Running Head: FACEBOOK AND EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENT 1FACEBOOK AND EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENT 17

A study on how Facebook affects the Self Esteem, Cognitive, and Socio emotional Development of AdolescentsMaria Ysabel Alyana L. ContyDe La Salle University

AbstractThis research study focuses on how Facebook, a social networking site affects the self esteem, cognitive, and socio emotional development of adolescents aged 15 18 years old. This paper will examine how an adolescent's development respond to the usage of social networking sites. it will focus on the negative and positive effects on Facebook. The study will involve 50 participants that will come from 2 exclusive schools. It will cover the scales used by Steinfield, Ellison, and Lampe (2008). This will measure the self - esteem of adolescents from the social networking site, Facebook. Keywords: social networking sites, Facebook, cognitive development, socio emotional development, self esteem

A study on how Facebook affects the Self Esteem, Cognitive, and Socio emotional Development of AdolescentsMedia is one way to incorporate a lot of ideas into one. Internet usage, specifically social networking sites is a big factor in the lives of the current generation. It is considered as one of the best ways of communication, transfer of ideas, and expression of self (Johnson, G.M., 2014). It shows how powerful this kind of media can be especially to the adolescents. Thus, this can give a big impact in the aspects of development of an individual.Social networking sites are commonly used forms of transmitting information. Based on studies, it is now the best way of communication. It is a world-wide spread phenomenon. Social networking sites include Facebook with 1.28 billion active users (Statista, 2014), Twitter, Myspace, and Instagram and the like. This is a widely used medium especially for this generation.Knowing this, it is now a big issue for the community especially for the part of education. Observing its existence is necessary for it affects the development of each individual. Most of the people nowadays when asked if they have a phone number or a way to communicate, they answer with, I have Facebook". It is a big phenomenon that clearly suggests that everyone is affected with the existence of the social networking site. A vivid aspect that is greatly affected by this social change is the human development.Human development is consisted with a lot of aspects. The main factors are cognitive development, socio-emotional development, and physical development. These factors are associated with how people or an individual progresses. It covers the whole being of how each one relates to their different communities. In relation to the human development, there is self esteem where people tend to see how competent they are with their daily challenges. It is often connected with socio emotional development, but it is really a branch of self concept. This is how one views oneself on how they perceive who they are, what they can achieve, and their worth. Thus, it clearly defines how they view themselves especially through their development.Each of the different aspects and factors of development can be affected with social changes.On Cognitive Development. Cognitive development is a way in which individuals are tested intellectually. It is a factor in which a person can be assessed through their mental capabilities and capacities. To increase the use of students mental capacities one must be able to provide changes and effective activities to enhance their skills. Easy transmission of information is one key to help provide fast and related topics to bring good education for the students (Aydin, B. & Sari, S.V., 2011). Social networking sites are used to help transmit information easily. It connects people especially through learning and communicating. Facebook, a social networking site, is clearly used as a medium for transferring learning and experiences for people nowadays. This is overly used especially for adolescents. Teachers and students mostly generates their casual conversation using Facebook. This does not only cover experiences in school but also through their homes. With this, learning becomes more versatile and engaging. The usage of Facebook clearly enhances their capabilities and skills with how they think and transmit communication. With cognitive development being more engaging and permissive for the students and teachers, the children's academic performance boosts and becomes more effective with the proper use of Facebook. According to Liu, Shen, Xu & Gao in 2012, internet access has become more popular as a medium for learning for students. It serves as a good way to establish student - teacher relationship at the same time learning through it. One of the medium for internet access is Facebook. Facebook gives students the privilege to communicate casually with their teachers, and still become transparent on how they learn through the skills taught by the teachers. Facebook does not only teach the students to be more engaging but also interested with their daily activities in school through online communication. It is considered by this generation as an influential pedagogical tool (Reid, G.G. & Boyer, W., 2013) for learning. It connects teachers, parents, students, and the community as they become a team for education.On Socio-emotional Development. Socio emotional development is an important aspect to which a person should be able to progress to interact with the community. Continuous communication and expression is how a person converses well with others. Facebook allows different individuals to engage themselves with the people around them. Knowing this, it is important to establish a persons ability to communicate well with everyone especially their society. To relate to them, there should be a big factor that connects them together.Facebook provides a way to help this connection become broader and stronger. It relates people from different races and countries to become one. The act of responding through comments, liking pictures, and sharing posts gives the people an ability to socialize. Socialization is greatly influenced with the presence of Facebook. Online socialization relates people from different cultures, places, and races in which they become more confident and versatile. Thus, Facebooks existence increases their communication development and boosts their ability to express themselves. Furthermore, the ability of one individual to engage with another is an interaction wherein exchange of experiences and sharing knowledge is a key to healthy socialization. Also, it provides better schema where people from across cultures can be knowledgeable of the influences of each country. It will provide existing friendships from around the world to become more intimate and closer where people can become relative and expressive.On Self Esteem. One factor that greatly influences how a person responds to everything is self esteem. Self esteem is an important factor in which individuals gain as they progress in life (Steinfield, C., Ellison, N., & Lampe, C., 2008). According to Brown as stated in Steinfield, Ellison & Lampe (2008), self esteem is a crucial aspect to acquire upon entering adulthood (p. 435). Researches have stated that to boost self esteem can be linked into the success of an individual in the latter years. Forming this aspect can help improve adolescent socialization and interaction especially in this generation.To maximize their self concept, it is important for them to interact frequently. Self concept merely means of how a person perceives himself (Jackson, L.A., et.al., 2010). It is a way of how a person shows himself towards others by actually knowing himself first. Self concept is the main branch of self esteem. It is very important for a person to understand who he is before he can relate with others. Thus in order for him to engage, he must be able to activate his inner relations and become more influential. Motivating himself in this fact is becoming more worthy on how they will view themselves in their social networking site, which is Facebook. This will give them the notion that they can become of a worthy person as they access online networks. They will become more influential not only to themselves but also to others. Facebook gives them a big chance in acquiring a lot of friends and become more engaging through the activities in their online networks. Sharing information, posting announcements, and providing comments boosts the confidence of each member of the community especially when given the freedom to do it. Online interactions help people engage freely with anyone, thus giving them self worth, boosting their self esteem. To confirm this notion, this paper will focus on the effect of Facebook on the development and self esteem of adolescents in the Philippines. This would include the hours of exposure, activity on Facebook (posting, sharing, liking, and commenting) and number of friends they have in and out of the network. It will also involve the gender, socio economic status, and parents guidance (on using the internet) of the adolescents in their current setting. Related studies will be discussed further as evidences, patterns and analyses for the study to be done in the Philippines. Furthermore, the research will involve surveys that will help establish the results of the problem.Review of Related LiteratureResearch studies believe that social networking sites are a huge trend in the current generation. A lot of articles have claimed that Facebook affects a lot of the factors of human development. It is considered as an outbreak for socialization and is often seen as a kerfuffle for students especially adolescents. Its presence is seen as an influence on how adolescents learn things that can turn out negatively in their whole being. It is often misunderstood as an unpleasant tool for learning.Social networking sites are utilized to help communication become fast, easy, and transparent (Aydin, B. & Sari, S.V., 2011). It increases relationships with their peers, teachers, relatives, and community. These sites are used to help provide information in all sectors of development. Thus, it becomes a big criticism in the world of education. Social networking sites has become a big change in society.Social change can become a critical issue especially if it affects the human development. Social networking sites are considered as a big influence in the social change of the current generation. For this, it was noted to have an influence on the development of the brain for the future adolescents, as stated by Jeter, A. in 2013. Although, there are still gaps in this study, it was considered to have a change on how the brain grows and develops with the presence of these social networking sites. Facebook, for one has been a huge criticism for educators and professionals. Thus, the existence of such online networks has become a big impact on society.In the article by Amichai Hamburger and Hayat in 2011, it was objected as a big help for the social well being of an individual. It is considered as a good source of information, announcements and a simple connection with peoples lives. Through the help of activities and posts done by users, the users get to be aware of the activities happening around them. As stated in the article, Internet usage can actually enhance the social lives of its users. (Amichai Hamburger & Hayat, 2011). It confirms that Facebook helps the users build up their relationships with people thus enhancing their capabilities to reach out and socialize with them. It engages the users and the online network to become more productive and relative.The impact done by Facebook on this notion clearly suggests that the use of a social networking site relates different peoples into a positive outcome. Socialization boosts as it is responded immediately, and so development comes after. The information transmitted in the online network shows how the users become aware of the current situations happening in their society. Thus, awareness and responsibility reacts to each user. Furthermore, users claim that they become even closer to their friends on their network and become more sociable with them in personal (Zhao as stated in Amichai Hamburger & Hayat, 2011). Not only that, they also suggested that they learn more through the help of chatting and observing comments from their posts and receiving opinions from individual persons. It clearly shows the healthy side of using social networking sites to help promote learning and development. Another article by Ljepava, Orr, Locke, and Ross in 2013 compared the difference between Facebook users and non users. It was established in the study that frequent users are suggested to have more intimate relationships with close friends and even closer when out of their online networks. Facebook users tend to become more engaging and sociable. They have time to reach out and be updated with all their friends and colleagues even without seeing personally. Thus, it gives them the chance to socialize through online networks. Given this notion, Facebook non users tend to become timid and self disclosed. It is a big help for them to realize that social networking sites have big benefits for them to reach out and become more active in having friends. Furthermore, having Facebook made them become more knowledgeable through ideas, information, and learning being shared with each individual. It also gave them a huge impact on expressing themselves with their friends, colleagues, and relatives (Sisman, B., Yoruk, S., Eleren, A., 2013). Thus, it gives them the freedom to reveal themselves to the crowd. On one note, it is important to see how much information is being shared on Facebook. On one article by Jordan Conde, Mennecke, and Townsend in 2013, it was released that people around the Facebook user should also be given security to provide a healthy access upon using Facebook. It is important to guide students or adolescents as they access their profiles. Socialization is healthy, but too much of it may give negative effects especially on how they compare themselves with their peers and classmates. Although, with proper guidance and eager explanations, they can use Facebook as a means of friendly interactions and a healthy boost for the self esteem of each individual. A model in which Facebook can relate to is the Self determination Theory. Self determination theory (SDT) aims to show that it is a theory for motivation. (Ryan, M. & Deci, E., 2000). Motivation perhaps is a big influence on how students or an individual reacts to changes in society. To be motivated is to have more self concept on doing things for the greater good. Facebook is one of the ways to help the current generation be motivated to learn. The presence of different members in Facebook constitutes the awareness of users that they are part of a group and community. Facebook invites users to be more self worthy, thus increasing motivation to work with peers, relatives and colleagues. According to Ryan and Deci in 2000, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation comes from interpersonal and intrapersonal exchanges. Thus, it enhances engagement and being involved with activities, such that it utilizes chemistry with people around the user. Facebook provides interpersonal at the same time intrapersonal activities that will activate motivation to learn from self and from others. This gives them the notion to become more compelling and an easy access for students to appreciate how Facebook works with their education (Ljepava, N., Orr, R.R., Locke, S. & Ross, C. 2013). In summary of all articles, Facebook has been a huge help in providing a good help for the students, teachers, parents, and relatives to connect with their adolescents. It has been a helpful tool in which education has mustered to develop activities. Facebook has become a pedagogical tool to increase learning and boost self - confidence. It also imbibes the abilities and capabilities of students. Not only that, recognition has been a big influence on how they view themselves to become worthy to their community.Theoretical FrameworkPeer influencesCommunity RelationsAcademic PerformanceSelf Concept / Self - Worth

Figure 1.0 Independent variable affecting the dependent variablesThe figure above shows how Facebook, a social networking site, affects the different aspects of human development. Facebook is a big issue that influences the socio emotional development through the individuals peer influences and community relations. Facebook enhances their abilities of reaching out to the people around them through posts, sharing opinions and ideas and liking, which nearly suggests camaraderie with friends, relatives and colleagues. For the cognitive development part, Facebook reacts through the adolescents academic performance. It affects the cognitive development through the activities being done on Facebook, exchange of pedagogical learnings in the social networking site wherein teachers use Facebook as a tool for giving information. Self esteem on the other hand, shows how much a person develops his self- worth by being able to freely post anything that they would want which in turn helps learning and information transmission to become more broad and clear. Through this figure it will show how much Facebook has been a big impact on the world of education and the progress of society. It also tests how Facebook is a big reaction to the next generation as they will fulfill the duties of protecting the effective usage of Facebooks existence. Research QuestionsThe research study would only answer questions that would gear results on using Facebook. The main focus will be on development and self esteem of the participants having their own Facebook account. The questions that are considered are the following:Will social networking sites help boost the development and progress of an adolescent?a) Cognitively? b) Socio emotionally?Will the participants self esteem boost because of the use of Facebook? Does it differ from online? How about off the network?It is believed that these questions will strengthen the paper as it will support the claim of study.HypothesisWith these research questions, there are a lot of hypotheses at hand. These hypotheses are the following:The social networking sites will be able to boost the adolescents development especially on the factors provided below. a) Cognitively it will have a boost but not as much since it will limit them with the time frame and activities to be done onlineb) Socio emotionally it will increase the tendency of the user to reign a lot of friends at the same time be able to notice that he is part of a community. Not only that he will be more engaging with activities happening offline.Furthermore, the self esteem of the students will increase since they have been part of a community wherein they can establish their identity as one of the members of an online site. Also, it will give them the confidence to share their knowledge and feel worthy of their works on Facebook and off Facebook.With these hypotheses, it is a good way to establish methods that will challenge the study in which Facebook will be given notice as a pedagogical tool for education. Not only that, with these hypotheses, it may increase the worth of Facebook as reference for students and teachers in the future. Significance of the StudyHuman development and self-esteem are big aspects of a progress of an individual. It is a big factor in which each one has their unique experiences to boost these different aspects in life. It is an important role for educators and parents to provide the necessary help to boost their progress. This study aims to give awareness to all the adolescents community to provide help and give them more skills and capabilities through the use of Facebook. It does not only give them the privilege to experience in becoming part of an online community but will also give them the chance to share their knowledge. This will help this generation to become more competent and advantageous as they progress.This study will also focus on what ways can this become an encouragement for students to learn and engage with new activities in school. It will give them the chance to speak out with freedom and become more involved with the curriculum as well. Thus, giving students the right way of how they would like to learn in the future.MethodologyFacebook and the different factors and aspects of development are interrelated with this study. To observe this, it is a need for different measures to gain full knowledge of the results. Acquiring data will require the use of surveys and qualitative measures. Also, the snippets of their interaction will be given as evidences to provide for further research. This will be expounded in each section below.Sampling Design and ParticipantsThe study will comprise of 30 50 participants. Each adolescent will be aged 15 16 years old. It will be done on an exclusive school to comprehend with equal characteristics, and also to cancel the gender as a confounding variable. All participants will undergo in the same process, and all participants will be given surveys. InstrumentsTo establish the survey, some questions will come from the articles by Steinfield, C., Ellison, N., & Limpe, C.(2008) and Ljepava, N., Orr, R.R., Locke, S. & Ross, C. (2013). Not only that, the study will be using statistica as a way to analyze results and data gathered. It will comprise of the Facebook hours of usage, Self determination theory of scale, Facebook cognitive competence scale, and self esteem scale provided from the articles mentioned above. Furthermore, the different tools that will be used will establish the results that will stabilize the analysis and discussions. Further research can be applied if there are possible gaps on the research paper provided.

ProcedureResearcher will provide letter of permission to the school and to the parents of the participants. It will also include the students to be assessed. This would not be a requirement for the students in each section. Each student will be assessed with their intellectual competency to equalize all characteristics. Individuals are asked to have a Facebook account wherein they could post any comments, suggestions and pictures that will involve the discussion for their class. Once they are done doing this, they will comment, like or share opinions with the activities done in school and just share anything related to it. Afterwhich, they will answer the survey provided by the researcher.Participants will be given tokens for this research. Also, the results that will be garnered will be confidential to researcher participant and parents only.Data AnalysisResultsDiscussion

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