final Logbook

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Constructing Environments ENVS10003

LOGBOOK

BY BOYOUWU683635

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Week 1.1 Knowledge maps of e-learning and readings

Map 1:

Loads:

(Ching 2008: 2.08)

Live loads Dead Loads

Impact Loads

Static Loads Dynamic Loads

Structural System of a building

Settlement Loads

Ground Pressure

Water Pressure

Thermal Stresses

Wind Pressures Flutter Base Shear

Wind Loads Earthquake Loads

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Map 2:

Materials:Strong Eg. SteelWeak Eg. Timber

Stiff Eg. Concrete

Flexible Eg. Rubbers

Stretchy

Floppy

Impact on environments

Efficiency

Price

Availability

Isotropic Anisotropic

LinerPlanerVolumetric Eg. Concrete

Strength

StiffnessSustainability

Economy

Materials

Shape

MaterialBehaviors

Transportation Cost

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Week 1.2 Knowledge Maps of Theatre sessions

Introduction of Constructing Environments:

Experimentation

Observation

Critical Thinking

Equipmentsneeded

Constructing

Environments

Language of construction

Structural Principles

How loads transferredto the ground

Material Chosen

Site Processes

Constructing Drawing

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Week 1.3 Studio activity reports

Material: MDF (Medium DensityFibreboard) bricks.The base of the tower is a circle. Stretcherbond structure is shown in the tower.The wall of the first several layers is twiceas thick as the upper layers of the tower.This provides a more stable base for thetower. As is shown in the load path diagramabove, the loads of the upper part of thetower is transferred down to the groundthrough four load paths, which decreasesthe pressure exerted on the ground.

+

4

One side of the tower is left open asrequired.At first, rubber bands were used to makelong thick beams. Those beams weredesigned to make a open door for thetower. However this was not practical asthe beam with rubber bands did not havea smooth plane, which makes itimpossible to keep the structure stable.Therefore, rubber bands were abandonedand stretcher bond structure was usedagain.

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After the first two parts of thetower were finished, the height ofthe tower was approximately 80centimetres. To increase the heightof the tower, the MDF bricks wereused in a different way as shownin the above photo.This led to a smaller contact facewhich made the tower less stable.However because of the lightnessof the MDF bricks, this change didnot cause an immediate fall of thetower.The tower was finished at a heightof about 1.3 metres.

The deconstruction processes werefirst on the lower and middle part ofthe tower and the tower survived forthe reason that the first and secondpart of the tower were relativelystable. However, the tower fell downwhen one brick was taken out fromthe upper part of the tower.When seen from the side of the tower,the problem became obvious. Asshown in above diagram, the towerwent outwards slightly as the heightincreased. Therefore, some slightlymovements of the upper parts coulddestroy the tower.

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Week 1.4 Subject Glossary

Load path: the path where loads go through when transferred down to the groundBeam:a piece of wood, metal or other materials used to support the building system in horizontal directionReaction force: a force which has the same magnitude as the applied loads but has an opposite directionCompression force: an external force which pushes on a structural element(Newton & Cameron 2014)Masonry: buildings that are made of stones (Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary 2009:1239)Point load: loads are applied on a relatively small surface

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Week 2.1 Knowledge Maps of e-learning, readings and Theatre sessions

Map1

SolidEg. Egypt, China(early building)

SurfaceEg. The OperaHouse

Structural Systems Skeletal/ Frame

Membrane(less commonlyused)

Hybrid (most) Eg. ETFEBirds NestSwimming Cube

SailEg. Sports stadium

StructuralJoints

Pin Joints(common)

Roller Joints(less common)

Fixed Joints(most complexto calculate)

Map 2

(Ching 2008: 2.30)

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Map 3: Building Systems

(Ching 2008: 2.03)

Building Systems

ColumnsBeamsLoadbearing walls

Substructure

Superstructure Roof, exterior walls, windows,and doors

Enclosure SystemStructural Systems

Electrical system Mechanical SystemsWatter supply system

Vertical transportation systems Fire-fighting SystemsSewage disposal system

Waste disposal andrecycling systems

Heating, ventilating, andair-conditioning systems

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Map 4&5

(Ching 2008: 2.04)

ESD Strategies

Material efficiencyWater harvesting

Thermal massInsulation

Smart sun design

Cross ventilation

Night air purging

Solar energy

Wind energy Wind energy

Factors(when selecting,assembling andintegratingbuilding systems

EconomicConsiderations

RegulatoryConstraints

AestheticQualities

EnvironmentalImpact

ConstructionPractices

PerformanceRequirements

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Material: balsa wood (light, weak, easy to bebroken)The base of the tower was a triangle. Allsurfaces were triangles in the first layer of thetower to ensure a strong base. However,because the material was not strong enough tosupport the tower, some other elements wereadded to the structure. This is shown in the twosketches in this page. This two extra elementsreduced the deformation of the frame to a greatextent.

To increase the height of the tower thepieces of wood was placed right upwards.As a result, the side surfaces of the secondlayer of the tower were squares rather thantriangles. Squares are not as stable astriangles, therefore an extra piece of balsawood was used to form a triangle insidethe square in each side of this layer.The final layer was not as high as thesecond layer and triangles were not used tosupport the frame.

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The final tower was about 1.45metres high.After it finished, loads were addedonto the tower. The tower couldafford the weight of 3 pieces of A4paper and when the forth piece ofA4 paper were put onto the top ofthe tower, it collapsed.The tower did not collapsethoroughly. Only two pieces ofwood were broken, while the otherparts remained in a good condition.

According to a clear observation, thefinal layer of the tower was not asstraight as the lower part. It formedan angle with the horizontalline(seen in the right diagram).Therefore, when loads were appliedon it, it wanted to rotate. This causedthe deformation of the frame, whichfinally led to the collapse of thetower.

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Week 2.3 Subject Glossary

Structural Joint: the place where the structural elements are joined togetherStability: the ability of a building system to keep its structure being undisturbedTension: an external force which stretches a structural element(Newton & Cameron 2014)Frame: the skeleton of a buildingBracing:a structural member that support or hold other members firmly(Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary 2009:227)Column:a structural element used to support the building system in vertical direction

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Structural elements

Footings and foundations

Strut

Tie

Beam

Slab/Plate

Shear diaphragm

A slender element Design to carry load parallel to its long axis The load produces compression

Horizontal element to carry vertical load using its bending

Carry vertical or horizontal load

Wide horizontal element

Panel

The load produces tension

Preventing overturning

Deep vertical element

Carry vertical load in bending usually supported by beams

Deep foundations(footings)

Transmit the loads(both dead and living loads) safely into the earth

Foundation

Settlement: Loads on dense, granular soils(coarse sand and gravel):slight and quick consolidationLoads on a moist,cohesive clay: scale-like structure and a large percentage of voids:large and longtime of consolidationDifferential settlement:uneven consolidation of soil-building shift out of plumb and cracks

Support and anchor the superstructure above

Most common:Strip footings, isolated(PAD) footings and Raft/mat footings

End bearing piles and friction piles

Shallow/spread foundations(footings)

Used when sites are excavated to create basements or where changesin site levels need to be stabilised.The pressure load of the earth behind the wall needs to be considered

Retaining walls and foundation walls

Week 3.1 knowledge maps of e-learnings, readings and theatre session

(Ching 2008: 2.13)

(Ching 2008: 3.02)

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Materials

Bricks(widevariation of color )

Masonry materials(stone+clay+concrete)

Blocks

Mass materials(Stone+Earth+Clay+Concrete

Stone (next page)

Modular-Clay brick Mud brick(adobe) Concrete block Ashlar stoneNon-modular-Concrete Rammed earth Monolithic stone(columns and beams)

Stone:slabs, ashlar blocks(dressed blocks),rubble stone(roughly cut)Stone:mud bricks(adobe) Clay:bricks, honeycomb blocks Concrete:blocks, commons

Strong in compression but weak in tension Compressive strengthHard(Resist abrasion:scratching and blasting) Good thermal mass Durable

Bond: the pattern or arrangement of the units Joints: the way units are connected to each otherCourse: a horizontal row of masonry units Mortar:mixture of cement or lime,sand and water used as a bonding agent

Uses:walls, arches and paving

3 types: handmade(convict-made)---machine moulded(pressed)---extruded and wire-cut

Properties:Hardness, Fragility, Ductility, Flexibility/Plasticity, Porosity/Permeability, Density, Conductivity,Durability/Life span, Reusability/Recyclability, Sustainability&Carbon footprint, Cost

Mortar joints(usually 10mm): vertical joints-perpends; horizontal joints- bed jointsJoint finishing profiles: raked, ironed,weathers truck and flush(Eg.recycled bricks)

Masonry construction: Horizontal and curved spanning elements:beams/lintels and archesVertical elements:walls,columns/piers Spanning/enclosing elements:vaults, domes

Consideration:permeable Pros:joined with water based mortar&wetness can escape Cons:expansion&efflorescence

Holes: reduce weight, increase the insulation ability of the block and allow reinforcement rods installed in the blocks

Manufacture: cement,sand,gravel and water Process: mixing moulding and curing

Concrete blocks: shrink overtime as water is lost Clay bricks: expand because of absorbing moisture

Bespoke: egg block

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Rubble

types:

Stone

Igneous(formed when molten rock cools): Eg. Granite, basalt, bluestonedense, hard, dark in color Used in the footings of the buildingMaterials

Monolithic Ashlar Eg. The Great WallElements&unit

Paving, cladding, aggregates and feature design elements

Metamorphic (formed when the structure of igneous of sedimentary stone are subjected to pressure, hightemperatures or chemical processes) Eg.marble,state For flooring, cladding, bench top

Uses

Sedimentary(formed when accumulated particles are subjected to moderate pressure)Eg. Limestone, sandstoneEasy to carve

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Geometry and Equilibrium

Olympic Stadium(2012 London)

Structure

∑V=0 ∑H=0 ∑M=0Equilibrium

Centre of mass

Sports lighting Primary and secondary Cables Fabric membrane Compression Ring

Reaction force

Moment

Free body diagram

Fabric membrane roof Open-weave wrapShelter and shade

Cable-net roof

Information Cold food Hot food Bar WC Retail Service WasteSpectator facilities

Roof Wrap Upper Bowl(55000 temporary seats) Permanent Bowl(25000 Permanent seats)

Seats General Admission 60000 Hospitality 9250 Broadcast 2000 Press 5500 Olympic Family 1000 Athletes 2250

(Ching 2008: 2.12)

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Week 3.2 Studio activity reportsActivity:on campus (underground carpark &south lawn, north court & west end of unionhouse)Materials: reinforcement concrete, bricks,membrane, steel.The constructional elements seen in the activityare related to joints. Most of brick work isdone in the type of stretcher course and themortar joints finishings are usually ironed mortarjoints. Also, expansion joints can be seen on thesurface of the building to allow any expansionand contraction due to thermal reasons. The redline indicates the expansion joint in the building.Pad footings and reinforcement concrete areused in the carpark. Each of the pad footings hasa tree planted at the same position above thegrand. The concrete columns were poured onsite rather than precast. However, as themoisture goes into the concrete, the ironbecomes rusty and caused the concrete to peeloff.As is shown in the drawings, “I” beams are usedin the Union House and the steel strings do nottake loads and only act as decoration. Membraneis also used in the building and both of themembrane and the string are in tension.

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Week 3.3 Subject GlossaryMoment: “measured by the product of the force magnitude and the......moment arm” ( Newton & Cameron 2014)Retaining wall: used when sites are excavated to create basements or where changes in site levels need to be stabilised.Pad footing: “individual spread footings supporting freestanding columns and piers” （Ching 2008:3.09）Strip footing: “continuous spread footings of foundation walls” （Ching 2008:3.09）Slab on ground: “plate structures that are reinforced to span either one or both directions of a structural bay” （Ching 2008:4.05）Substructure: the lower part of a structure

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Structureelementsandsystems

Slabs: used to span between structural supports can be one-way or two-way spansSlab thickness ≈ span/30

Timber systems(very commonin Australia)

Span and spacing

Beams &Cantilevers

Floor&framingsystems

Steel framingsystem

Concretesystem

Traditional timber floor framing systems uses a combination of bearers(primary beams)and joists(secondary beams).

(mostly) horizontal

Various forms: utillising heavy gauge structural steel members or light gauge steel forming

Sometimes combine with concrete slab systems Eg. Steel framing and shallow floor slab systemsReason: Cost Fire rate:large buildings designed to cope with fires for a longer period of time Eg. hospitals

The span of the bearers determine the spacing of the piers or stumps.

The spacing of bearers = the span of the joists Typically joists span: 450/600mm

Cantilevers

BeamsFunction: carry loads along the length of the beam & transfer these loads to the vertical supports

Can be: supported at both ends supported at numerous points supported at points awayfrom the ends of the beam supported at only one end of the beam(cantilevers)

Def: a structural element is supported at only one endOr the overhanging portions of a member are significant

Spacing of the supporting elements depends onthe spanning capabilities of the supported elements.

Function: carry loads & transfer to the supports

Can be horizontal, vertical or angled


(Ching 2008:2.15)

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Finishes

Cement mixed with water

Component

Concrete

1 part cement: 2 parts fine aggregate: 4 parts coarse aggregate: 0.4-0.5 part water(Cement:portland, lime Fine aggregates:sand Coarse aggregates:crushed rock)

Chemical reaction:hydration Crystals formed Too much water--weak concrete Too little water--unworkable

Hard, solid material-concreteBind the sand and gravel aggregates together

Advantages: fluids and shapeless before it hardens----could be formed into any shape

Curing process:wet concrete is heavy--formwork needs to be supported--using props and bracings7 days-reach 75% of its compressive strength 28 days-final testing strengthOnce hardened and strong enough:formwork removed, stored, reused OR stay in place forever--sacrificial formwork

Process

Formwork: for the temporary support or moulds used to hold the liquid concrete in place until it hardensFormwork(timber, metal, plastic,etc): Built at the building site-IN SITU In a factory- PRE CASTWall formwork:Spreaders-keep formwork apart Formwork ties Plywood sheathing Timber studs Sill plateInner surface of panels-leaves an impression on concrete Horizontal walers-reinforce the vertical membersVertical members Bracing

Sand-blasted Bush hammeredRaked finishExposed aggregate Board-marked

Reinforcement concrete: concrete(strong in compression, weak in tension) + steel(strong in tension: in form of mesh or bars)Reinforcement

Board&batten

Consideration(next page) (http://www.paul-brown.com/GALLERY/PUBLICAR/IPSWICH-2.HTM)

http://www.paul-brown.com/GALLERY

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In situ concrete

Poor vibration(to get rid of the air bubbles thatget caught during the pouring process) of theconcrete during the pouring process

Concrete

Both aesthetic and structural degradation of the concreteIron/steel bars rusting--causing concrete to chip off

Compromise the structural performance of theelement OR in a worst scenario: element failing

Permeable but not completely waterproof+ steel bars are too closed to the surface--not be protected from moisture and oxidation

Consideration

Process: the fabrication and assembly of the formwork, placing required reinforcement,the pouring, vibration and the curing of the concrete

Once poured: limited time before hardening to ensure the concrete in the proper position, the air bubbles removedand the desired finish applied labour intensive process, resulting in congestion of the construction site

Def: any concrete element that has been poured into formwork and cured on the building site

Joints

Both types of joints are potential weak points---must detailed appropriately, especially in terms of water andmoisture control

Construction joints: divide construction into smaller and more manageable sections of work

Uses: Generally for structural purposesWidely used in footings, retaining walls and all bespoke(non-standard) structural elementsShotcrete: Sometimes concrete is sprayed into place using a pressure hose(useful for landscapes, swimming pool,basement walls between piers or overhead surfaces)

Control joints: Absorb the expansions and contractions caused by thermal variationsLong term tendency of concrete to shrink over timeElongation/shrinkage∝ the temperature differential, the material coefficient and the dimensions of the piece

Pre cast concrete(next page)

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Pre cast concrete

The pantheon

Joints

Def: any concrete that has been fabricated in a controlled environment and the n transported to site for installation

Process: much more standardised outcome avoid many of the quality control issuesAllow work on site to progress at a much faster rateConcrete

Construction joints: naturally occur between one precast element and another one

Uses:often associated with the structure of a building, bridge or civil works, forming part of the primarystructure or self-supporting panel type elementsCommon in retaining walls, walls and columns Rarely used in footings

Both types of joints greatly depend on the desired aesthetic outcome

Roman Empire

Considerations: limited in size due to transport on site changes are very difficult to incorporateBenefits: cost benefits--repetition use of formwork for multiple panels

Finishes: high quality-using formwork

Structural joints: the type&performance of the structural connections joining the precast elements to eachother and to other parts of the structure are critical for the overall performance(Eg. Bracket, patch plates)

Arches--vaults

The porticoThe drum(brick faced concrete)The dome

3 main elements

Concrete: large aggregates

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Week 4.2 Studio activity reportsActivity: Oval Pavilion drawing setFloor plansElevationsSectionsBecause of the constructing reason, we werenot allowed in the Pavilion. The picture in thisreport is taken in week 8. The second photoshows the elevation of the Pavilion.The two photos in the right side of the report isthe questionnaire sheet.The Oval Pavilion drawing set is in the scaleof 1:100 according to what is written in the set.However, it is actually in the scale of 1:200because the original drawing set was A1format rather than A3 format.Different annotations can be recognised in theset. The “clouds” means the any changes in thedrawing. Grids in the drawing are used toindicate the position in the drawing similar tothe coordinates in a map. Any materials,sections lines, doors and windows are shownin a form of abbreviations and annotationsOnly vertical dimensions are a plan andhorizontal dimensions are in elevations.

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Week 4.3 Subject glossaryJoist: structural elements that could take and transfer loadsSteel decking: “serves as a working platform during construction and as formwork for a sitecast concrete slab” (Ching 2008:4.22)Girder: main beamsConcrete plank: usually serve as a floor slabSpan:(seen in the knowledge map)Spacing:(seen in the knowledge map)

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Structuralelements

Def: the ratio is greater than 12:1 Long columns become unstable and fail by buckling

Short & longcolumns

Def: the ratio of the effective column length to the smallest cross section dimension is less than 12:1

Def of columns: vertical structural members designed to transfer axial compressive loads Slender membersFor axial loads: short columns: shorter(length) & thicker(cross-section) Long columns: taller and slimmer

Longcolumns

The shape of the column cross-section determines the direction of the buckling

determine

Shortcolumns

How they will buckle & How much load the column can carry(The effective length is changed due to different fixing methodsThe effective length is measured between the points of contraflexure)

The actual length of long columnsHow they are fixed at the top andbottom of the columns

Structurally adequate: the load applied to the column cross section ≤ the compressive strength of the materialFail by crushing(shear): the compressive strength is exceeded Compressive strength(Pa)=Load(N)/area(mm2)

Wallsystems

Concrete frames:common in large scale buildings --typically use a grid of columns with concrete beams connected tosteel girders & beams

Steel frames :common in industrial buildings(low fire rate)--a grid of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams(5.37)Timber frames :less common esp. in Australia; useful in slopping site--a grid of timber posts or poles connected to timber beams

Load bearing walls

Structuralframes

Concrete(precast, back up columns): in situ/precastLoad bearing panels may also provide support for spandrel panels over and link into other structuralelements(Eg.floor slabs, roof structure etc.)

Masonry(next page)


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Studwalls

Metal and timber stud framed walls: use smaller sections of framing timber or light gauge framing steel tomeet the structural demands of the construction

The smaller section: the structural members are repeated at smaller intervals & require restraining alongtheir lengths with rows of noggings to prevent the long thin members from buckling.

Stud framing consists of: top plates, bottom plates, vertical studs, noggings, cross bracing and ply bracing.

Masonry

Reinforced masonry:Load bearing walls can be constructed from core filled hollow concrete blocks or grout filled cavity masonry.Bond beams(used as an alternative to steel or concrete lintels) over openings can be created using specialconcrete blocks which are filled with concrete to bond the individual units together.After the concrete has cured, the temporary propping can be removed, leaving only the appearance of theconcrete block wall.

Solid masonry:Load bearing walls can be created with single or multiple skins of concrete masonry units or clay bricks.The skin of masonry are joined together using a brick(with header showing in face of wall) or with metalWALL TIES placed within the mortar bed.Two skins of brick walls together--where waterproof is not so crucial(Eg. Garage, fences and subfloors)

Cavity masonry: formed from two skins of masonryAdvantages: Better thermal performance and opportunities for insulation within the cavityBetter waterproofing(ability to drain water from the cavity) The opportunity to run services within the wall cavityDAMP PROOF COURSE &WEEP HOLES indicates a cavity wall rather than a solid wall

Brick veneer construction(does not take loads):combination of 1 skin of non-structural masonry and 1 skin of structural frame wall are widely used in theconstruction industry

Structuralelements

Wallsystems

Load bearingwalls

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Timber

Early wood: rapid growth at begging of growing season thin,large cells-lighter colourLate wood: slower growth, often limited by lack of water thick small cells-darker colour gives the growth ringGrowth: generally one ring per year/ some climates may have more than one growth season per year/

fires or disease may produce an extra ring

Provenance

Structural nature

Seasoning(drying)

Def: moving water(until<15% left) from cells(free moisture--voids in cells) and cell walls(bound moisture)

Why: to adjust the moisture content so the timber is appropriate for the intended use; to provide increased dimensional stability

Direction, strength and stiffness: Grain direction--determines the structural performance of woodStrong and stiff parallel to grain. Weak perpendicular to grain

Softwood: In Aus, common softwoods include all conifer species / Radiate pine Cypress pine Hoop pine Douglas fir

How: Air seasoning--cheap but slow--6 months to2 years per 50mm thicknessKiln seasoning--typically 20-40 hours dry to around 12% Solar kiln seasoning--less expensive

In wood:75% free water 25%bound water 25-100%--unseasoned 15-25%--partially seasoned ~15%--seasoned

Hardwood: In Aus, common hardwoods include all eucalyptus speciesVictorian ash Brown box Spotted gum Jarrah Tasmanian oak Balsa wood(not an eucalypt, not Australian)

Types(basedon biologicaldescriptions)

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Def: rings parallel to long edge of piece (more common in structural timber)Ad:1.season more rapidly 2.less prone to splitting when nailing 3.wide sections possible 4.few knots on edgeDis: 1.shrink more across width when drying 2.more likely to wrap and cup 3.collapsed timber more difficult to recondition

Quarter sawn

Greensawing

Timber

Def: growth rings parallel to short edge (less common in structural timber)Ad: 1.best grain shows on face 2.good wearing surface for floors, furniture 3.radial face preferred for coatings4.lower width shrinkage on drying 5.less cupping and warp than other cuts 6. Can be successfully reconditionedDis: 1. Slower seasoning 2. Nailing on face more prone to splitting

Radial sawn

Back sawn

Specifying&handling

Def: face is always a radial cut (more unusual)Ad: 1.dimensional stability 2.less prone to warping and cupping 3.less wastage in millingDis: 1.wedge shaped cross section 2.more difficult to detail 3. More difficult to stack

Size--1. depth×breadth 2. Make sure size is available before specifying3.length (0.3 metre increments) common maximum 6.0--longer lengths in limited sizeStrength grade-- F-grade & MGP gradings are commonly used to identify the strength of particular timber elementsMoisture content--seasoned<15% any timber>15% is sold as unseasonedSpecies of wood--different timber types provide variations in performance and appearanceTreatment or insect repellent treatments will be requiredAvailability--not all timber types or sizes are available in all locations

Always specify timber for a particular use/scenario.

Considerations

Knots--weak points//cause slope of grain Eg. Arris knot Centre knots Edge knotsDurability: 1.water related damage: fungal attack occurs when moisture content of wood>20%; swelling, shrinkage cause cracksProtection:avoid exposure; seal against moisture movement--paint; particular care with end grain-seal before assembly2.isolate timber from insect attack(termites and borer etc.) Protection: chemical/physical barriers between ground and timber3.excessive drying, shrinkage/wood(cellulose) broken down Protection: avoid direct sunlight and heat, light colour paints4.Other hazards: fire and chemical exposureTimber products

(next page)

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Timberproducts

Othermanufacturedproducts

Solidproduct

CLT--cross laminated timber(new imported in Aus)Made by gluing and pressing thin laminates together to form a sheetLaminate grain laid in alternate directions(90 degrees) Provides strength in two directionsUses--structural panels(horizontal and vertical)

--LVL--laminated veneer lumberMade from laminating thin sheets of timberVery deep and long sections possible high strength--GLULAM--glue laminated timberMade from gluing pieces of dressed sawn timber together to form a deep member--Both: most laminates with grain aligned to longitudinal direction Uses: mainly structural(beams,posts,portal frames)

PLYWOOD--made by gluing and pressing thin laminates together to form a sheet Grain in laminates in alternate directionsStrength in two directions Uses: structural bracing/structural flooring/formworks/joinery/marine applications

Sheetproducts

MDF--medium density fiberboard--made by breaking down hardwood or softwood waste into wood fibres, combining it withwax and a resin binder by applying high temperature and pressure. Generally more dense than plywoodUses: non-structural applications(joinery)

CHIPBOARD & STRANDBOARD(OSB--oriented strand board)-Uses:part of structural systems(e.g. flooring)/cladding finishmade by layering hardwood or softwood residuals(chips,strands) in specific orientations with wax and a resin binder byapplying high temperature an pressure

--“I” BEAMS--timber/LVL flanges; plywood/OSB webs lightweight, suitable for medium spans--BOX BEAMS--timber/LVL flanges, two plywood webs suitable for larger spans, torsionally stiff, can use decorativeplywood--TIMBER FLANGED STEEL WEB JOISTS--lightweight, open webs give access for service webs by light tubes, solidrounds, corrugated sheetsAll used: floor joists/rafters

Timber

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ABP building

Gehry’s own home

Everyday materials

Basement construction

Wrapping

Collisions and fragments(windows)

1970s-1980s in LAPlywoodCardboardLightweight materials etc.

Under construction(make it alwayshold the possibility of change)

Precast concrete facade

Cantilever

Lecture theatre

Precast structural concrete walls and columns

Pad footings

RoofLVL roof beams 75cm thick finished in the factoryGlazed atrium roof 21m long 6m wide

Y stairs and walkways

Colored aggregates & polished panelsTransported from south Australia to Melbourneand transported overnight to the site

Big span and no columns

Steel frame system

Reinforcement caged PeersWaterproof basement Precast walls

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Activity: 1:20 model of the Pavilion(canopy part)Material used: balsa wood, knifes, glues,pins, white paperProcesses:allocate the canopy to eachgroup member---draw the 1:20 dawing onwhite paper---making models according tothe drawing--group all different partstogetherThe load path is shown in the diagram. Allloads are transferred down to the columnsof the canopy. The cantilever part does nottake loads.Almost all structural elements are timberframed. This makes the whole structurelighter.Important joints are made ofpainted steel.Difficulties: Individual parts are easy tobe made. When grouping together, it ishard to recognise where each part of thestructure should be

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Week 5.3 Subject glossaryStud/Nogging/Lintel: seen in the photoBuckling:bendingSeasoned timber: <15% moistureAxial load: the direction of the load applied is parallel to the length of the structural element

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Structuralelements&system

Trusses

Light framed roofs:characterised by a vertical,triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roofgable roofs----consists of common rafters,ridge beams and ceiling joists. where the roof overhangs the gable end wall outriggers are used--materials:timber,cold-formed steel sections(sometimes heavier steel--UB orPFC for major beamsHip roofs:--onsists of common rafters,hip rafters,valley rafters,jack rafters,ridge beams and ceiling joists.--materials: timber, cold-formed steel sections

Space frames:3D plate type structures--long spanning in two directionsLinear steel sections are welded, bolted or threaded together to form matrix-like structures

Trussed roofs: framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber elementsThe shape(slop) and material of the structural elements--often determined by the roofing material and the functional requirements

Concrete roofs: all generally flat plates of reinforced(or precast slabs with a topping of concrete)Top surface is sloped towards drainage points and the entire roof surface finished with applied waterproof membrane

Def: generally fabricated by welding or bolting structural angles and tees together to form the triangulated framework.

Roof

Structural steel framed roofs:Flat structural steel roofs: consist of a combination of primary and secondary roof beams for heavier roof finishes such as metaldeck/concrete; or roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofingSloping structural steel roofs: consist of roof beams and purlins and lighter sheet metal roofingPortal frames: consist of a series of braced rigid frames(2 columns and a beam) with purlins for the roof and girts for the walls.(Thewalls and roof are usually finished with sheet metal.)

Pitched&sloping roofs--pitch:>3°

Flat trusses Pratt trusses Belgian trusses Warren trusses Raised-chord

Def: functions as the primary sheltering element for the interior spaces of a building.

Flat roofs--pitch:1~3°


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Metals

TypesNon-ferrous: all other metals--generally more expensive(less common), less likely to reactwith Oxygen and superior working qualities

Alloys: combinations of two or more metals(ferrous alloy if it contains iron, non-ferrous alloy if ti does not)

Ferrous: iron--4th most common element in the earth(relatively cheap) magnetic properties;very reactive; good compressive strength

Considerations

Metals react with other metals: giving up/taking on another metal’s ions according to the galvanic seriesTo reduce corrosion: metals separated by an insulator such as a rubber gasket or kept away from sitting in moistureGalvanised steel coated by a thin layer of zinc to protect the steel from rustingWater related damage:Oxidation and corrosion: metal ions react with oxygen forming an oxide-sometimes protects the metal(Aluminiumoxidises, sometimes cause corrosion of the metal(Rusty)To protect: avoid prolonged exposure to moisture (eg crevices and flat horizontal surfaces)Seal against moisture(eg enamel or paint metal surfaces) Chemical treatment(i.e. Galvanised steel)

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Wrought iron--formed when iron is heated and hammered into the desired shapeIn construction:widely used in bars for windows, doors and decorations.Still use today but expensive and labour intensiveCast iron--formed when iron is melted and the molten metal is poured intomoulds to cool--acquires a very high compressive strengthRarely used in contemporary construction due to its weight and brittleness.Occasionally used in columns and reconstruction work

Ferrous metals

Types&uses

Def: with carbon being the primary additional alloy elementother elements :manganese,chromium,boron and titanium

Steel

Types&uses:Structural steel:FRAMING-columns,beams,purlins,stud frames.Hot rolled steel:elements shaped while metal is hot--more material requiredUsed as primary structural elements Joints are welded or boltedOften protected from rusting and corroding by coatings(paint or hot dipped galvansing)Cold formed steel:elements folded from sheets that have been previously produced and cooled downUsed as secondary structure Joints are bolted or screwed Protected by hot dip processes(galvanisation)Reinforcing bars: used in conjunction with concrete to produce reinforced concretedue to its good tensile resistanceDeformation on the bars assist bonding with the concrete

Steel sheeting:Cladding and roofing(corrugated iron or other sheet profiles)must be protected from weather exposure(paint,enamelled finishes, galvanisation)

Stainless steel alloys:Chromium-main alloying element(minimum of 12%)Used in harsh environments or where specific inert finishes are required(kitchens operating rooms)Rarely used as primary structure(only in harsh environments)--high cost

Properties: strong&resistant to fracture Transfer heat and electricityCan be formed into many different shapes(wires,panels,beams,columns)Long lasting and resistant to wear(properly protected)

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Aluminium

Non-ferrousmetals

Properties: light non-magnetic non-sparking easy formed,machined and castUses: extruded sections-common for window frames and other glazed structures:balustrades/handrailsCast door handles and catches for windowsRolled Al--cladding panels,heating and air-conditioning systemsAluminium+air=oxide---matte natural finish other finish treatments:powered coating and anodisation

Copper

Zinc

Properties: good conductor of heat and electricityUses: traditional as roofing material--natural weathering causes copper to develop a green coloured patina over timeWidely as hot&cold domestic water and heating pipework Electrical cabling

Properties: brittle at ambient temperatures but malleable at 100-150℃ Reasonable conductor to electricityUses:Thin layer of zinc--galvanising--roofing On its own:Cladding material for both roofs and walls

Properties: prohibitively expensive excellent corrosion resistance high strength-to-weight ratiolight,strong,easily fabricated,low density thin sheets--pillowy rather than flatUses: strong light-weight alloys--attractive and durable cladding material

Tin

Properties: very soft,highly malleable,ductile relatively poor conductor of electricityresistant to corrosion but tarnish upon exposure to airUses: less commonly used today--toxic to humans when absorbed into the body in high enough doses

Lead

Titanium

Uses: very rare today(only decorative)

Properties: copper+tin corrosion resistant&harder--engineering and marine applicationsUses: bearings,clips, electrical connectors and springs

Bronze

BrassProperties: copper+zinc malleable & low melting point & easy to cast not ferromageticUses: tough-used in elements where friction is required such as locks,gears,screws,valvesCommonly in fittings(knots,lamps,taps)

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Week 6.2 Studio activity reportsActivity: site visit reports from other groupsGroup1: 172 Docking Road in Box hill--2 floor house-- finished foundations--pad footings-- cannot bear very heavy loadsConcrete waffle system--shallow foundations--stable soilBeams: LVL15 with holes-- for pipes of the second floorOne-way spanningWood stud framing for walls

Group2: 21 Cornwall place--on a hill of 30 to 40 degrees--3 floors--steel frame and timber frame--front part using steels & back part using block wall--solid masonry wall--retaining wall--ground floor-small joists(compressed small wood pieces)--open-web joists-allow pipes to go through--fibreboard material--fireproof material--allowing 2 hours escaping time

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Week 6.3 Subject glossaryRafter/Cantilever/Eave/Top chord/Portal frame/Purlin: seen in the photoAlloy:seen in the knowledge mapSoffit: “the underside of an overhanging roof eave”(Ching2008:6.16)

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Structuralelements

ArchesMasonry arches

Shells

Vaults

Rigid archesBarrel vaults

Def: curved structures for spanning an opening

Groin or cross vaults

Meridional forcesHoop forcesTension ring

Def: arched structures of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete,forming a ceiling or roof over a hall, room, or other wholly or partially enclosed space

Domes

Different surfaces e.g. Ruledsurfaces/Rotationalsurfaces/saddle surfaces etc.

Def:spherical surface structure having a circular plan and constructed ofstacked blocks, a continuous rigid material or of short, linear elements

Def: thin, curved plate structures typically constructed of reinforced concrete

Week 7.1 Knowledge Maps of e-learning and readings

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Detailingformoisture

DetailingForheat

An openingPlanned: windows,doors, skylightsUnplanned: poor construction workmanship

Deterioration of material

Water present at the opening

remove openings:sealants e.g. siliconegaskets e.g. Preformed shapes made from artificial rubbers)(rely on correct installation and deteriorate over time due to weathering)

Neutralise the forces that move water through openings:Gravity-- use slopes and overlaps to neutraliseSurface tension and capillary action--use a drip or a break(e.g. Window sill/parapet capping)Momentum (wind)Air pressure differential (air barrier on internal sidePEC: pressure equalisation chamber)--common in high-rise

Keep water from opening(commonly used)--Grading roofs--the water is collected in gutters which thendischarge the water to downpipes and stormwater systems--overlapping cladding and roofing elements(e.g. Weatherboards and roof tiles)

--slopping windows and door sills and roof /wall flashings--slopping the ground surface away from the walls at the baseof buildings

A force to move water through the opening

Heat conducted through the building envelop

Building envelop and building elements aresubjected to radiant heat sources

Thermal mass is used to regulate the flow of heat

Thermal insulation--reduce heat conductionThermal breaks--made from low conductivematerials like rubbers and plastics to reduceheat transferDouble/triple glazing--air spaces reduces theflow of heat

Reflective surfaces low-e glass white-painted roofsShading system verandahs, eaves, blinds

Thermal mass: works well when there are largedifferences in temperatures between day and nightMaterials: masonry, concrete, water bodies

Air leakage controlling(similar to moisture):--wrapping the building in polyethylene or

reflective foil sarking--air barrier--weather stripping--around doors and windowsan other openings

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Rubber

Materials

Thermal plastics--mouldable when heated and become solid again when cooled. RecyclablePolyethelyne(Polythene)--insulation material Polycarbonate--roofingPoltmethyl methacrylate(perspex, acrylic)--skylight/replacing glassPolyvinyl Chloride(PVC, vinyl)--piping(damage environments)

Natural rubber---naturally sourced from the Rubber tree(sap)Synthetic rubber--synthesised in a laboratory (technically a PLASTIC)

Plastics

Considerations Weather related damage--lost properties when exposed to weather(esp. sunlight)Protection: avoid or minimise sun exposure

Synthetic: EPDM--mainly used in gaskets and control jointNEOPRENE--mainly used in control joint SILICONE-seals

Natural rubber:Seals, gaskets & control joints, flooring(for use inadverse conditions such as laboratories), insulation, hosing & pipingUses

Sources

Sources

Uses & types

Same as rubbers+some plastics have very high expansion/contraction coefficients

Elastomers(synthetic rubbers---seen in “rubbers”)

Thermosetting plastics--can only be shaped once--limited recycleMelamide Formaldehyde(laminex)---finishing surfacesPolystyrene(styrene)--insulation panels

Considerations

Carbon,silicon,hydrogen, chemical monomers combine polymers(plastics)Nitrogen,oxygen,chloride reactions

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Paints Composition

Provenance

Binder--the film-forming component of the paint(polyurethanes, polyesters, resins, epoxy, oils)Diluent--dissolves the paint and adjusts its viscosity(alcohol, ketones,petroleum distillate,esters)Pigment--gives the paint its colour and opacity. Can be natural(clays, talcs,calcium)

Liquid--when applied, forming a film--becomes solid when in contract with the airMain purpose: protect(&colour) a particular elementClear paints called: lacquers/varnishes

Uses & types

Oil based--used prior to plastic paints(water based)High gloss finishes can be achievedNot water soluble(crushes to be cleaned with turpentine)Water based--most common todayDurable and flexibleTools and brushes can be cleaned with water

Materials

Properties Color consistency: resist fading,esp. In ultra-violet light, red dyes tend to be less stableDurability: resist chipping,cracking&peeling;exterior painted--resist rain,air pollution&ultra-violetlight;new paint techs e.g. Powder coating&PVF2--harder&more durableGloss: range from matt to gloss

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Week 7.2 Subject glossaryDrip:Parapet:Insulation:Vapour barrier:Down pipe:Sealant:Gutter:Flashing:

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Stabilizers-Limestone/Alumina/Magnesia To keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling

Glass

Components

Formers-silica Basic ingredient, any chemical compound that can be melted and cooled into a glass is a former

Types&manufacture

Flat glass(typically sheets of clear or tinted float,laminated,tempered.wired,etc)Shaped glass(curved,blocks,channels.tubes,fibres)

Float glass-now the most common glass production process in the world1.Clear float glass(annealed glass)Simplest & cheapest glass product No further treatment beyond the float fabricationIdeal in low risk/low cost/small size glazing scenarios Breaks into very sharp and dangerous shards2.Laminated glass--a tough plastic interlayer(PVB) is bonded together between two glass panesImproves the security and safety of the glass product3.Tempered glass(toughened glass)--bending strength increased by a factor of 4-4.5 times that of annealed glassBreak into small,pellet shaped pieces-improving safety Ideal to use in highly exposed situations(balustrades.partitions,facades) or in large size

Fluxes-Soda ash/Potash/Lithium Carbonate Help formers to melt at lower and more practical temperatures

Double and triple glazing

Other types: tinted glass wired glass patterned glass curved glass photovoltaic glassglass channels slumped and formed glass glass fibres


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constructionconcepts

DeformationDeflection Resisting moment Bending stress The neutral axisTransverse shear Vertical shearing stress Horizontal or longitudinal shearing stress

Moment of inertia

Doors

Def: the sum of the products of each element of an area and thesquare of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation

Openings

Timber doors & framesAluminium doors & framesSteel doors & frames (security)

Rough opening Head Jamb Stop Architrave Threshold/sills Handle,latch&lockDoor leaf( Top rail, stile, feature panel, mid rail, bottom rail)

Windows

Curtain walls (loads carried around the windows rather than through the windows)

Timber windows & framesAluminium windows & frames (commercial)Steel windows & frames(thermal break)

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Activity: 1:1 detail drawingThe drawing is part of the canopy ofthe Oval Pavilion.It includes a box gutter, flashing andpart of a beam.the whole system is concealed in thePavilion and can not be seen. Thepicture on the right hand side showswhere the section is and the directionof it.The material in this part includestimbers and steels. No insulation is inthis part.

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Week 8.3 Subject glossaryWindow sash: the frame of the windowDeflection: “the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course” (Ching 2008:2.14)Stress: “the combination of compressive and tension stresses”Moment of inertia: “the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation”

(Ching 2008:2.14)Shear force: a typical type of horizontal force

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Composite materials

Fibre reinforced polymersMade from:polymers withtimber,glass or carbon fibresForms: often associated with mouldedor pultrusion processed products

Uses: decking(external cladding),structural elements such as columns

and beams for publicBenefits: strength-to-weight ratio greaterthan steel, corrosion-resistant

Monolithic materials:A single material/ materials combined so that components are indistinguishable (e.g. Metal alloys)Composite material:Two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain easily distinguishable

Composite: formed from a (fibrous laminar particulate hybrid) 1.Combination of materials which differ in composition or form2.Remain bonded together 3.Retain their identities and properties 4.Act together to provide improved specific or synergisticcharacteristics not obtainable by any of the original components acting alone

Aluminium sheet compositesMade from: aluminium and plasticForms:plastic core lined with twoexternal skins of thin aluminium sheetUses: a feature cladding material ininterior and exterior applicationsBenefits: light weight, less expensive,weather resistant, unbreakable andshock resistant, various finishes

FibreglassMade from: a mixture of glassfibres and epoxy resinsForms: flat and profiled sheet productsand formed/shaped productsUses: transparent or translucent roof/wallcladding and for preformed shaped productssuch as water tanks,baths,swimming poolsBenefits: fire resistant, weatherproof,relatively light weight and strong

Fibre reinforced cement(FRC):Made from: cellulose(or glass),portland cement, sand & waterForms: sheet & board products(FC sheet)and shaped products such as pipes, roof tiles etc.Uses: Cladding for exterior or interior(wet area)walls, floor panels (under tiles)Benefits: will not burn, resistant topermanent water and termite damage,resistant to rotting and warping,inexpensive

Timber compositesMade from: combinations of solid timber,engineered timber, galvanised pressed steelForms: timber top and bottom chords withgal. steel or engineered board/plywood websUses: beams(floor joists and roof rafters) and trussesBenefits: material efficiency, cost effective,easy to install, easy to accommodate services


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Construction detailing Repairable surfaces and resistance to damage

Joint movement: Compressed As installed elongatedMovemetn joints: expansion joints control joints isolation joints

Aging gracefully

Health and safety:fire, disability

Constructability

Cleanable surfaces

Maintenance access

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Week 9.2 Off campus site visit reportsThe site is Swanston Square projectIt has been built to 29 floorIt has around 536 apartmentsThere are about 3000 works on siteevery day. The building is expected tofinish around Christmas.The main elements in buildings are:main beams, shear walls concrete slabsand precast concreteThere are two cranes at the top floor ofthe building.The concrete for slabs are pumped upto the floor and poured on site. Theconcrete slab is about 1400 m2

Holes are left for pipes and wires whenthe concrete is pouredInsulation:Blue board for water or moistureresistancePink board for fire resistanceSome of the almost finished bedroomsneed to borrow lights from the livingroom because they have no windows

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Timber fascia

Collapses &failures

Earthquake forces

Timber plywood glued to timber stud wallsFlat steel sheet glued to plywoodThermal differencesBlistering & peeling sheetsCut edges

Flat steel sheeting on plywood

Defective:Material selection, too wideExposure to hot north sunPainted black on outside onlyFasteners

Material selection:Suitability of material for the application:exposure,compatibility,strength and deflectionLong term performanceMaintenanceConstruction & detailing

Lateral loadsAct mainly at he base of the structure

Act mainly on surface of the buildingWind forces

Weak points:Soft story (high rise)Re-entrant cornerDiscontinuous columnsTorsion

Strategies:Diaphragms and lateral bracing, shear wallsand moment jointsSeismic base isolators


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Galvanic corrosion: Copper oxidisationInitial connection detail consideration--solution:two materials were separated at their junctions bya layer of shellac-impregnated clothProblem:hold moisture--galvanic reaction between the copper and the iron(rust)Second solution: iron armature frame replaced with a Teflon-coated stainless steel structure--still two different metals require ongoing inspections and maintenance

Health and IEQ(indoor environment quality)Waste/recycling/recycledEnergy use and embodied energyPollutionLife cycle

Copper skin supported on an iron skeleton

Corrosion (the statue of liberty)

Selecting materials

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Waterproofing element: flashing and box gutter(eave gutter)Mistakes: the lower surface of the eave should be thicker than theupper surfaceThe insect screen: mesh structure to prevent any insects or birds fromgetting into the structureEave gutters: usually end with a rainwater head and a down pipewhich will drain the water out

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Week 9.3 &10.3 Subject glossarySandwich panel &Composite beam:seen in the knowledge mapBending:bucklingCornice:an element in eave systemShear wall: seen in knowledge map of week 3Soft storey: weak points of high rise when applied by lateral forceBraced frame: bracing element to prevent a structure from affected by lateral loadsLife cycle: the overall consideration of a materialCorrosion: the broken of a structure/materialIEQ: Indoor environment quality

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Workshop session report

Material:1200×3.2×90mm Ply ×11200×35×35mm Pine×3

Nails, hammers, measuring taped anddrill are usedOur group:All pines are nailed together. Theknots are put on the top of the timberfor the reason that when loads areapplied, the top will be incompression and the bottom will bein tension. The part with knots willnot break when being put at the top.For the same reason, more nails aredrilled in the upper part of the beam.Deflection:33mmMaximum loads:680kgOther groupEg. Group 2 is a trangle frame whichhas a deflection of 30mm andmaximum load of 690kg.It is broken for compression pointbreak. And it has a problem ofdeformation.

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Referencing List:

Ching, F. 2008. Building Construction Illustrated. Hoboken: John Wiley&Sons, lnc..

Newton, C. & Cameron, R. 2014. ‘Basic Structural Forces (I)’. Retrieved March 20, 2014, from https://app.lms.unimelb

.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf.

Newton, C. & Cameron, R. 2014. ‘STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS’. Retrieved May 18, 2014, from

https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebd

av/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2003/GEOMETRY%20AND%20EQUILIBRIUM.pdf.

Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. 2009. Oxford: Oxford University Press & The Commercial Press.

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