Ingraham

Rebecca Ingraham

Immigration, Manifest Destiny & Texas Families

The Effects of Land Ownership in Early South Texas

Rebecca Ingraham11-27-2015History 4973.003Dr. Gabriela Gonzalez

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Immigration, Manifest Destiny & Texas Families: The Effects of Land Ownership in

Early South Texas

Land has long been associated with freedom, liberty and happiness. Its association brings

the steward recognition and prestige; it defines their very identity. It has been the cause of great

wars and has sustained successive generations for centuries. Its roots are associated with

mysticism as man acknowledges its natural resources and bounties which we now know are

limited. But at one time, land and its potential was thought to be limitless and many pushed to

tame its wild beauty by utilizing its land for their own recognition and legacy. Such is the case

with five men and their families in South Texas who took its raw, rugged, and natural bounty and

orchestrated their legacies onto its land, tying their identity to it. These immigrants and migrants

came from various backgrounds and countries of origin including England, Mexico, Ukraine,

Arkansas, New York and Pennsylvania. How did these men and their families develop their

American identity and in what ways did it affect the shaping of early South Texas? Each came

for different reasons in the search for identity, independence and economic opportunity based on

their ideology about nationalism through which Manifest Destiny and American exceptionalism

defines their legacies on early South Texas.

Texas is the second largest state in the United States of America at 268,596 square miles

of which 261,232 square miles is land and, 7,365 square miles is waterways.1 According to the

Texas Land Conservancy, 95.8% of these land are privately owned, leaving only 4.2% available

as public lands, three times more than any other state.2 Today, Texas’ population stands at

25,145,561 of which 70% are Anglo and 37% are Latino.3 Of these statistics, 4,440,489 people

have lived in the same home all their lives and 8,922,933 people live in multi-generation homes.4

In comparison, “The total population of Texas, including Indians, grew from approximately

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142,000 in 1847 to 212,295 in 1860, an increase of 325% in less than 15 years.”5 In relation to

these figures, it is easy to see that Texas quickly populated once it became part of the United

States and that its citizenship has remained mostly Anglo in stark contrast to that of Mexican-

Americans who are indigenous to the land. One theory commonly used to analyze this

phenomenon is the ideology of Manifest Destiny to tie land to identity, nationalism and

Americanism.

Nationalism, according to the Merriman Dictionary, is defined as “a sense

of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on

promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational

groups.”6 Thus the idea surrounding Americanism is defined as “the political principles and

practices essential to American culture.“7 The results of emigration, immigration and migration

to North America were often those second, third and fourth sons who were left without an

inheritance in their native lands. The original European settlers came to North America seeking

to reinvent themselves free from religious and political persecution and fought for that

independence to establish their own unique identity known today as American exceptionalism

which is deeply rooted in nationalism.8 Once those roots were established, the quest for land

spread quickly as did the growing population.

Manifest Destiny, is a movement some believe to be sanctioned by the divine grace of

God that encouraged Anglo expansion into uncharted lands to the west of the newly United

States and into Spanish and later, Mexican, territory of Texas.9 To say that these territories of

lands were uncharted and uninhabited is false. On the contrary, indigenous Americans were

stewards of the land well before the Spanish and French arrived in the mid to late 15th century as

missionaries and conquerors. Divine grace through conquest and later, imperialism, was also

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used by European monarchs who colluded with the Catholic Church for supreme authority over

the inhabitants of foreign lands.10 Such is the basis of Spanish land grants sanctioned as royal

commissions for settlement by the Spanish crown in what was then, Spanish Texas. Noted one

Spanish deed holder on the Rio Grande who spoke to the problem of title: “I have traced the

[land] title back to the King of Spain, who got it by the right of discovery and conquest, and

since he ruled by Divine Right, that takes it back to God almighty himself and that is as far as I

can go.”11 Such was the attitude surrounding the acquisition of land by any means during this

period in time.12

The struggle to retain land, especially unprotected land on foreign soil, proved

troublesome to European countries seeking to exploit conquered territories. The new United

States of America and its aggressive citizens sprouting equality and independence struck fear in

those countries who retained land in North America, namely France and Spain especially after

the American Revolution.13 Fearing encroachment from Anglo squatters who often crossed

Spain’s borders illegally for hunting and trade, Spain reasoned that to obstruct this process was

to encourage Spanish settlement to protect her borders. Spanish officials as early as 1763 with

the signing of the Treaty of Paris, encouraged Spanish citizens to settle in Spanish Louisiana,

even going so far as to use the Mississippi River as enticement for trade and travel; relocation to

undeveloped territories proved less appealing and was outright rejected by many Spanish

citizens.14 The Spanish alternative was to allow a select few Anglo settlers to apply as applicants

for Spanish land grants. Subsequently, “Spanish authorities granted generous amounts of land,

most commonly a square league of 4,428 acres for stock raising to individuals who applied and

paid a fee.”15 Anglo applicants who were awarded these land titles did so on the condition of

loyalty to the crown of Spain and a defense of her borders against foreign encroachment.16

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Spanish trepidation was not unwarranted. Once the ideology of Manifest Destiny and revolution

were set in motion, Anglo settlers caught in the fervor poured across Spanish borders seeking to

establish their claim on lands based on this ideology, a claim they assumed in which to establish

nationalism that conflicted heavily with the criteria Spanish authorities had established.17

The Louisiana Purchase (1803) and the Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) not only redefined

geographical borders but also shifted policies in the French and Spanish territories to the United

States.18 Americans sought open land as a means to establish ownership and express their

entrepreneurial spirit through enterprises garnered from her natural resources.19 Juan Gassiot, a

senior member of the staff of the Commandant General of the Interior Provinces in 1783

correctly identified Anglo colonization as a threat to the Spanish crown: “Anglo Americans,” he

wrote, “are active, industrious, and aggressive and far more unified and determined to expand

than the Spanish.”20 Race provided further justification to seize native lands. Noted one

aggressive and blatantly racist land owner, “The Anglo-Saxon nation was bound to glory; the

inferior, decadent Indian race and the half-breed Mexicans were to succumb before the

inexorable march of the superior Anglo-Saxon people.”21 Such was the atmosphere that pervaded

much of the territories to the West and particularly in South Texas. On the eve of Mexican

Independence, Moses Austin was a pioneer with an entrepreneurial spirit and vision. Austin

sought to establish an Anglo settlement in Texas that would “serve as a base for linking the rich

Santa Fe trade with Texas Gulf ports.”22 Larger than life with a dominating personality, Moses

Austin sought to rebuild his fortune in Texas after suffering crippling financial losses during the

Panic of 1819; he died before he could bring his vision to fruition.23 His son, Stephen F. Austin

succeeded where his father left off and is indeed knowns as the “father of Texas.”24

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Stephen F. Austin lived in the shadow of a prominent father whom he sought to distance

himself from by forging his own identity. “Texas offered Stephen F. Austin a cause, a chance for

personal redemption, and a way to escape his father’s shadow. In a sense, he represented the

many men to whom “Gone to Texas” meant entering a land of new beginnings.”25 The Anglo

Colonialization plan proposed to give each family 320 acres of land fronting a river for grazing;

a wife received 200 acres; each child received 100 acres; and 50 acres for each slave to be

equally divided between farming and grazing land.26 At the conclusion of the Mexican-American

War, land and its tributaries became the subject of new U.S. policies that redefined original

Spanish land grants much to the detriment of the existing Mexican land owners.27 Author David

Montejano defines the changes put into irreversible motion: “They represent the seed of a new

development, of an irrevocable change in evolution.”28 He is referring to the shift from the

landed Mexican aristocracy overtaken by the first wave of aggressive Anglo colonists. “These

old three hundred became Anglo Texas’s version of the first families of Virginia or Mayflower

Descendants.”29 The analogy of the clockmaker was set into motion. “While Mexican Texas took

shape constitutionally and politically during the mid-1820s, Stephen F. Austin and other

empresarios, mainly Anglo Americans, brought in thousands of colonists.”30

These “thousands of colonists” grew by leaps and bounds over a 25-year period altering

the existing Mexican population of South Texas.31 Texas-Mexican landowners or Tejanos were

often assaulted by lawless and greedy Anglos when they fought to maintain and protect their

ranches and livestock from theft and encroachment.32 “Under these circumstances, hundreds of

the old elites sold their lands, more than a million acres changed hands, largely Mexican to

Anglo, between 1837 to1842, and (many) just left.”33 It is during this period when “men such as

Charles Stillman, Mifflin Kenedy, and Richard King, ran business enterprises, built towns,

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acquired huge estates and gradually transformed South Texas into a land of profit-oriented

ranching and commerce.”34 Anglo pioneers made themselves indispensable in their respected

communities, inter-married and invested in the local economy, all in uncharted territories in the

spirit of building an identity that is uniquely Texan. “The new Anglo elite and the old Mexican

elite reached an accommodation that proved to be reasonably satisfactory to both as South Texas

became a part of the United States.”35 In this vein, five men influenced the formation of South

Texas through their strongest commonality, land ownership sustained by agriculture and

livestock, on the backs on the existing landed Tejanos. Their success, wealth and power would

not have been possible without the cooperation and assimilation from the indigenous people of

their lands.36

Mifflin Kenedy (1818-95) was a pioneering visionary who recognized the power of

transportation and made his fortune from it. He epitomized the entrepreneurial spirit that most

Anglo American men exhibited during Austin’s post colonization. During his lifetime, Kenedy

made sound business transactions that were diversified, opportunistic and based on sound

relationships that he established, nurtured and maintained during his lifetime. Kenedy was born

in June of 1818 in Downington, Pennsylvania to Quaker parents of humble means.37 He obtained

his education through common schools (public education) and placed such a high value on

education that he himself became an educator that extended far beyond the classroom.38 Kenedy

would eventually be recognized as an entrepreneur who applied vertical integration principles to

support his diversified businesses to astounding success.39

The beginning of Kenedy’s fortune can be attributed to the modern steamship. As a

young cabin boy aboard the Star of Philadelphia, bound for Calcutta, India in 1834,40 his love for

travel and innovation would instill a drive for success that was insatiable. From 1836 through

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1842, Kenedy became entrenched on the ins-and-outs of importing and exporting goods and

services as he assumed various positions on the docks as a shipping clerk and later, at sea as a

captain on various ships during the Mexican War.41 It is during this period that Kenedy sought

recognition and opportunity as he honed his navigational skills with savvy business acumen and

became one of the most sought-after pilots along the Texas waterways. He was also a patriot

who served the U.S. army navigating boats and supplies along the Rio Grande River during the

Mexican War.42

Around this time, Kenedy established a life-long friendship with fellow ship captain

Richard King in 1847.43 Kenedy and King quickly built prestigious reputations as highly skilled

navigators who were always in high demand; luck and wealth followed them. After the War, the

two men partnered with Charles Stillman and James O’Donnell to build a successful and quite

profitable steamship business which they named M. Kenedy and Company where they actively

participated in trade along the Rio Grande most notably, the transportation of cotton.44 By the

start of the Civil War, Kenedy and Company owned 26 steamers in which Kenedy had shrewdly

negotiated exclusive contracts with the U.S. government to transport supplies up and down the

area waterways, at times, to the exclusion of competing bidder.45 Bitter consternation and

stinging accusations regarding the partners’ monopolistic practices caused the men to seek ways

in which to diversify their growing wealth in order to protect their investments.46

In 1852, Kenedy married the Mexican widow of Colonel Luis Vidal, Senora Petra Vela

Vidal (1825-1885).47 Vela was from Mexican aristocracy; her father was a provincial governor

under Spanish authority in the territory of land along the Nueces River.48 Vela had eight children

with Colonel Vidal before marrying Kenedy; together, they had an additional six. 49A devout

Catholic and nurturing mother, Vela was instrumental in the day-to-day machinations of the

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family household and the care of the ranch. Not only was she responsible for the educator and

religious instruction of her own children but also for the care and well-being of their vaquereos

or ranch hands and their families.50 Vela’s devotion to Catholicism manifested in her multiple

contributions one of which was the construction of a Catholic church in Brownsville.51

As noted by author Randolph B. Campbell, “intermarriage often brought the two classes

together.”52 The union between Vela and Kenedy was beneficial to them both. Marriage brought

security and restored respectability to the widowed Vela while raising the standard of living for

her children during a period when Mexican aristocracy was losing its significance and value.53

For Kenedy, he secured access into a tightly knitted culture that tightly held highly valued land

grants that brought him to Texas in the first place.54 Through marriage and the birth of their

children, Kenedy and Vela ensured the perpetuation of their lineage as a signifier of assimilation.

Their unity is but one example of the unique synergy derived from the intermarriage of two

cultures that is identifiable across South Texas today.

Rooted with a wife and family to raise, Kenedy’s sense of responsibility spurred him to

explore new ways to diversify his growing wealth and he shifted from sea to land. Following the

successive wars for independence, land in Texas, like the open waters, stretched out as far as the

eye could see and was an opportunity waiting to be taken. Both in partnership and independently,

Kenedy would acquire massive amounts of land during his life time which he supported through

independent infrastructure that was self-sustaining.55 From 1868 through 1882, Kenedy made

multiple land purchases, most notably, the Los Laureles Ranch.56 He is renowned as one of first

ranchers to apply fencing, a controversial practice that enclosed all 242,000 acres of his land;57

Kenedy eventually sold the ranch to the Texas Land and Cattle Company in 1882.58 With the

profits, he bought another 400,000 acres in 1882, the La Parra Ranch, where he moved his family

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and business enterprises.59 Much as he enabled the shipping of trade by waterways, Kenedy later

shifted his investment to rail by providing the financial means to build the Corpus Christi, San

Diego and Rio Grande railroad line from Corpus Christi to Laredo and later in 1885,

approximately 700 miles of rail for the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway.60 His

contributions advanced transportation across Texas both by sea and on land.

Richard King (1824-1885), the foil to Kenedy, was born in New York City, New York.61

Unlike Kenedy whose parents instilled the value of formal education as a stepping stone to

opportunity, King was orphaned at a very young age. Sent to live with extended family who

indentured him to a jeweler, King ran away and became a “cabin cub” aboard a steamer where he

was taken under the tutelage of the captain himself.62 The spirit of adventure was alive in King as

he flourished as a skilled navigator on the waterways between Brownsville and Corpus Christi.

Author Don Graham quotes the growing fervor surrounding Manifest Destiny in early 1849 in a

letter by Helen Chapman, a quartermaster’s wife: “It was that of an old race passing away – a

new race pressing on its departing footsteps – a new scene in the history of the Country, a

possession by conquest.”63 Kenedy served as a mentor to King and their relationship was

solidified as the two worked hand-in-hand to navigate not only waterways but complex business

deals that made both men extremely wealthy.64 While the land still held remnants of its

indigenous people, their culture and heritage, the newly adopted state of Texas, now part of the

United States, was rapidly absorbing and adapting to the diverse and growing population

resulting in a unique identity.

Shipping also established a foundation on which King built his fortune. Following his

mentor’s lead, King invested heavily in the purchase of land and like Kenedy, used fencing to

deter illegal crossing through his property.65 In partnership and independently, King built a

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dynasty that epitomizes what brings to mind the modern Texas ranch – expansive acreage so vast

that different ecological zones exist within its confined borders and one that operates on a self-

sufficient model through vertical integration.66 Two tracts of land – the Rincón de Santa

Gerturdis land grant from the heirs of Juan Mendiola and, the Santa Gertrudis de la Garza land

grant from José Pérez Rey, are the heart of the King Ranch, making up a total of 68,500 acres of

land.67 Over the course of King’s life time, he acquired an additional 545,500 acres to bring King

Ranch to a total of 614,000 acres.68 Today, King’s Ranch covers 825,000 acres, a testament that

King’s identity is directly tied to the land as shown by the commercial success that King’s Ranch

exemplifies through successive generations.69 His investments in livestock includes a variety of

cattle: Longhorns, Hereford and Shorthorns which were crossbred with Brahman bulls to

produce a new breed distinct to King Ranch and highly sought across the globe – the Santa

Gertrudis cattle.

In 1854, King married Henrietta Chamberlain, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister;

together, they had five children.70 Like her husband’s friend, Mifflin Kenedy, Henrietta King was

also an educator.71 Her role as King’s wife extended beyond their children and to the day-today

oversight of King Ranch, its vaqueros and their families. After Richard King’s death in 1885,

Henrietta assumed full control of her husband’s financial holdings and with the help of her son-

in-law, Robert J. Kleberg II, secured the King legacy on the land through their unique identity

that tied their vastly diversified ranch holdings.72 These holdings include partnerships in the

production of oil and gas located on the property (Exxon Mobil) as well as the branding of the

popular Ford F Series King Ranch edition pickup truck to name just a few.

Unlike Kenedy and King, Alfred Giles (1853-1920) was an Englishman who immigrated

to the U.S. in 1873 seeking to establish a name for himself as an architect.73 Giles was born in

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Hillingdon, Middlesex, England, on May 23, 1853, and later, educated at King’s College at the

University of England.74 He was a dedicated Anglican who considering a religious calling before

turning to design and architecture professionally.75 Giles apprenticed with the architectural firm

Giles and Biven in London before immigrating to New York with a friend in 1875.76 Once in the

U.S., Giles migrated south mainly because he had heard that the climate in Texas would be good

for his respiratory problems. Shortly after his arrival, he found work with San Antonio

contractor, John H. Kampmann.77 Giles use his persona as the professional English architect to

establish his identity through the permanent designs that he built onto the Texas landscape. Ever

the entrepreneur, Giles shrewdly listened to what his clients asked for and gave it to them.78 He

built his career and his reputation by employing local artisans and by using local materials such

as stone that was indigenous to the area from local quarries.79 A short three years later, Giles

began his own firm in 1876, the Alfred Giles Company, during post-Reconstruction when

prosperity was at an all-time high and advances in transportation enabled recreational travel for a

broader audience.80 This audience was Giles’ future clients who demanded high quality and

design that defined their prosperity through identifiable markers such as their lavish residences

and businesses. In addition to designing and building private residences for Texas’s up and

coming elite, Giles established his reputation on the design and commission of public buildings

across Texas and Mexico most notably statuesque courthouses, county jails, and other public

building.81 One mansion built by Giles that is worth mentioning is that of Mifflin and Petra

Kenedy in Corpus Christi, Texas 1885, another unifier of the five great men.82 Many of Giles’

structures are designated Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks.

While working on a commission for the Bexar County Jail, Giles became a frequent

visitor to the home of fellow Englishman, John James, who was the Surveyor of Bexar County.83

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Through this professional relationship, he met his future wife, James’ daughter, Annie Laura

James (1861-1909). The couple married in December of 1881 and had eight children.84 Giles was

a progressive steeped in tradition and instilled those values into his children. When his parents

died, the couple returned to live in England for a short period so that the family could experience

the England of Giles’ childhood, the green, misty rolling hills of his country home.85 The

experiment was short lived when everyone grew homesick for the raw beauty of Texas and the

Giles family returned to San Antonio to resume the lives they left behind.

Ever the entrepreneur, Giles sought to diversify the proceeds of his inheritance by

purchasing land in an attempt to recreate a piece of his place back home. He purchased land with

his brother-in-law, Judge John James near Comfort, Texas, eventually amassing approximately

13,000 acres of fertile farmland.86 Noted his grandson Robin Giles, “The land reminded him of

where he and his family had vacationed in Scotland, and he remembered the black cows on green

hills.87 Giles imported Aberdeen Angus cattle and Angora sheep. “The scenic overlooks, the

gnarled live oaks, the tenacious native grasses the flowing creeks, even the Angus cattle that

graze the hills – they all bind him (Giles) to his family’s 115 years of living on the land.”88 Giles

ideas regarding identity were two-fold: he designed and built monuments of lasting beauty that

tied to American nationalism by the very fact that they were government structures built from

indigenous materials from the land and, by establishing and practicing sustainable living through

ranching. “This is harsh and demanding country, laden with limestone and often plagued with

drought,” references an article written in the Angus Journal about Hillingdon Ranch and the

Giles family legacy.89 Despite the hardships, the ranch is as viable today as it was during Giles’

lifetime.

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Giles was a founding member of the Texas Sheep and Goat Raisers’ Association and a

member of the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers’ Association.90 Giles legacy passed

through successive generations of Giles. His son Palmer, was a practicing architect who like his

father, retreated to ranching instead.91 Palmer’s son Robin, references his grandfather’s identity

with the land, “I host family functions with the aim of telling (my relatives) how important it is

to hang on to the land and how it will keep the family together.”92 By stressing the importance of

land and its heritage, “there is no single thing that they can buy that will mean as much as the

land and our family.”93 Giles’ architecture and his practical use of the land and its natural

resources are testament to the vision and establishment of Texan identity through his unwavering

principles that he applied in his professional and personal life and that he passed down through

his successive generations. These visions and principles are common characteristics found in

each of the five men whose individual identity ties to that of Texas.

Edward Cunningham Lasater (1869-1930) was born a Texan on Valley Farm in Goliad

near the Nueces River.94 As a rancher of cattle specifically Jersey cows, Lasater built a solid

reputation as a rancher and innovator in animal science with the eventual development of the

Beef Master breed, a compliment to Richard King’s Santa Gerturdis line.95 Raised on the land,

Lasater represents the new generation of Texans to apply experience, skill, and science to

ranching, livestock, and agriculture as means to first advance his connection to Texas and its

identity. His interests extended beyond the conventional means of ranching – he wanted

livestock that could withstand the severe Texas droughts while still producing a profit to

maintain the farm, so to speak. His efforts included not only a new breed of cattle but he also

was instrumental in providing the infrastructure to sustain the local economy through diversified

interests that also provided employment for the local community.96

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Ranching was not Lasater’s original calling but rather, a family duty. Lasater was a

serious student who was on track to pursue a career in law.97 An unfortunate turn of events and

the illness of his father caused Lasater to change course and he returned home to find the family

sheep business in ruins.98 Determined to salvage what he could, Lasater managed to sell off what

was left of the flock, resulting in a small profit that cleared most of his father’s debts. In

relatively good time during which the availability of credit was at an all-time low, Lasater took

advantage of the commodity market fluctuations in order to establish his own credit and build his

reputation through choice investments in livestock and agriculture.99 Lasater, like the others,

diversified his holdings into real estate development but his real interest lay in the development

of the community of what is now known as Falfurrias.100 From 1893-1897, Lasater slowly

purchased the Los Olmos y Loma Blanca land grants held by the heirs of Ignacio de la Pena

which sits in the heart of Falfurrias.101 Lasater was married twice; once to Martha Patti Nobel in

1892 and after her death, Mary Gardner Miller.102

Like the Texas pioneers who came before him, Lasater was interested in building the

infrastructure that would support his growing legacy and he eventually accumulated 400,000

acres of rich Texas farm land used for his cattle as well as melons and citrus production.103

Author Dale Lasater recounts his grandfather’s conviction that dairy cows were the answer to

sustaining the local Falfurrias ranchers through drought and market fluctuations (cotton).104 “I

knew that one dairy cow had an earning capacity equal to five or six beef cows. If I could create

a market for the product of the dairy cow, the first farmers who came would be able to hold

on…”105 His drive to establish a local market paid off. His first investments in the Jersey cattle

market spread across the U.S. and he was particularly struck by the quality of Jersey cows from

the Hood Farm in Lowell, Massachusetts, whose dairy cows are known world-wide for their

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production.106 Later, Lasater would travel beyond the U.S. and into the isles of Jersey, Guernsey,

Alderney and Sark seeking superior breeds.107 Later, Lasater added Brahman cattle in which he

cross bred to produce a superior herd of milking cows.108 This investment established Lasater as

one of the premier ranchers in all of South Texas. Falfurrias is known for its exceptional high

quality creamery and butter as a result of Lasater’s importation of Jersey cows that sustained the

community and provided the bedrock in which Falfurrias is built.109

In this same vein, Nathan Kallison (1873-1944) like his predecessors before him,

recognized the importance of vertical integration in business and was astute enough to apply it to

his new life in Texas. Kallison was born in Ladyzhinka,110 Ukraine and immigrated to the U.S. to

escape religious persecution from Russian oppression.111 Kenedy, King, Giles and Lasater were

early ranchers who applied savvy business practices to the operation of their ranches to great

success. Kallison took it one step further by implementing and applying modern agricultural

practices to his agriculture and livestock on his 1,100 acre ranch.112 Small in comparison to the

other four ranches, Kallison’s operation is the evolution of the early business practices applied

by his predecessors. His grandson, Nick Kotz, remembers his grandfather’s philosophy regarding

land ownership and its connection to Manifest Destiny and Americanism: “Foremost in his mind

and imagination was the fact that in America, in southwest Texas, even people of little means

could own a farm and ranch land.”113 Kallison expressed great appreciation for the idea that even

Jewish immigrants were afforded opportunities of identity which could be expressed through

ownership of land. Kallison’s mother often said, “Buy land and hold on to it. Someday it will

feed our family.”114

Kallison did not arrive to Texas and immediately make a land purchase. On the contrary,

he was a harness maker and opened a harness and supply shop that catered to area ranchers and

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local farms.115 He chose the symbol that is synonymous with the cowboy/ vaquero culture to

identify his profession. Atop his store that still bears his name today, Kallison’s, since 1899, is

the tall, erect figure of a concrete Anglo cowboy, cowboy hat, chaps, boots, low slung gun and

belt and holding a leather saddle in his right hand. He watched and listened to all the ranchers

who came in and catered to their special needs, all the while taking in the information they

imparted to him.116 As Kotz remembers his grandfather, “Nathan Kallison, formerly of

Ladyzhinka, Ukraine, was determined to own a ranch in south Texas.”117 Owning a ranch and

harness shop was not enough; Kallison was a visionary out to make the most of his investment

and sought means to make certain that he succeeded. Notes Kotz, “The college (Texas A&M)

established the Texas Agriculture Experiment Station in 1886, and soon after began sponsoring

instructional institutes for farmers throughout the state. Texas A&M’s pioneering work

contributed to the creation in 1914 of the U.S. Agriculture Extension Service, in which Texas

A&M and other colleges worked together to help farmers and ranchers.”118 In conjunction with

Texas A&M University, he embraced and applied new technological advances in agriculture to

his ranch to astounding results and praise from area ranchers. “He envisioned his rural enterprise

as a living laboratory, a goal echoed by the sign he posted at the entrance to Kallison Ranch:

Established in 1910 for development of better farming and ranching.”119 Kallison is the

amalgamation of the vision seen by the men before him and his efforts to establish permanent

roots resonance today.

Nathan Kallison married a fellow Jewish immigrant, Anna Letwin in 1895. The couple

met in Chicago, Illinois where they both arrived to find work and support from relatives who

migrated before them. Overcrowding, poor sanitation and disease forced the couple and their two

small children to relocate to Texas where the land was open and the climate more moderate.120

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From the beginning, Anna was an equal business partner to Nathan and together they ran the

business together, a move that was rather unconventional for that time.121 Nathan produced

exceptionally high quality leather products while Anna meticulous cared for the books and

established relationships with the German Jewish community of San Antonio.122 The unity of

their partnership made them into community leaders not only within the San Antonio Jewish

Community but in business and ranching as well.

The significant unifier that binds these five men together is their acquisition of land in

Texas and the methods in which they left their imprints on it by establishing inheritable legacies

for their families. Each man travelled a different road but all lead back to the practice of self-

sustainability through the practice of entrepreneurship and ranching. Driven by the will to

establish their unique identities and provide for their families, they embraced the ideologies

surrounding Manifest Destiny and American exceptionalism. Through land ownership, these

families colonized the land and brought infrastructure to sustain the economy through the

development of communities. They built governments to support the governance of their

investments and establish moral ethics among its citizens. Each brought employment and labor to

their communities and established partnerships and relationships that promoted education and

religious instruction to sustain its growing population. Some brought the necessary infrastructure

to support transportation of goods and supplies to market by rail and shipping while others

brought good and services to sustain their evolving way of life. While all of these factors support

nationalism through land ownership, these characteristics spurred continuous growth that helped

shape individual and Texan identity through the ownership and development of land and the

legacies that support those identities that are uniquely Texan today.

Ingraham 19

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Ingraham 23

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Endnotes

1 "Texas Almanac - The Source For All Things Texan Since 1857." Facts. Accessed November

14, 2015. http://texasalmanac.com/topics/facts-profile.

2 "About TLC." About TLC. Accessed November 14, 2015.

http://www.texaslandconservancy.org/about-tlc . 3 "Current Population Demographics and Statistics for Texas by Age, Gender and Race."

SuburbanStats.org. Accessed November 16, 2015. https://suburbanstats.org/population/how-many-

people-live-in-texas .4 Ibid.5 Campbell, Randolph B. Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State. New York: Oxford

University Press, 2003. 205.

6 "Nationalism." Merriam-Webster.com. Accessed November 27, 2015. http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/nationalism.7 "Americanism." Merriam-Webster.com. Accessed November 27, 2015. http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/Americanism .8 Taylor, Alan, and Eric Foner. American Colonies:. New York: Penguin Books, 2010. x.

9 Tindall, George Brown., and David E. Shi. "Chapter 14: Manifest Destiny." In America: A

Narrative History, 530. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010.

10 Taylor, Alan, and Eric Foner. American Colonies: 50-66. New York: Penguin Books, 2010.11 Graham, Don. Kings of Texas: The 150-year Saga of an American Ranching Empire.

Hoboken, NJ: 16. Wiley, 2003.

12 Campbell, Randolph B. Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State. New York: 24.

Oxford University Press, 2003.

13 Ibid. 81.

14 Ibid. 81-83.15 Ibid. 77.16 Henson, Margaret Swett. "ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIZATION." Handbook of Texas

Online. June 9, 2010. Accessed September 15, 2015.

http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/uma01.

17 Campbell, Randolph B. Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State. New York: 86.

Oxford University Press, 2003.18 Ibid. 92.

19 Ibid. 81.

20 Ibid. 81.

21 Montejano, David. Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986. 24. Austin:

University of Texas Press, 1987.

22 Ibid. 16.

23 Campbell, Randolph B. Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State. New York: 99-100.

Oxford University Press, 2003.

24 Ibid. 100-102.

25 Ibid. 101.

26 Ibid. 101.

27 Montejano, David. Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986. 20-21. Austin:

University of Texas Press, 1987.

28 Ibid. 25.

29 Campbell, Randolph B. Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State. New York: 104.

Oxford University Press, 2003.

30 Ibid. 105.

31 Ibid. 188.

32 Ibid. 190.

33 Ibid. 190.

34 Ibid. 190.

35 Ibid. 191.

36 Ibid. 191.

37 Ashton, John. "Kenedy, Mifflin." The Handbook of Texas Online. June 15, 2010. Accessed

November 15, 2015. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online .

38 Monday, Jane Clements, and Frances Brannen Vick. Petra's Legacy: The South Texas

Ranching Empire of Petra Vela and Mifflin Kenedy. 24. College Station: Texas A & M University

Press, 2007.

39 Ibid. 272-279.

40 Ibid. 24.

41 Ibid. 90-97.

42 Ibid. 27-30.

43 Ibid. 27

44 Ibid. 88-89.

45 Ibid. 29-34.

46 Montejano, David. Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986. 41-42. Austin:

University of Texas Press, 1987.

47 Ashton, John. "Kenedy, Mifflin." The Handbook of Texas Online. June 15, 2010. Accessed

November 15, 2015. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online .

48 Campbell, Randolph B. Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State. New York: 191.

Oxford University Press, 2003.

49 Ibid. 191.

50 Monday, Jane Clements, and Frances Brannen Vick. Petra's Legacy: The South Texas

Ranching Empire of Petra Vela and Mifflin Kenedy. 46. College Station: Texas A & M University

Press, 2007.

51 Ibid. 57.

52 Campbell, Randolph B. Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State. New York: 191.

Oxford University Press, 2003.

53 Monday, Jane Clements, and Frances Brannen Vick. Petra's Legacy: The South Texas

Ranching Empire of Petra Vela and Mifflin Kenedy. 22. College Station: Texas A & M University

Press, 2007.

54 Ibid. 35.

55 Ashton, John. "Kenedy, Mifflin." The Handbook of Texas Online. June 15, 2010. Accessed

November 15, 2015. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online .

56 Monday, Jane Clements, and Frances Brannen Vick. Petra's Legacy: The South Texas

Ranching Empire of Petra Vela and Mifflin Kenedy. 162-165. College Station: Texas A & M

University Press, 2007.

57 Ibid. 165-166.

58 Ibid. 281.

59 Ibid. 281-282.

60 Ashton, John. "Kenedy, Mifflin." The Handbook of Texas Online. June 15, 2010. Accessed

November 15, 2015. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online .

61 Cheeseman, Bruce S. "KING, RICHARD." King, Richard. March 2, 2011. Accessed

November 15, 2015. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fki19 .

62 Graham, Don. Kings of Texas: The 150-year Saga of an American Ranching Empire.

Hoboken, NJ: 20. Wiley, 2003.

63 Ibid. 33.

64 Ibid. 37-38.

65 Ibid. 168-169

66 Cheeseman, Bruce S. "KING, RICHARD." King, Richard. March 2, 2011. Accessed

November 15, 2015. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fki19 .

67 Ibid.

68 Ibid.

69 John Ashton and Edgar P. Sneed, Revised with the assistance of Bob Kinnan, "KING

RANCH," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/apk01),

accessed December 08, 2015. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Modified on December 16, 2014. Published

by the Texas State Historical Association.

70 Edgar P. Sneed, "KING, HENRIETTA CHAMBERLAIN," Handbook of Texas Online

(http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fki16), accessed December 08, 2015. Uploaded on

June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

71 Graham, Don. Kings of Texas: The 150-year Saga of an American Ranching Empire.

Hoboken, NJ: 51. Wiley, 2003.

72 John Ashton and Edgar P. Sneed, Revised with the assistance of Bob Kinnan, "KING

RANCH," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/apk01),

accessed December 08, 2015. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Modified on December 16, 2014. Published

by the Texas State Historical Association.

73 Mary Carolyn Hollers George, "GILES, ALFRED," Handbook of Texas Online

(http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fgi15), accessed December 08, 2015.

Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Modified on December 22, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical

Association.

74 Ibid.

75 Ibid.

76 Ibid.

77 Jutson, Mary Carolyn Hollers. Alfred Giles: An English Architect in Texas and Mexico. 2.

Trinity Univ. Press, 1972.

78 Ibid. 2.

79 Ibid. 2.

80 Ibid. 2.

81 Mary Carolyn Hollers George, "GILES, ALFRED," Handbook of Texas Online

(http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fgi15), accessed December 08, 2015.

Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Modified on December 22, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical

Association

82 Jutson, Mary Carolyn Hollers. Alfred Giles: An English Architect in Texas and Mexico. 58-

59. Trinity Univ. Press, 1972.

83 Ibid. 2.

84 Ibid. 2.

85Ibid. 2.

86Ibid. 2.

87 Rodgers, Sheryl Smith-. "Family Generations: Texas Proud." ANGUS Journal, September

2000, 314.

88 Ibid. 314.

89 Ibid. 314.

90 Jutson, Mary Carolyn Hollers. Alfred Giles: An English Architect in Texas and Mexico. 3.

Trinity Univ. Press, 1972.

91 Rodgers, Sheryl Smith-. "Family Generations: Texas Proud." ANGUS Journal, September

2000, 314.

92 Ibid. 314-315.

93 Ibid. 315.

94 Lasater, Dale. "Lasater, Edward Cunningham." The Handbook of Texas Online. June 15,

2010. Accessed October 25, 2015. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online.

95 Lasater, Dale. Falfurrias: Ed C. Lasater and the Development of South Texas. College

Station: 132-135. Texas A & M University Press, 1985.

96 L.J.M. "The Lasater Jersey Herds Are the Largest in the World." San Antonio Express News

(San Antonio), October 29, 1929, Tuesday Morning ed. Accessed September 29, 2015. Historic

Newspapers: Texas Edition.

97 Lasater, Dale. "Lasater, Edward Cunningham." The Handbook of Texas Online. June 15,

2010. Accessed October 25, 2015. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online.

98 Ibid.

99 Lasater, Dale. Falfurrias: Ed C. Lasater and the Development of South Texas. College

Station: 29. Texas A & M University Press, 1985.

100 Ibid. 123.

101 Ibid. 33.

102 Lasater, Dale. "Lasater, Edward Cunningham." The Handbook of Texas Online. June 15,

2010. Accessed October 25, 2015. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online.

103 L.J.M. "The Lasater Jersey Herds Are the Largest in the World." San Antonio Express News

(San Antonio), October 29, 1929, Tuesday Morning ed. Accessed September 29, 2015. Historic

Newspapers: Texas Edition.

104 Lasater, Dale. Falfurrias: Ed C. Lasater and the Development of South Texas. College

Station: 121. Texas A & M University Press, 1985.

105 Ibid.122.

106 Ibid. 125.

107 L.J.M. "The Lasater Jersey Herds Are the Largest in the World." San Antonio Express News

(San Antonio), October 29, 1929, Tuesday Morning ed. Accessed September 29, 2015. Historic

Newspapers: Texas Edition.

108 Ibid.

109 Lasater, Dale. "Lasater, Edward Cunningham." The Handbook of Texas Online. June 15,

2010. Accessed October 25, 2015. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online.

110 Kotz, Nick. The Harness Maker's Dream: Nathan Kallison and the Rise of South Texas. 6-7.

Fort Worth, TX: TCU Press, 2013.

111 Ibid. 6.

112 Ibid. 61.

113 Ibid. 56.

114 Ibid. 57.

115 Ibid. 43.

116 Ibid. 52.

117 Ibid. 56.

118 Ibd. 61.

119 Ibd. 60-61.

120 Ibid. 33-35.

121 Ibid. 41.

122 Ibid. 42.