM
PORTANT
INVENTIONS/
DEVEL
OPMENTS
Bassemer process
Inexpensive industrial process
Made steel-making costs cheaperThe process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, Patented in 1885
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IM
PORTANT
INVENTIONS/
DEVEL
OPMENTS
STEEL
Interchangeable parts
Use of machine made parts (components) that are identical.They are made to specifications so that they will fit into anyassembly of the same type.Developed by Eli WhitneyThese were important because it became easier to fit partstogether
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Assembly LineProducts assembled in a moving lineA manufacturing process in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) areadded to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product much
faster than with handcrafting-type methodsWas redeveloped through history and not by 1 person.The most famous person associated with the assembly line is Henry Ford The development other machine tools such as the screw-cuttinglathe, metal planer and milling machine during the early 19th century
provided the prerequisites for the modern assembly line.
IM
PORTANT
INVENTIONS/
DEVEL
OPMENTS
STEEL
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OTHER IMPORTANT INVENTIONS
COMMUNICATION :TELEPHONETELEGRAPH
RADIO
TRANSPORTATION:
industry needed ways to transport, or carry, raw materials to factories andgoods to markets. Inventors combines steam power with new methods of
iron and steel production.ROADWAYSRAILWAYS
MACHINERY FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF MATERIALSSTEAM ENGINE
IM
PORTANT
INVENTIONS/
DEVEL
OPMENTS
OTHERS
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE
H
ISTORYO
FCONCR
ETE
The first major concrete users were the Egyptians in around 2,500 BC and
the Romans from 300 BC
The Romans used fine volcanic ash
and lime based concretes andproduced the 1stpozzolaniccement.The Romans made many
developments in concretetechnology including the use oflightweight aggregates as in the
roof of the Pantheon
embedded reinforcement in theform of bronze bars
The difference in thermal expansion between the two materials producedproblems of spalling.
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H
ISTORYO
FCONCR
ETE
Reinforcement
In 1850 , French lawyer created a sensation by building a boat from a frame of ironrods covered by a fine concrete.Steel reinforced concrete was born from that.
1854 -- William B. Wilkinson erected a reinforced concreteservants cottage
1884 --Earnest L. Ransom patented a reinforcing system usingtwisted rods.
1927 -- Eugene Freyssinet develops successful pre-stressed concrete
In the 2nd half of the 19th century factory made plate glass was developedand complex designs in iron grillwork were a popular decoration for the
classical and Gothic buildings.
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H
ISTORYO
FCONCR
ETE
Steel skeletons were covered with masonry and largeglass skylights became popular.
Improvements to the iron making process encouragedthe building of bridges and other structures.
Large indoor open spaces were now made possible
with the use of strong iron framed construction
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HISTORYOFskyscrapers
In 1852 Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, allowingconvenient and safe passenger movement to upper floors.use of a steel frame instead of stone or brick.
Oriel Chambers , Liverpool EnglandThe world's first metal framed glass curtainwalled building.Designed by architect Peter Ellis--built in 1864Comprises 5 floors
Further developments led to theworld's first skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in
Chicago, built in 18841885
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Home Insurance BuildingThe first building to use structural steel in its frame, butthe majority of its structure was composedof cast and wrought iron.It is generally noted as the first tall building to be
supported, both inside and outside, by a fireproof metalframe.
Due to the Chicago building's unique architecture andunique weight-bearing frame, it is considered thefirst skyscraper in the world
HISTORYOFskyscrapers
Louis Sullivan's Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri,1891, was the first steel-framed building with soaring
vertical bands to emphasize the height of the building andis therefore considered by some to be the first trueskyscraper.
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HISTORYOFskyscrapers
Wainwright BuildingAesthetically, the Wainwright Building exemplifiesSullivan's theories about the tall building, whichincluded a tripartite (three-part) composition (base-shaft-attic) based on the structure of the classical
column,and his desire to emphasize the height of thebuilding.
Was built during Art nouveau
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Louis SullivanAmerican
Art Nouveau (organic /natural motifs and
decoration
Used Cast iron decoration
on first and second floors
Large display windows
Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie,Scott Building (Chicago),1899-1904
A
RTNOUVEAU
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Ingalls Building , 1903 in Cincinnati, Ohio,
World's first reinforced
concrete skyscraper. 15 story buildingdesigner by the firm Elzner &Anderson and was named for itsprimary financial investor, Melville E.Ingalls
It was a monolithic "concrete box ofeight-inch [200 mm] walls, with
concrete floors and roof, concretebeams, concrete columns, concretestairs -- no steel. It consists merely of bars embedded
in concrete, with the ends interlaced
HISTORYOFskyscrapers
Wi h l d h il bili f i i l h
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With new styles and the availability of new construction material, there was adramatic change in architecture during the first half of the 20th century.
Machine aesthetic : modern architects of the 20th century wanted their buildings toresemble factories and machines in order to embody the technologically
progressive spirit of the age.Architects valued abstract forms and shiny, smooth machined qualities.Factory building that is transparent or looks like a machine..desire to bring theoutdoors indoorCorner has been opened up on interior, creates feeling of greater access tooutdoors, psychological effect of freedom.
INFLU
ENCEON
ARCHITE
CTURAL
ST
YLES
t d t d b t ti b d li l h
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art moved toward abstraction based on line, color, shape,space, and textureModern architecture rejected historical styles andornamentation
Modern architecture reveals rather than conceals the innerstructure of the building
INF
LUENCEON
ARCHITEC
TURAL
ST
YLES
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De Stijl (The Style)
Began in 1917 by a group of artists in Holland .
Movement founded by Theo van Doesburg and the termneo-plasticism was coined by painter Piet Mondrian.
Geometric Forms / Purity and Simplicity
-Style is characterized by a reversion to the basic
fundamentals of art -colour
-form
-level
-line
NEO-PLASTICISM-1920-1940
DE
STIJL
Ri ld S h d H
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Rietveld Schrder House
Construction System : steel beams andcolumns, wood & conc.
Style : Early Modern
composition of abstract planes, withprojecting roofs and balconies.work of modernism, with no historicalornament and a design which parallels theart of Cubism and De Stijl or neo-plasticism (Piet Mondrian).
Neo-plasticism was very influential in the development ofBauhaus and international style
DE
STIJL
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Art Deco -1920 , Paris
The structure of Art Deco is based onmathematical geometric shapes
Art-deco design influences wereexpressed in the crystalline and facetedforms ofdecorative Cubism and Futurism
Other popular themes of Art Deco
were trapezoidal, zigzagged, geometric,and jumbled shapes
Art Deco
1925-1950The musician by
Tamara de lempicka
ART
DECO
C F t
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Common Features
Smooth wall surfacesFlat roof with a ledge at the rooflineDecorated with zigzag or other geometric designs, which are sometimescolorfulBuilding is boxy in shapeTowers above the roofline give a vertical emphasisEngraving found around doors and windows
People still wanted decoration despite the de Stijl and other modernmovements eliminating all unnecessary decoration
Industrial Design Combined with Fine Art Elements (industrial materials(metal) and objects + patterns and repeated shapes)A
RT
DECO
Th Ch l B ildi
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The Chrysler Building
New York
William van Alen(American), TheChrysler Building (NewYork), 1928 - 1930
Exterior made ofstainless steel
Art Deco motifsrepeated shapes (triangles,etc.)
Built for CarManufactuer, ChryslerAutomotive Company
The characteristic artdeco ziggurat
ART
DECO
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The International Style grew out of the work of a small group of brilliant and originalarchitects in the 1920s who went on to achieve great influence in their field. Thesemajor figures included WalterGropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in Germanyand the United States, J.J.P. Oud in the Netherlands, Le Corbusier in France,
and Richard Neutra and Philip Johnson in the United States.
Weissenhof Museum
Villa savoye,le Corbusier
INT
ERNATIONALS
TYLE