TALL BUILDING: STUDY REPORT

SITE & ACTIVITY: STUDY &

ANALYSIS

SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

What is a high-rise building?

“A building whose height creates different

conditions in the design, construction, and use

than those that exist in common buildings of a

certain region and period.”

• Scarcity of land in urban areas

• Increasing demand for business

and residential space

• Economic growth

• Technological advancements

• Innovations in Structural Systems

• Desire for aesthetics in urban

settings

• Concept of city skyline

• Cultural significance and prestige

• Human aspiration to build higher

Demand for High-Rise Buildings

•Buildings between 75 feet and 491 feet (23 m to 150 m) high are considered high-rises. Buildings taller than 492 feet (150 m) are classified as skyscrapers.

•The materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel. Most American style skyscrapers have a steel frame, while residential tower blocks are usually constructed out of concrete.

• The great pyramid of

Giza, 2560 bc, was 146

meters tall and its height

was unsurpassed until at

least the 14th century ad.

• The two towers of

bologna in the 12th

century reached 97.2

metres in height.

• The 16th-century city of

shibam consisted entirely

of over 500 high-rise

tower houses.

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

•

HISTORYEARLY PERIOD

•An early development

was oriel chambers in

liverpool.

•Designed by local

architect peter ellis in

1864,

• The building was the

world's first iron-framed,

glass curtain-walled

office building.

Mete

r

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

World’s Tallest Buildings

Chart

STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS

the floor slab & its supporting beams are on the 10th or

100th storey. Since each floor carries more or less the

same load. This is not the case with the core’s columns,

which carry the weights of all the floors above. The

lower-floor columns carry much larger than those at the

top. The topmost columns carry only the load of the roof

& their own weight.

What is Structure

Efficiency

- Materials

- Gravity

System

- Lateral

System

-Foundation

Constructability

- Simplicity

- Time

Equilibrium

Stability

StrengthS

T

R

U

C

T

U

R

E

Stiffness Human Comfort

Structure under earthquake : Global Ductility

Structural SystemsAnalyses of structural loads are generally given

precedence in calculations/design measurements

For high-rises. A structural equivalent load is often

used to analyze the dynamic influence and yet

dynamic are often especially important both for

construction and operation.

STRUCTURAL

SYSTEM

Types of floor systems

•In concrete floor systems, slabs of

uniform thickness are often used with

spans of 3m to 8m.

•Beam and slab system is used with

beams spaced at 3m to 8m. Beam

depths of L/15 to L/20 are used.

Concrete floor system

Concrete floor

Steel Floor Systems

•In steel floor systems, we use reinforced

concrete slabs on steel beams. Thickness

of slabs is in the range of L/30 to L/15 of

the span.

•The stub lengths are 1.5m to 2m long.

Stub girders are of composite

construction.

•Concrete • Prestressed concrete

• Steel • Composite

Prestressed concrete is a method for

overcoming concrete’s natural weakness in

tension. It can be used to produce beams ,

floors or bridges

Prestressed concrete Composite

1.Braced Frame2.Rigid Frame Structure3.Infilled Frame Structure

4.Flat Plate and flat slab Structure5.Shear wall structure6.Coupled wall structure7.Wall-frame structure8.Framed tube structure9.The trussed tube

10.Tube in tube or Hull core structure11.Bundled tube structure

12.Hybrid structure13.Core and Outrigger system

Type of High-Rise Structure

Shear Frame System

• Resists lateral deformation by

joint rotation

• Requires high bending stiffness of

columns and beams

• Rigid joints are essential for

stability

• Not effective for heights over 30

stories

Braced Frame System

• Lateral forces are resisted by

axial actions of bracing and

columns

• Steel bracing members or

filled-in bays

• More efficient than a rigid

frame

Frame-shear truss interaction

Braced Frame System

Wall-Frame Structure

•The walls and frame interact horizontally, especially at the top, to produce stiffer and stronger structure. The interacting wall-frame combination is appropriate for the building in the 40 –60 story range, well beyond that of

rigid frames or shear walls alone.

•The braced frames behave with an overall

flexural tendency to interact with the shear

mode of the rigid frames.

Rigid Frame Structure

•Consist of columns and girders

joined by moment resistant

connections. Lateral stiffness of

a rigid frame bent depends on

the bending stiffness of the

columns, girders, and

connection in the plane of the

bents.

•It suited for reinforced concrete

buildings and steel frame

buildings

Flat-Plate and Flat Slab Structure

•it consists of uniforms slabs, connected rigidly to supporting columns.

•Economic for spans up to about 25 ft (8m),above which drop panels can be added to create a flat-slab structure for span of up to 38 ft (12m).

•Suitable for building up to 25 stories height.

In-filled Frame Structure

make it difficult to predict with

accuracy the stiffness and strength of an in-filled frame.

In-filled Frame Structure

In-filled

Shear Wall Structure•Technology exists to pump and to place

high-strength concrete at high elevation.

•Fire rating for service and passenger

elevator shafts is achieved by simply

placing concrete of a determined

thickness.

•Shear wall formed around elevator and

service riser requires a concentration of

opening at

ground level where stresses are critical.

•Shear wall vertical movements will

continue throughout the life of the

building.

Coupled Wall Structure

•Consist of two or more shear walls in the same plane, or almost the same plane, connected at the floor levels by beam or stiff slabs.

•Suited for residential construction where

lateral-load resistant cross walls, which

separate the apartments, consist of in-

plane coupled pairs, or trios, of shear walls

between which there are corridor or

window openings.

Shear wall structure

Shear wall

Coupled wall

Coupled Wall Structure

The Trussed tube

•Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid box, which can resist lateral shears by axial

• Making the diagonal intersect at the same point at the corner column.

•This creates the x form between corner columns on each façade.

•Relatively broad column spacing can resulted large clear spaces for windows, a particular characteristic of steel buildings.

Example of trussed tube

Tube-in-Tube or Hull Core Structure

•consists of an outer frame tube, the “Hull,”together with an internal elevator and servicecore.

•The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral loading.

•The outer framed tube and the inner core interact horizontally as the shear and flexural components of a wall-frame structure, with the benefit of increased lateral stiffness.

Bundled-Tube structures

•The concept allows for wider column spacing in the tubular walls than would be possible with only the exterior frame tube form.

•It modulate the cells vertically can

create a powerful vocabulary for a

variety of dynamic shapes

Core and Outrigger Systems

•The outrigger systems may be formed in any combination of steel, concrete, or composite construction.

•the complete elimination of uplift and net tension forces throughout the column and the foundation systems.

•Exterior framing can consist of “simple” beam and column

framing without the need for rigid-frame-type connections, resulting in economies.

•Locating outrigger in mechanical and the natural sloping lines of the building profile

Vertical Loads

LOADS ON THE HIGHRISE STRUCTURES

•Dead loads arise from the weigh to the individual construction elements and the finishing loads.

•Live loads are dependent on use depending on the number of stories; live loads can be reduced for load transfer and the dimensioning of vertical load-bearing elements.· However, the reduction of

the total live load on a construction element may not exceed 40%.

Horizontal loads

•Calculation of lateral loads should be carefully scrutinized.

•It generally arises from unexpected deflections, wind and earthquake loads

Vertical load

Horizontal load

Ground surface

Steel beam

Foundation

Steel column

Structural Loads

• Gravity loads

– Dead loads

– Live loads

– Snow loads

• Lateral loads

– Wind loads

– Seismic loads

• Special load cases

– Impact loads

– Blast loads

Earthquake Load

Blast

Load

Wind Load

Impact

Load

Snow Load

Dead Loads

Live Loads

Wind

load

High pressure

Law pressure

Wind direction

Ground floor

Wind flow system

STUDY ON HIGH RISE BUILDING: PARKING

Parking is the act of stopping a vehicle and

leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief

time . Parking facilities are constructed in

combination with most buildings ,to facilities

the coming and going of the buildings

users.

5’6”

5’3”

14’

Measurement of car

FIG:

CHANGE

OF

GRADIENT

ON RAMPS

FIG: CAR TURNING RADIUS

TR

AC

K 8

`

PARKING LAYOUT

PARKING

FOR ONE-

WAY

TRAFFIC

WITH

SPACES

FOR

PLANTS

30

DEGREE

OBLIQUE

SPACES,

ONE

WAY

TRAFFIC

PARKING

PARALLEL TO

THE ROAD

45 DEGREE

OBLIQUE PARKING,

ONE WAY TRAFFIC

60 DEGREE

OBLIQUE PARKING,

ONE WAY TRAFFIC

45 DEGREE ANGLED

PARKING,

ONE WAY TRAFFIC

8

’

Parking layout

90 DEGREE

ENTRY/EXIT

TO

PARKING

SPACES

FOR TWO

WAY

TRAFFIC

1. SURFACE PARKING

2. BASEMENT PARKING

3. MULTI-STORIED PARKING

4. MECHANIZED & AUTOMATED

PARKING

TYPES OF PARKING

SURFACE PARKING. BASEMENT PARKING

MULTI-

STORIED

PARKING

MECHANIZED &

AUTOMATED

PARKING

10’

14’

One way traffic

Two way traffic

8’6”

16’

GROUND FLOOR PLAN SEMI BASEMENT PLAN

50’ 50’

16’

Measurement of basement ramp

Core of High-rise building

In tall buildings in particular, the

service core can provide the principal

structure

Element for both the gravity load-

resisting system and lateral load-

resisting system,

With the latter becoming increasingly

important as the height of the building

increases.

Function of core

Vertical circulation1.Lift

2.Lobby

3.Fire stair

4.Toilet zone

5.Duct

6.Mechanical room

-Elevators

-Escalators

-Stairs

-Ramp

Plan of Core

Co

re

Central core Split core End core Atrium core

Plan

Single tenant

Double tenant

Multiple tenant

Detail of Core

Diagram of elevators (three zone system in which

Users have to change floors after each zone

Zone 3

Zone 2

Zone 1

Mechanical

Mechanical

Mechanical

Elevator

Escalators are "moving stairs" where

the tread moves on a track at an incline

or decline to transport people from one

floor to another.

Escalators

Stair6”

10”

6”

Elevator shafts are demanding areas within

a building., especially when it involves

measuring the dimensions.

1. Reception for 3 person 40 sft

2. Lobby for 50 person 300 sft

3. Waiting room for 30 person 200 sft

4. Auditorium for 200 person 4000 sft

Green room, Toilet, Stage, Stair

5. Prayer room for 50 person 300 sft

6. Café for 80 person 1700 sft

7. Storage room 500 sft

8. Substation room 1000 sft

9. Guard room 120 sft

10. Bank space 4500 sft

TOWER FUNCTION

1. official space, (5000-6000sft)

service core per floor

BASEMENT FUNCTION

1. 3 floor

2. Parking car, Parking bike

3. Generator room 300 sft

4. Water machine room 400 sft

5. Chiller room 250 sft

6. Control room 80 sqft

7. Security room 120 sqft

8. Drivers waiting room 150 sft

SERVICE CORE/ FLOOR

1. Lift

2. Stair

3. Fire exit

4. Toilet zone 500 sft

5. Kitchen room 80sft

6. Ac duct 100 sft

7. Electrical room 150 sft

PODIUM FUNCTION 1- 3 FLOOR

Top of the Tower

Machine room [chiller & aver ]

STAIR, RAMP & FIRE EXIT OFFICIAL BUILDING

STAIR

Minimum required Stair wide 1.5 meter

RAMP

Minimum required for car 1:8

Maximum required for car 1:15

FIRE EXIT

Per head user person floor area -------------------------10 gross

50> ------------------------1.1m

FIRE EXIT PASSAGE

<50 ------------------------0.9m

150 > ------------------------1.8m

LIFT

Per lift lobby space -------------------------1.5*1.5m

TOILET

Per floor total gross area ------------------------------5% toilet area

Minimum toilet volume ------------------------------ 1.5*1.5meter

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PAGE-3070

PAGE-3065

PAGE-3075

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Means of Escape, has three parts : 1. Exit Access, 2 . Exit, 3. Exit Discharge

FIRE EXIT

Per head user person width of exit ------------------------- without sprinkler system

Stair , Ramp & Corridor , Door 8 mm , 5 mm , 4 mm.

With sprinkler system -------------------- Stair , Ramp & Corridor , Door

PAGE-3066

5mm , 4 mm , 4 mm.

FIRE EXIT PASSAGE WAY DISTANCE PAGE-3067

Maximum required for 50 person -------------------- 23 m

Design Criteria:

01 Maximum ground coverage (MGC) 50%

02 Basic FAR ( for 12 m road width ) 9.5

03 Podium 75% OF

LAND AREA

04 Additional ground coverage for Parking, Drive way, Paved

area

(25% of land

area)

05 Mandatory green area (25% of land

area)

Floor Area Ratio (FAR) = Total Floor Area / Land Area

Total Floor Area = Floor Area Ratio (FAR) * Land Area

= 9.5 * Land Area

FAR ANALYSIS

CASE STUDY

Project status: December 2012

PROJECT OVERVIEW

Project name: Babylonia

Architect: Mustapha Khalid Palash

Location: Bir Uttam Mir Shawkat Sarak, Tejgoan

Land area: 40 katha, 28818 sq.ft

Occupancy type: commercial

Building stories: 12 stories + 3 basement

No of floor: 14

Size of spaces: 4363-14566 sq.ft

No of lift: 5

Car parking :128+

Concept

The concept is to relate is to office space

with its surrounding environment and

cityscape through urban scaled gigantic

windows, let insiders enjoy the city

specifically the northern greener Dhaka.

The hanging garden of Babylon, the most

impressive example of ancient

architecture still

so relevant and so adaptable for

modern building concept of Green

Architecture.

Structural Design

Criteria

•Structural design parameters to be

based on BNBC, ACI and ASTM

code.

•For all service connections British /

Amerian / BNBC building code will

be followed

•Consider wind load up to 210km/hr.

•Building is design to sustain

earthquake load with return period of

100 years.

•All RCC works will withstand

crushing strengths of 4500 psi after

28 days curing period and for column

and 30000 psi for other member.

General Floors and terracesBest quality homogeneous tiles (RAK or equivalent 24“ * 24“

/ 16“ * 16") on general floors with good quality terrace tiles

(As per design)

Lift Lobby

Stair

Fire Exit

Toilet Block

Toilet Block Lift LobbyFire Exit Stair

Functions Of Core

Basement 1

Functions

1) Lift lobby

2) Stair

3) Stair

4) Generator room

5) Substation

6) Ramp

7) Driver’s waiting

Car parking – 34 car

1

3

1

24

6 6

7

Basement 2

Functions

31

2

4

5

4

1) Lift lobby

2) Stair

3) Chiller room

4) Driver’s waiting

5) ) Ramp

Car parking – 48 car

Basement 3Functions

1. Stair

2. Pump Room

3. Drivers Waiting

4. Water Reservoir

5. Car Parking- 46 car

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

1. Lift Lobby

2. Stair

3. Fire Exit

4. Toilet Block

5. Commercial space 423 sq.ft

6. Commercial Space 5311 sq.ft

7. Void Above

8. Water Body

9. Entry Plaza

18ft wide internal drive way Control

Room

BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (AS PER DESIGN)

Air Distribution System.

Ventilation System

The ventilation for car parking lot.

cooling plant (includes chiller, condenser pump, chiller water pump & extant

fan from chiller room) will be monitored & controlled by chiller management

system (CMS) in coordination with BMS.

Public area lighting via lighting control system.

air conditioning system such as AHUs, VAV, pumps, fans etc.

Chillers. heat exchanges & pumps via chiller manager with high level

interface.

•Metering (main utility meters) including

gas, water & electricity.

•Generators (monitoring).

•fire alarms (high level interface).

•Smoke control fans (monitoring)

•Main power supply system (monitoring)

•Lifts (high level interface)

•Security system(monitoring)

•Fire & domestic water level in water tanks

(monitoring)

•Sufficient height of basement one to

arrange multi level car parking in future.

1.Lift Lobby

2.Stair

3.Fire Exit

4.Toilet Block

5.Commercial space

CASE STUDY-02FIELD SURVAY, DHAKA

A.Bangladesh chemical industry corporation

(BCIC).Architect: Bashirul haq.

B.Babiloniya, Tajgao.Architect: khan Md. Mostafa kahled Polas

SUMME

R

WIND

FLOW

SUNPATH DIAGRAM(BCIC)

N

W

S

E

BCIC

TowerLocation: Motijheel,Dhaka

Land area: 25710 sq ft

Built area: 292214 sq ft

Architect: Bashirul haq

Building Types: Official

Height Total: 240ft

Stories: 19

Basement: 1

CASE STUDY-02FIELD SURVAY, DHAKA

A.Bangladesh chemical industry corporation

(BCIC).Architect: Bashirul haq.

B.Babiloniya, Tajgao.Architect: khan Md. Mostafa kahled Polas

SUMME

R

WIND

FLOW

SUNPATH DIAGRAM(BCIC)

N

W

S

E

BCIC

TowerLocation: Motijheel,Dhaka

Land area: 25710 sq ft

Built area: 292214 sq ft

Architect: Bashirul haq

Building Types: Official

Height Total: 240ft

Stories: 19

Basement: 1

• Reinforced concrete

– large net tension forces exist can negate the inherent efficiency of concrete in compression resistance

– Walls become thick

• Concrete

– Fire-resistance, in particular of lift and piping shafts, is good

– Execution is efficient

– Lateral forces can be transmitted employing the surrounding skeleton

– sufficient stiffness

Materials:

CASE STUDY-03LITARATURE SURVAY, FOREIGN

A.EDDIT TOWER , SINGAPOREArchitect: Dr.Ken yeang

B.Babiloniya, Tajgao.Architect: khan Md. Mostafa kahled Polas

Architect : T.R. Hamzah & Yeang Sdn

Bhd

Client:

URA (Urban Redevelopment

Authority) Singapore (Sponsor)

EDITT (Ecological Design in The

Tropics) (Sponsor)

NUS (National University of

Singapore) (Sponsor)

Location: Junction of Waterloo Road

and Victoria Street, Singapore

Nos. of Storeys: 26

Date Start:1998 (Competition: design)

Completion Date: Pending Areas:

Total gross area: 6,033 sqm

Total nett area: 3,567.16 sqm

Total area of plantation: 3,841.34 sqm

Site Area: 838 sqm

Plot Ratio: 7.1EDITT Tower – Project Team

Principal-in-charge: Dr. Ken Yeang

Project Architect: Andy Chong

Design Architects: Ridzwa Fathan (PIC), Claudia Ritsch,

Azman Che Mat

Design Team: Azuddin Sulaiman, See Ee Ling

Drafting: Sze Tho Kok Cheng

C&S and M&E Engineers: Battle McCarthy (London)

Embodied Energy Expert: Bill Lawson (University of

Sydney)

Swan & Maclaren Architects: James Leong (Architect-of-

Record)

EDITT Tower – Building Information

Design Features

Our design sets out to demonstrate an

ecological approach to tower design. Besides

meeting the Client’s program requirements for

an exposition tower (i.e. for retail, exhibition

spaces, auditorium uses,etc.), the design has

the following ecological responses

Loose- fit design (e.g Sky courts,

removable partition,

Removable floor, mechanical-jointing,

flexible design).(Increase space function

reusability over the-150 years Life span) .

Level-2:Service core, food court.

Level-3:Service core, Art & craft stalls.

Level-4:Same of ass level 3

Dr. Yeang is among the leaders who

seek to prove not only that wind,

rain, sun and nature can and should

be in harmony with human

development, but that the

ecologically balanced urban

environment is itself a living

organism

Level-5:Service core, food court.

Level-6:Service core, Cafe.

Level-9:Service core, Auditorium, Seating area.

Level-10:Service core, sky park, seating, upper

link.The architects have completed a study

of the embodied energy and

greenhouse-gas efficiency of the

building materials as well, but have

opted in some cases for higher energy

intensity construction materials,

especially the solar panels due to their

payback in energy during the life of

the building and recyclable building

materials such as steel and

aluminium. Composite timber-floor

cassettes will replace the commonly

used concrete floors to achieve gains

in energy-efficient construction.

The building will have over 55% water self-sufficiency

based on collection or rainwater and water reuse relying on

built-in filter systems. In a country which captures less

than 60% of its own fresh water needs and is currently

reliant on its neighbor, Malaysia, for water, this is an

especially important feature.

The EDITT tower will achieve

almost 40% energy self-

sufficiency through a system of

solar panels.The 26-story high-rise will boast

photovoltaic panels, natural

ventilation, and a biogas generation

plant all wrapped within an

insulating living wall that covers half

of its surface area. The verdant

skyscraper was designed to

increase its location’s bio-diversity

and rehabilitate the local ecosystem

in Singapore’s ‘zero culture’

metropolis.

SOM: Diagonal tower yongsan

international business district

Structural columns will be concealed within the building's faceted glass skin, while a series of shading fins will help to reduce solar gain.

Diagonal Tower

Structure in General

skyscraper Building type

Building status planned [approved]

Facade material glass

Usage

Main usage commercial office

Side usage shop(s)

Location

Address as text Yongsan International

Business District

City Seoul

Province Seoul Metropolitan City

Country South Korea

Technical Data

Height

(architectural) 343.00 m

Floors (above

ground)

64

Construction end 2016

Involved Companies

Architect:

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

Features & Amenities

Sky lobby is present

Identification

Name Diagonal Tower

Daniel libeskindArchitect

aerial view night viewAerial view Night view

auditorium night view

sky lobby cafeteria

sky lobby fitness center

Tower base

Auditorium from south east

Interior lobby

A small auditorium will be housed in an adjacent glazed cube covered in matching netting.

RENDERED SITE PLAN

(left) typical square tower form

(middle) rotated to address seoul

landmarks

(right) diagonal mega frame increase

structural efficiency

(left) faceted form decreases effects of the wind

(right) louvers spacing and orientation varies for

optimal shading on each facet

Diagonal Tower is a 343-meter-tall office building in the Yongsan International Business

District,

62-story tower provides over 145,000 square meters of open office space, two double-height sky lobbies with a cafeteria and fitness center, and a penthouse executive lounge.

includes two retail pavilions and a multifunctional auditorium, cubic in dimension, directly to

the west of the tower.

rotated 45 degrees at one third the height of the tower and then rotated again at two thirds the height of the tower.

A megaframe carries loads diagonally

vertical columns running along the facade at 12 meter spacing.

The structural diagonal grid mitigates wind and seismic forces and uses 25% less steel than a

conventionally framed building.

Located to the west of the tower, a perfectly cubic 40m x 40mx 40m glass auditorium provides

multifunctional space

Akramul haque : 2013200600018

Tazrina akter: 2012200600017

Abdul alim :2012200600001

Tania akter suny: 2012100600008