Final ppg 520 group ppt (group 5)

PPG 520Group Presentation

onEmpirical Investigation on Adoption of E-governance Services in Developing

Countries and Ethical Issues

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Content• Basics of the Article• Overview of the Article• Introduction: E - governance• E – governance in Developing

Countries: Nepal & Others• The Case of Sri Lanka• The Case of Bangladesh• Discussion (Shortcomings &

Critics)10/27/2015

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Basics of the Article

• Article :

Empirical Investigation on Adoption of E-governance Services in Developing Countries and Ethical Issues• Authors: Gajendra Sharma, Xi Bao and Wang Qian in 2012• Source : International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2 (12), p. 19 – 27.10/27/2015

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What They have covered?Key Words

E – governancepublic

participation Citizen’

Adoptionpublic service

deliveryEthics

Areas

Implementation

Developing Count.

South AsiaNepal

Findings

Capacity Challenges

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Introduction: E – governance

Using information and communication

technologies (ICTs) at various levels of the government and the

public sector and beyond, for the

purpose of enhancing governance

(Bedi, Singh and Srivastava, 2001;

Holmes, 2001; Okot-Uma, 2000).

E - government

The use of ICT and its application by the

government for the provision of

information and public services to the

people (Global E-

Government Readiness Report

2004).10/27/2015

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E - governmentAs a tool to: • provide faster and better communication, • increase competition, • minimize unrestricted power by efficient

services, and• allowing public to conduct transactions

among themselves.Perspectives• e-service, e-management, e-democracy and

e-commerceDomains• governance, ICTs, business process re-

engineering and e-citizens10/27/2015

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Four Types of E – government Interactions

G2G• Interaction among government officials (Inter &

Intra)• e – mail, software applications

G2C

• Interaction of individual citizens with government.• e – payment, Downloading govt. forms • Singapore : e - Citizen Portal (

https://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/Pages/default.aspx)

G2B• Interaction of Business entities with government.• Tax filing, govt. procurement by internet• Malaysia : e - Perolehan website (

home.eperolehan.gov.my)

G2E• interaction between the government and government

employees• salary, pension, and vacation leave• Bangladesh: Personnel Management Information

System (PMIS) (http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd) 10/27/2015

https://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/Pages/default.aspx

http://home.eperolehan.gov.my/

http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/

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E – governance in Developing Countries

1. Background – - Promote complicated

ways to active public participation,

- Offer more effective access to e – government services,

- Rapid growth of ICT, - Traditional to

electronic,- Aims to improve

public service delivery, improve access to information and services, and increase government transparency and accountability.

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Cont.2. Citizen’s adaptation• Public desire is crucial• Low – level adoption (needs and

requirements of citizens are ignored) • Back to traditional methods (Only system not

trustworthiness)• Public should have a higher level of trust in

government and the Internet.• Trust e-government

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“adoption can only take place, when people have a high level of trust both in government as well

as in the Internet”

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Cont.3. Researches on

E – government :

a) Supply side (Govt. infrastructures & Policies), not the Demand side (Citizen’s perspective)

b) Ignored the Human factor

c) On issues in e – govt. development & delivery

d) Categorized nations in terms of technology / policy development

e) National & Local E – government services along with development progress

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Cont.4. Implementation issues• The successful implementation is crucial.• Challenges for citizens and governments:

a) lack of awareness of e-government services ,

b) Resources (Human, Physical, and Financial)c) Access,d) trust, e) security concerns, f) digital divide,g) Citizen’s desire on traditional methods.

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Factors Impeding an Enabling E - governance Environment in Developing Countries

Core Factors Symptoms Consequences1. Institutional

Weakness• Insufficient Planning • Unclear Objectives

• Inadequate Designed Systems

• Cost Over - Runs2. Human Resources • Shortage of qualified

Personal • Lack of Professional

Training

• Insufficient Support• Isolation from

sources of technology

3. Funding Arrangements

• Underestimated Project Costs

• Lack of recurring expenditure

• Unfinished Projects• Higher Maintenance

Costs

4. Local Environment • Lack of Vendor representation

• Lack of Back–up systems

• Lack of qualified technical support

• Implementation Problems

5. Technology & Information changes

• Limited Hardware/ Software

• Inappropriate Software

• System Incompatibility

• Over-reliance on` Customer Applications

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Source: Benchmarking E-government : A Global Perspective Assessing the UN Member States, United Nations – DPEPA, 2002, P. 10.

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E - Governance: NepalUnited Nations E – government Survey, 2014• The government of

Nepal has been working towards a holistic e-government transformation to provide better services to citizens, improve transparency and to work towards the knowledge based society (United Nations, 2014: 41).

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1. government portal, 2. national ID,3. e-Education, 4. infrastructure, 5. enterprise

architecture, 6. Public Key

Infrastructure,7. Integrated Data 8. Training Center and

groupware.

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Cont.1. Goal : To increase efficiency, effectiveness,

transparency, and accountability in enhancing delivery of public services to its people.

2. Obstacles : Lack of IT infrastructure and Cultural issues.

3. Achievements & Weaknesses : a) The growth of telecom facilities is

satisfactory but still the rate of use of internet is low (13.3% in 2013).

b) More than 35 internet service providers.c) e – Government Master plan (EGMP) in2006d) Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC)

has completed.10/27/2015

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The major e-governance projects and implementing organizations in Nepal

Project components Responsible organization

1. Rural e-connectivity • Wireless broadband network • Village network • Tele centers

Ministry of Information and Communication

2. Government network • Government information and data center • Government groupware

Ministry of Science and Technology

3. E-government application • Enterprise Architecture • NID/Citizen • E-Gov. in Public Service Commission • Land Records Management • Vehicle Registration Driving License • Online registration, online tender • Personal record system and data center • Digital citizenship • Website and e-mail management

High Level Commission for IT Ministry of Home Affairs Public Service Commission Ministry of Land Reform Management Ministry of Land Reform Management

4. Human resource development Ministry of General Administration

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Source: Sharma, Bao and Peng, 2014. Public Participation and Ethical Issues on E-governance: A Study Perspective in Nepal, p. 89.

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Status of South AsiaE – government Ranking in South Asia

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Country World E – government Ranking

SA Rank

EGDI 2012

EGDI 2014

2008

2010

2012 2014 2014

Maldives 95 92 95 94 02 0.4994 0.4813

Sri Lanka 101 111 115 74 01 0.4357

0.5418

India 113 119 124 118 03 0.3829 0.3834

Pakistan 131 146 156 158 06 0.2823 0.2580

Bhutan 134 152 152 143 04 0.2942 0.2829

Bangladesh

142 134 150 148 05 0.2991

0.2757

Nepal 150 153 164 165 07 0,2664

0.2344

Afghanistan

167 168 184 173 08 0.1701 0.1900

Source: United Nations E-government Survey Reports, 2012 and 2014

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Cont.4. The human capital • An important part of e-government adoption

in the countries. • Human Capital index is a fundamental base

of e-government development and adoption. • Nepal human capital is not well improved for

the development and implementation of e-government system (Index 106 out of 124 countries, Sri Lanka – 60, Bangladesh – 99, World Economic Forum, 2015: 10).

• E – participation Index (2014) in Nepal is 0.2941, Rank 110 (UNPACS,2015).

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Cont.• E-Participation Index, 2014

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Country Rank 2010

Rank 2012

Rank 2014

(out of 192)

EPART 2014

Rank Change

Sri Lanka 82 109 33 0.6471 +76India 58 75 40 0.6275 +35Bangladesh

102 109 84 0.3922 +25

Bhutan 117 134 92 0.3529 +42Pakistan 68 89 97 0.3333 -8Nepal 127 134 110 0.2941 +24Maldives 117 134 117 0.2745 +17Afghanistan

127 89 152 0.1373 -63Source: United Nations, UNPACS, 2015, http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Data-Center.

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E - readiness Index of SAARC Countries

Country 2008World Rank

2010World Rank

Maldives 95 92Sri Lanka 101 111India 113 119Pakistan 131 134Bhutan 134 146Bangladesh 142 152Nepal 150 153Afghanistan 167 168

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Source: United Nations E – Government Survey, 2008, 2010

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Cont.5. Literacy• An important and necessary step of

development and implementation of e-government.

• Literacy Rate Nepal – 76.4 (M), 53.1 (F) (The World FactBook Data, 2015)

6. Per Capita Income• Per Capita Income is a most powerful index

for development.• Nepal – 7 out of 8 (US$ 730) in 2014 (World

Bank, 2015)• A big challenge for the implementation of e-

government system

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Cont.7. Future• In Five years: - Govt. agencies interconnected via network - Provide Public – Centric & Transparent

Services- Establish the knowledge-based society - At the end, Nepal will maximize the use of

ICT to create values for individuals, organizations and all other parts of society, and create synergy effect through networking.

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E – governance: The Case of Sri Lanka

Year Event1983

National Computer Policy (COMPOL)

2002

e - Sri Lanka project (the ICT development roadmap to achieve e-governance by the year 2007)

2003

ICT Act No. 27 of 2003

2003

Establishment of the Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka (ICTA)

2009

e – governance policy (by ICT experts from the public sector, private sector and academia conducted meetings, workshops and conferences since 2004)10/27/2015

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e – Sri Lanka programVision

Take the dividends of ICT• to every village,• to every citizen,• to every business

and also• transform the way

government think and works

Major components

• Bridging of the digital divide,

• Dissemination of ICT to regions,

• Provinces away from Colombo, and to the rural areas.

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Objectives

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1. Provide more convenient and better services to citizense - Motor Revenue License Project collaborated with SLIDA (3 – 5 minute Service)

2. Participation of clientsInforming the shortcomings of the services provided by local government authorities and submission of grievances, (www.gic.gov.lk)

3. Use of Social Media for providing better servicesFacebook, Viber, YouTube and etc.

http://www.gic.gov.lk/

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Cont.

4. Better relationships with clientsThe Government Information Center -1919 (Information about193 Organizations, 1450 Services)

5. Good governance: (A) Efficiency and EffectivenessBirth, Marriage and Death Certificate Digitization (BMD) Project E - Human Resource Management (e HRM) Project(B) Transparency(C) Responsiveness(D) Inclusion and participation

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Cont.

GIC | Sri Lanka – 6, 37 (online service delivery)

A – Z Gov. web index, 108 e-services for citizens, 51 e-services for businesses, 10 non-residence related e-services

extensive mobile and SMS servicesan e-participation portal

government forms a whole-of-government strategy 10/27/2015

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Impact on Marginalized Groups The Nenasala Project• ICT knowledge centers, e – Library, Distance & e –

Learning centers, Tsunami camp Nanasala for rural and semi – urban population.

• Aims infrastructure requirements in ICT• Poverty reduction, socio – eco. Development, peace

building e – society fund• Promoting social applications of ICT in support of

poverty reduction, vulnerable groups, and rural development.

• Provides small grants to catalyze innovation in ICT• Rural poor, women, displaced persons, disables,

minorities Re-engineering Government Program (Re - Gov)• focused on sustainable improvements in the GOSL

efficiency, transparency, effectiveness, and quality of services.

• Databases on Public, Land, and Company register• Information centers, e – Monitoring, e – Foreign

employment, e – Divisional Secretariat. 10/27/2015

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E – governance ethics

Ethical issues:• e – communication

legislation• e – commerce legislation• e – procurement

legislation• e – database legislationE – governance implication needs to : • Make the trust of people,• Make sure the data &

transactions of information are secure,

• Make public information safe and private

• Ensure information systems & Individual rights

• Legislation on Intellectual Property Rights (Intellectual Property Act No. 36 of 2003, enhanced Copyright Protection for Software)

• Computer Crime (Computer Crimes Act No. 24 of 2007)

• Evidence (Special Provisions) Act No. 14 of 1995

• Electronic transactions (Electronic Transactions Act No. 19 of 2006)

• Data Protection (European Union Directive 95/46/EC, 1995)

ICT Legal Refor

ms: Sri Lanka

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The way forward

ChallengesIdentification of “champions” within the relevant Government agenciesChanging political environment

Unrest on the part of the stakeholderPoor managed civil service, weak leadership and lack of coordination among higher authorities

Lessons Learned

Need an effective communication strategy.Need proper concern on local ownership.Building national implementation capacity

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E-Governance: The Case of Bangladesh

• service at doorsteps through ICTs is vital to – establish a democratic and transparent

government– fight against poverty – ensure

• government accountability• decentralization • providing effective and efficient service delivery

to citizens.• the present Government of Bangladesh

has took the vision of creating a digital Bangladesh by 202110/27/2015

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Some Important Achievements

• IT policy 2009• a2i under PMO• BCC Data Center• Union Digital Center• Video Conferencing• E-filing at government offices• National Portal Framework

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Some Important Achievements

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Some Successes

• Examination conduct /Result publishing– Department of primary and mass education, – Public University admission test

• providing the prescribe form, collect the form, taking exam and publishing result.

– provide result through mobile massaging system.

• Finance Division– has one central datacenter and one disaster

recovery site at CGA– one central application IBAS is now working

maintaining and controlling total accounts and budget.

– one central own mail system

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Some Successes• MOPA

– web base a PMIS database • Roads and Highway

– Website: Contractor database, Tender database, S

• National Board of Revenue (NBR)– software applications

• ASYCUDA++ (Automated System for Customs Data), • CIMS (Customer Information Management System). • TAN System, TCAN (Tax Collection Account No), • CCS (Challan Collection System). • VIS (VAT Information System) • VMIS (VAT Management Information System).

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Some Successes

• Election Commission – process of automation of the Voter list– ID card using for various purposes like

Passport, driving license, identity, crime detection and other facilities

• E-Tendar– CPTU to start e-procurement system – initially in some government organization – it will be implemented to total government – will reduce corruption, monopoly, partiality,

misuse 10/27/2015

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Some Successes• Bangladesh Railway

– ticket selling automation system – E-ticketing– Rail tracking

• Passport Office – providing Machine Readable Passport

(MRP)• Bangladesh Police

– have own mail system, criminal database– have different office connectivity and may

share data– have a very rich website10/27/2015

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Some Successes

• Digitized Land Management– customized application software for

Imaging, Archiving, Retrieving and Printing of Khatian and Mouza Maps

• Bangladesh Bank – fully computerized public institutions– automated:

• export receipts; import payments; • scheduled bank advances, deposits, bills, debits• central accounts of Bangladesh; • exchange rates; • monetary survey; broad money survey; • wage earners’ remittance10/27/2015

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Some Successes• Board of Investment

– one of the most sophisticated e-Government software applications having service tracking system

• BANBEIS under Ministry of Primary and Mass Education – a GIS map-based software that provides

information on • density of academic institutions in particular

regions, • individual institution-level data, and • other useful educational statistics

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Some Successes

• Bangladesh Supreme Court– a database system that contains all cases

history– citizens can easily get access to cause lists

and daily important orders from the court

• Bangladesh Post Office– mobile money order and postal cash card

service have made remittances to the rural area even easier10/27/2015

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PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING E-GOVERNANCE IN BANGLADESH

• Internet connectivity – Many of the government offices are

• out of Internet connection or • using very slow Internet connection

• Internal network – All Government offices of different

ministries of Bangladesh • are not within the same network• cannot share their data with another

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• Security issues – the source of attacks can be

• internal or • external to the government.

• Central database problem– not any central database for citizen’s

access using through internet• Problems at financial sectors

– lack of national transaction gateway– no proper agreement with the international online

payment gateway and the Central bank of Bangladesh

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• Automation of government agencies – many websites, but public can not getting

the full benefits due to no-automation system• can not deposit annual income tax

• Use of computer– resistant to any kind of change in familiar working

environment– fear that computerization may make some people

redundant– think that computers are meant for low-level typist

kind of work– fear of getting important data lost

• Financial problems – government has to depend on foreign investors,

developed countries

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• Public awareness about government portal – government officials and public are

unaware about the e-Citizens Service application portal

• Lack of Training– do not have enough training

• ICT penetration – PC penetration (4.5 per 1000) is one of lowest – mobile penetration is quiet satisfactory

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• Lack of incentive for government officials– no system of discriminatory valuation of

personnel– use of IT is mostly

• self-motivated and • a matter of individual free choice

• Lack of reliable maintenance– no in-house maintenance personnel– external fund dries up, system dies

• Frequent, unpredictable transfer of government officials10/27/2015

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• Lack of necessary regulatory/legal framework– an e-mail has no official value – laws for electronic authentication

• Supply of electricity across the nation

• High-cost, low-reliability of Internet access

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Steps Should Be Taken

• Identify functional areas in all Ministry/ Division/ Department most necessary to be taken up and which are easily assessable to EG

• Make an inventory of existing applications/packages in use by different offices

• Create awareness and assist in database building activities in all Government/semi Government organization

• prescribe knowledge of computers as an essential qualification for recruitment/promotion of various levels

• Develop and integrate suitable models in areas of EG

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• wide participation of existing staff in computer literacy programs

• Develop system for seamless transfer of information between offices dealing with public administration

• Establish links worldwide with institutions engaged in similar activities for interchange of ideas and experiences

• Initiate amendments in Government Acts, Rules and Regulations under various Departments to put in place IT and web enabled citizen services

• Develop special pilot projects on Paperless Government-On-Line through use of web and IT

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• Develop systems for issuing and managing digital signatures/electronic signatures, smart cards

• Identify measures for suitable protection of data during filling up, transmission and against alterations

• Coordinate activities by the National Task Force on Information Technology and Software Development

• Infrastructure– Extend connectivity outside cities– Invest in reliable supply of electricity– Encourage local software companies to prepare

themselves– Invest in public IT literacy– Create and retain adequate IT human resource

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Some ethical and policy issues in e-Government

• Trust – In conventional analogue transactions the

rules of the game are well established – domains in the context of electronic

environments where the question of trust is relevant• Can we trust the information we obtain from the

Internet? • Are the computing systems upon which we rely

trustworthy? • Can we trust the people with whom we form

relationships?– factors may contribute

• limitation of interactions to textual exchanges • lack of physical presence• the lack of familiar frameworks of social

relationships

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• Social justice and 'the digital divide' – access to electronic services is in some sense

discriminatory – citizens are not able to have equal access to online

services because some do not have • either the technical means• or the necessary knowledge and expertise

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• authentic issues which should be considered while implementing e-governance – concerned authorities need to be accountable– value is required to connect with the community on

these issues– leadership is required to set proper and realistic

goals and policies.

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• Legality of decisions• Service continuity• Neutrality of the agents of the administration• Proximity and accessibility to the services• Participation in the process of decision

making• Quality and efficiency in the provision of

services• Transparency in management and information• Rapidity of responses• Confidentiality and respect of the private life

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Shortcomings and Observations• E – governance or E –

government?• Literature Review type• Authors tried to cover a vast area

(developing countries, related works, Nepal context, ethical issues)

• Many technological terms and data

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Thank You!Q & A

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Final ppg 520 group ppt (group 5)

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Transcript of Final ppg 520 group ppt (group 5)