Final Presentation 2010 Up
Transcript of Final Presentation 2010 Up
Systematic analysis of algal bio-fuel production integrated with domestic wastewater treatment in
Armenia
By: Mambreh GharakhaniSupervisors: Dr. Artak Hambarian
Dr. Edwin SafariReferee: Dr. Aram HajianSpecial Thanks to: Dr.Knel TouryanSpecial Thanks to: Prof. Evrik Afrikian
Assessment of the economic and technical feasibility and efficiency of wastewater treatment using algae and influencing parameters based on past experience
ObjectivesEvaluation of the effect of the proposed scheme on reducing
carbon emission (Green house Gas),and sustainable development
Contents of presentation
a. Problemb. What is Algaec. Algae cultivation technologiesd. Algae harvesting e. Oil extractionf. Biodiesel productiong. Future workh. Conclusion
Green house gasses(CO2, NO2, CH4) Biomass, Biofuel fertilizer, etc..
The plan (?)
Algae
Waste water
Armenia like other former Soviet Union member states, has suffered from lack of technical and financial support to properly operate wastewater treatment plants.
Problems Related to Armenia
The existing networks collect waste water from 60-80% of urban areas, while rural areas do not basically have sewage systems, so that waste water is entirely discharged into the river basin.
We are DyingEutrophication (algal bloom)
What is Algae?
Algae : Sea weedsAlgae : Pond Scum
Bad Attitude
Algae : Frog Spittle
Algae: simple plants, they do not have complex system (Xylem and phloem) to circulate water and nutrients
multicellular forms: seaweed (Macro algae) and unicellular species which Microalgae: unicellular ,exist individually, or in chains or groups
Autotrophic: Using sunlight
Heterotrophic: does not require sunlight and Use organic Carbon (CH2O)n instead
carbon dioxide + water + sunlight→ carbohydrate + oxygen
Algae are the source of planet’s oxygen and absorb most of CO2 – “Dirty Water”. Species flourish in brackish, Saline and wastewater. • Wastewater nutrients support highly productive algal cultures
scientists are trying to speed up the same process by mass producing the algal cells and consequently develop methods to use them in transportation fuel production, (Biofuel-Biodiesel)
According to scientists fossil fuels have been biologically produced from prehistoric Algae during past million years.
It has been estimated that about 200,000-800,000 species exist of which about 35,000 species are known.
Composition of microalgae (dry basis): protein (12–35%); lipid (7.2–23%); carbohydrate (4.6–23%).
Microalgae
•Biodiesel and bioethanol are two potential renewable fuels that have attracted the most attention.
Wide-scale production of crops for biodiesel feedstock can cause an increase in worldwide food and commodity prices
Biomass: is low cost plant matter for production of commodities (feeds, fuels, foods, fibers, chemicals)
Algae yield: 30 tones/acre. year Other crops: 15 tones/ acre. year
comparison of oil yield for various oilseed crops
Source: Bennenmen,2008
Well we can! >> Micro-algae will do all these things
Micro algae
Imagine if we could
•Grow a fuel without using land
•Grow a fuel without polluting the atmosphere
•Harvest a crop every day instead of yearly
•Generate up to 300 times more biomass per acre
•Grow Crops in both fresh and sea water, also in wastewater
(sewage)Bonus: microalgae can be used in the wastewater treatment as the micro organisms influencing the cleaning process
• Sunlight
What algae needs for growth and productivity of biomass?A little bit of everything…
•Micronutrients (Trace elements): Fe, B, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cu, SO4, Co, Al, Br, Etc..
•Temperature
•Water (Fresh, brackish, wastewater, etc.)
•Supply of carbon dioxide (use exhaust of power plants)
•Macronutrients: C, N, P, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Cl, NO3, NH4
The energy - in the form of biomass - that can be obtained via photosynthesis thus depends on the level of PAR and the efficiency of the conversion process Q.
Ebiomass = PAR x Q
Micro algae eight photons to capture one molecule of CO2 into
carbohydrate (CH2O)n Given that one mole of CH2O has a heating
value of 468kJ and that the mean energy of a mole of PAR photons is 217.4kJ, then the maximum theoretical conversion efficiency of PAR energy into carbohydrates is:
468kJ/(8 x 217.4kJ) = 27%
In Practical Case: decreases to 10%
Energy from photosynthesis
1
234
5
Microalgae were first mass cultured on rooftop at MIT during the early 1950s, first mention of algae biofuels in report of that project.
Which Algae Production Technology?
The energy shocks of the 1970s led renewed study of microalgae biofuels, methane combination with wastewater treatment .
1980 - 1995
•Open raceway paddle wheel mixed ponds now used by 98% commercial microalgae production •High Rate Algal Ponds are the most economical technology but are presently not cost effective for biofuel production alone.(Dr.JasonPark,2009)
Which Algae Production Technology?
Closed photobioreactors are economic for high value applications (nutraceuticals) but are presently not cost effective for biofuel production
Which Algae Production Technology?
Technologies Based On wastewater treatment
Biodiesel production from algae grown in wastewater has the potential to address three important goals:
1.Development of new energy sources (oil production)
2.Management of agricultural wastes to protect aquatic environment
3. Reduction of the global anthropogenic green house effect
Direct CostDirect production costs(combined annual maintenance and operating costs) contribute highest: 68%Nutrient expenses: 33.7%Labor and overheads: 24%Water: 16%Electricity: 7%
Ideal Goal: Biofuels from Algae: using Non-Fresh Water Sources
Implementation of proposed technology in real life in one of the major treatment centers
• site location is selected to model a possible facility for wastewater treatment trough algal technology• The site is in city of Gavar near to second largest wastewater treatment plant•It dumps the incomplete treated wastewater with a flow rate of 2400 cubic meter per day. •The average temperature in the coldest month is take 5•By this example I try to model the economics: cost, efficiency, investment, and environmental impact of the proposed method.
The current wastewater treatment in Gegharkunik Marz
Capital Cost Comparison between WWT technologies + 80000 $ each year for maintenance
Total electricity requirements measured in kWh/MGD at various flowrates
Comparative capital cost for Different WWT Technologies
Same latitude as Denver city~ 30000 liters oil/ hectare . Year (Kristina M. Weyer, Al Darzins, “Theoretical and maximum algal production”, Springerlink.com)
22000)30000
50% -60%
•The wastewater treatment plants is located on the territory of Gegharkunic Marz•The local economy is improving in a very slow rate •BOD5 and suspended solids values were very low: not metered water consumption, leaking water pipes causing large infiltration amounts in the sewers and connections existing between sewerage and storm water network.
Flow rate: 3200 m3/dayAverage temp of coldest month: 5 ° c
min. monthly average (January) ° C - 15max. monthly average (August) ° C + 17
Momodelind sample
Population In Gavar 30000
Per capita water consumption 100Percent wastewater generatation 80%Wastewater inflow (m3/day)Li : wastewater BOD5 (mg/liter) 350K20 (day-1) 0.3T : average temperature of coldest month
5 ° C
Le: effluent BOD5 -Standard - (mg/liter) 60
30000 × 100 × 80% × 10-3 = 2400
Table. 1: Input parameters for wastewater in Gavar
The Alternative options for the solution (Cultivation of algae)
1. The traditional wastewater ponds system
2. Advance integrated wastewater treatment
3. Photobioreactor integrated with wastewater treatment
Algal biomass harvesting
Oil extraction
1. Traditional wastewater ponds
II. Secondary facultative pond (algal high rate pond)
IV. Maturation pond
I. Primary Facultative pond
III. Algae settling ponds
anaerobic bacteria
intermediate zone1-3
aerobic bacteria and algae
I. Primary Facultative pond
Biological Oxygen Demand
NH4- ammonia is the source of nitrogen
Wastewater treatment High Rate Algal Ponds are presently the only option for cost-effective biofuel production due to co-benefits of wastewater treatment, nutrient recovery and GHG abatement + The various byproducts.
II. Secondary facultative pond (algal high rate pond)
Settling ponds
To increase the concentration of algae in up to 3 g/l
Decrease the operational and power consumption costs
50 to 80 percent of algae can be removed.
If higher degrees of algae are required secondary harvesting method is required.
IV. Maturation pond
I. Advanced Facultative pond
III. Algae settling ponds
2. Advanced Integrated Wastewater Ponds System
II. Secondary facultative pond (algal high rate pond)
Effluent
Algal Settling Ponds
Raw Wastewater
0.1- 0.3 m deep
High Rate Pond
Paddlewheel (3–6 rpm)
Advanced Facultative Pond
4.0 - 6.0 m deep
Fermentation
pit
1.0-2.0 m deep
Maturation Pond
1.0 m deep
Advanced Integrated Ponds system
Example: High Rate Ponds in Florida
Algae growth in HRP
200 m2 Raceway Vero Beach
3. Photo bioreactor integrated with wastewater
To produce 2 million gallons of biodiesel per year Unit NoteNumber of 1200L Biofence System(60% Oil Content) units 3,441
Size of Facility Needed (50% Oil Content) m2 63,931
- Assumed 10'W X 20'L- Assumed 1 layer layout
Stacked up (2 layers) m2 2,970 Stacked up (3 layers) m2 1,980
Area Calculated for Photo bioreactor for 2 million gallons of biodiesel
Flocculation
Auto flocculationPrimary harvesting
Algae Harvesting
Concentration of diluted algae suspension until a thick Algae paste is obtained
Centrifugation
Oil extraction
Extracting oil from algae paste (algal bio mass) with 90-95% efficiency
Solvent extraction: Using Hexane + Mechanical Pressing
Oil extraction from photobioreactor
TransesterificationTransesterification is the process that the algae oil must go through to become biodiesel. It is a simple chemical reaction requiring only four steps and two chemicals:1. Mix methanol and sodium hydroxide creates sodium methoxide2. Mix sodium methoxide into algae oil3. Allow to settle for about 8 hours4. Drain glycerin and filter biodiesel to 5 microns
Algal oil to Biodiesel
Option 1 Option 2 Option 3
WW Inflow rate (m3/day) Up to 3000 Up to 3000 Up to 1000
Land requirement (ha) 70 17 Up to 1 hectare
ANNUAL ENERGY REQUIREMENT (MJ/YEAR)
7200 14400 3600
Total WW treatment efficiency (%) 80-85% 85-90% 85%
Algae production (ton/year) 100000 200000 300000
Algal oil production (ton/year) 100 100-500 >10000
Biofuel production (ton/year) 90 450 100000
Equivalent fossil fuel (ton/year) 126 630 900
Emission Reduction (ER) (ton CO2 equivalent/year)
500 1200 1500
WW treatment plant investment cost($)
440000 215000 400000
WW treatment plant operating costs ($/year)
60000 85000 200000
Technical summary of options table .1
Future Work
o If enough investment is affordable in the field, Photo bioreactors can be used for biodiesel production, also for local wastewater treatment.
o Onsite systems which are flexible and can be moved can be usedoDecentralized systems provide very effective and sustainable wastewater treatment near the source
ConclusionAlgae is the part of solution and had lots of advantages• Wastewater treatment is cost competitive nowA. Biofuel production cost covered by treatment feesB. 1,100 ton/year CO2 abattement per 100,000 populationC. Industrial and agricultural wastewater also can be treatedD. Harvesting costs decrease due to biofloculations • Lipids
produced – 25% lipid content, current maximum – 1500 gallons per acre per year (best est.)
Global warming is a fact that needs to be stopped•The future of transportation is in biofuels specially algae
Special thanks….
Dr. AntonyanDr. Al. Darzin, NREL
Dr. Treq Lundquist, CalPol University
Kate Riley ,Yield EnergyRyan Davis, NREL
Mark van Schagen, Evodos
Special thanks to familyAnd friends
Also Siranush Vopyan
Qu…es…tion???
Thanks for your attention!