Final Excavation, N22 Gortatlea to Far Ran Fore, Co. Kerry - 04E0648

8/14/2019 Final Excavation, N22 Gortatlea to Far Ran Fore, Co. Kerry - 04E0648

1/21

Issu 5 [ISSN 2009-2237]

Archaeological Excavation ReportE0648 - Glanbane, Co. Kerry

Medieval enclore

EachtraJournal


2/21

Te Forge,Innihannon, Co. Cork.el.: 021 470 16 16Fax: 021 470 16 28E-mail: [email protected] Site: www.eachtra.ie

Cork

March 2010

Written by:

Client:

Final Excavation Report,N22 Gortatlea to Farranfore (Inchinveema )Road Improvement SchemeCONRAC 2

Road Design Oce,Kerry County Council,Te Island Centre,Castleisland,Co. Kerry

04E0648

Niamh OCallaghan

Niamh OCallaghan

Licence No.:

Licensee:


3/21iii

N22 Gortatlea to Farranfore (Inchinveema) - CONRAC 2 ISSUE5: Eachtra Jornal - ISSN 2009-223704E0648

Permalink: http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e0648-glanbane-co-kerry/

able of Contents

Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................

Background..................................................................................................................

Site location and description ........................................................................................

Archaeological and historical background....................................................................

Methodology................................................................................................................

Excavation Results .......................................................................................................

Entrance

Northern terminal ......................................................................................................

Sothern terminal and enclore ditch........................................................................

Conclusion ...................................................................................................................

Discussion....................................................................................................................

References .................................................................................................................... 5

Appendix 1: Context Register ..................................................................................... 3

Appendix 2: Matrix....................................................................................................

Appendix : Radiocarbon Dating Results ................................................................... 5

Appendix 4: Plant Remains........................................................................................ 7

Acknowledgements

Eachtra Archaeological Project wih to acknowledge the aitance of Kerry Conty Concil, Kerry

National Road Deign Oce, Project Archaeologit Sbatien Jobert, Martin Reid of National Mon-

ment Section of the Dept. of Environment, Heritage & Local Government and Deni Moriarty

Plant Hire.

Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within this report, includingall original drawings, photographs, text and all other printed matter deemed to be the writers,remains the property of the writer and Eachtra Archaeological Projects and so may not be reproducedor used in any form withoutthe written consent of the writer or Eachtra Archaeological Projects.


4/211



Background

Te National Road Athority have ndertaken a programme of work to pgrade the N22 be-

tween Cork and ralee. Part of thi work involve the realignment ofc. 3.8km of the N22 between

Gortatlea and Farranfore, Co. Kerry. Eachtra Archeological Project carried ot an archaeological

aement followed by a programme of centreline and oet teting on behalf of Kerry Conty

Concil, nder licence 04E104, in relation to the N22 road improvement cheme dring whichthe wetern ection of a ditch on the ite of a recorded ringfort, Lidarrig KE039:071, wa n-

covered between chainage 7200 and 7225. Ti ection of the monment wa flly excavated

by Eachtra Archaeological Project, nder the direction of the athor with the permiion of the

licening athoritie, 04E0648, and the relt are preented below.

Site location and description

Te ringort,AR05 or KE039:071, i located in the townland of Glanbane and the parih of Cr-

ran (National Grid Reference Q930900/108140) in north Kerry, c. 4km north of Farranfore andc. 8km oth-eat of ralee town (Figre 1). Te land i at a general altitde of 40m OD and i

ed intenively for patoral farming. Te area i drained to the oth and eat by the River Maine

and the Little River Maine. Te oil in the area are a mixtre of brown podzolic and acid brown

earth. Tee oil are widepread in Cork, Kerry and Waterford. Tey occr at a range of eleva-

tion from 30-150m OD. Tey have a wide range of potential e and are well ited to arable

cropping and graland (Gardiner et al1980, 65). Ringfort tend to be ited on local hilltop or

on the mid to pper lope of ridge and reaonably cloe to a water orce. Te major oil erie

on which the ringfort are located tend to be acid brown earth or brown podzolic (Monket al.

1998, 66).

Archaeological and historical background

Te archaeological landcape in the general area extend from the Late Neolithic/Bronze Age

to the Medieval Period. Prehitoric monment in the rronding landcape inclde tanding

tone andulachta adh. Te ingle Standing Stone or gallan/galln i the implet and mot n-

mero of Irih megalithic monment (OSllivan & Sheehan, 1996). Tey have been interpreted

in vario way, excavation of ome example howed that they marked brial of a Bronze Age

date (1400 700 BC) however excavated example have not alway hown thi and it i ally im-

poible to date thee featre withot excavation, althogh it i generally accepted that they were

erected over a long period of time. Some Standing Stone are interpreted a bondary marker or

ancient roteway or ed to commemorate important ritalitic or ceremonial event or poibly

a the remaining evidence of a once more complex featre. Some example are fond in iolation

while other occr in cloe proximity to other archaeological featre eg decorated tone, Wedge

tomb or Ring-barrow (Cppage, 1986).

Te landcape i dominated by the preence of Early Medieval activity characterized by ringfort

and earthen enclore. Ringfort are the mot nmero archaeological monment fond in

Ireland, with etimate of between 30 and 50,000 illtrated on the rt edition of the Ordnance


5/212



Srvey 6 map of the 1840 (Barry, 1987). A a relt of contined reearch thee monment

have a narrow date range dring the Early Chritian period between the 7th and 9th centrie AD.

Althogh there are ome very elaborate example of ringfort they often take the form of a imple

earth or tone enclore and fnctioned a ettlement for all clae of eclar ociety (Stot,

1997).

Enclore however are qite amorpho and identication i often diclt. Tey cold repreent

any of a nmber of ite type dating from Prehitoric to Early Medieval time of rital or eclar

natre.

Te mot common monment type in the vicinity of the propoed rote i the ringfort.

A grop of ringfort are cltered on the eatern and othern lope of Garrandarragh at a height

of 30-50m OD (Figre 2).

KE039:071 (AR05) i marked on all edition of the OS map heet KE039 a Lisdarrig or Lios

deargthe red fort. It i decribed in the OS Name Book a A small circular ort about one chain

in diameter and two and a hal eet high made o earth with a fat green surace (1840, 57). Te ite

i decribed in the archaeological aement a substantially destroyed; however a curved section o

bank, incorporated into a eld ence to the north does survive and represents the main surviving element

o the ort. Tis bank is on average 2.6m wide at base, 1.2m high internally and 1.65m high externally.

o the west, southwest and south traces o a low curved bank can be traced and this represents the re-

mains o the enclosing element. Te site would have had an internal diameter o c. 33m N-S, and total

dimension o c. 37m N-S(Connolly, 2000, 2).

Methodology

Te excavation wa ndertaken in a for week period in early May 2004 by a team of ve archae-

ologit. opoil wa tripped by machine from Ch7200 to the othern eld bondary, c. 60m

north-oth by 20m eat-wet. Te remainder of the ditch and the interior of the ringfort were

located otide the road corridor and were preerved in situ. Te archaeological featre were exca-

vated by hand and recorded with drawing, ection, photograph and an EDM rvey. A charcoal

ample wa taken for radiocarbon dating and no artifact were recorded. Te ditch wa initially

excavated in 3m ection together with the two terminal and the balk were excavated toward

the end of the project.

Excavation Results

Tirty-eight metre of the wet and oth-wet ection of an encloing ditch were excavated on

the ite of the ringfort marked Lisdarrig (KE039:071) (Figre 3) which prodced a 14C date of

Cal AD 1230 1300 (Cal BP 720 to 650, Beta 200763).

Entrance

A played entrance, coniting of an ndg caeway acro the ditch, wa recorded on the wet-

ern ide of the encloing ditch, facing wet-north-wet (Plate 1). Internally, at it narrowet, the


6/213



entrance meared 2.2m, thi expanded to 4m wide externally.

Northern terminal

o the north of the entrance only a hort length of the ditch wa excavated a it wa located cloe to

the limit of the road corridor. Externally the length of ditch expoed meared 7m while internally

2.8m wa revealed. Te terminal itelf wa relatively traight, not crved, and loped teeply. Teprole of the ditch wa U-haped, the eat ide wa loped while the wet ide wa tepped and

the bae wa almot at, F6.

Ti ection of the ditch wa 2.6m wide and 1.2m deep and had for ll, F2, 3, 4 and 5 (Appen-

dice 1 & 2). Charcoal wa recovered from F5 and fragment of oak and hazel/alder were recov-

ered. Tee wood type are abndant in archaeological depoit from mot period. F. 4 contained

charred eed, inclding grain of barley and oat, were recovered from F4. Tee cereal type are

commonly recovered from depoit dating to the medieval period. Te poor tate of preervationof thee grain ggeted that they were expoed for ome time prior to depoition in the ditch.

Tere were no additional featre in thi area of the ditch and no artefact were recorded.

Southern terminal and enclosure ditch

Te othern terminal wa imilar in form to the northern one and had a traight teeply lop-

ing ide with harp rather than ronded corner. Te expoed ditch in thi area meared 34m

in length (F12), 31m of which wa flly excavated, it wa 2.65m wide at the top, 0.45m wide and

the bae and wa from 1 1.3m deep, getting notably hallower a it extended oth-eatward

(Figre 4 and Plate 2 - 4). Generally the ll were the ame a thoe in the northern terminal

with two additional ll, F14 and 15. Te ditch wa alo imilar in prole to the northern ection,

it wa U-haped with loped ide and ronded bae. It i likely that the two ection of the ditch

are contemporary.

From the entrance the rt c.14m of the ditch i in line with the northern terminal, orientated

north-north-wet/oth-oth-eat, at thi point there i a bend in the ditch which then extend

for a frther 20m in a oth-eaterly direction and beyond the limit of the excavation. It i from

thi that it i apparent that the enclore wa not circlar.

No aociated bank or later featre were recorded in the excavation area. Te ditance between

the inner edge of the ditch and the edge of the road corridor varied between 1-6m. No trace of a

bank wa recorded in thi area. One internal featre wa excavated, a

rectanglar pot-hole (F11) with a pot-pipe located c. 1m inide the othern terminal at the en-

trance and may have been aociated with an entrance gate.


7/214



Conclusion

Tirty-eight metre of the wet and oth-wet ection of an encloing ditch were excavated on

the ite of the ringfort marked Lisdarrig. No trace of a bank wa recorded. Agricltral frrow

were recorded within the road corridor to the wet bt the area of the ringfort wa not trncated

by agricltral activitie. Te ll of the ditch were a mix of andy and ilty clay. Te primary

ll (F5) wa a compact clay. Te ll of the ditch were reaonably terile and with the exceptionof a mall amont of grain no evidence of dometic activity wa recorded in the ll of the ditch.

Charred plant remain were identied from one of the ditch ll. Barley and oat grain were

recorded in the ample. Tee two cereal remain are the mot freqent preent in ample from

ringfort at Killanlly, Linagn, Lileagh I and II Co. Cork and cahel at Loher and Ballyegan

Co Kerry (Monket al. 1998, 66).

Discussion

Te ite wa initially interpreted a a ringfort. Te recorded entrance conited of an ndg cae-way acro the foe, facing wet-north-wet. A ringfort entrance ally conited of an ndg

caeway acro the foe leading to a gap in the bank protected by a gate. Te entrance i -

ally located in the eat or otheat portion of the ringfort (Stot 2000, 18) 47% of entrance in

North Kerry were orientated toward the eat and otheat (oal 1995, 82). In ome intance the

orientation of the entrance reected the dierent tat between two neighboring ringfort for

example at Lileagh Co. Cork where the entrance of Lileagh I faced oth-oth-eat and the en-

trance of Lileagh II faced toward the former (Stot 2000, 19). A table of date from 47 ringfort,

none from ite in Co. Kerry, i lited by Stot (2000, 24). Te date indicated that the majority

of the ringfort were occpied from the beginning of the eventh centry to the end of the ninth

centry. A mall percentage of ite retrned date from the twelfth and thirteen centrie.

Having conidered the relt of the excavation it i alternatively ggeted that the ditch,

KE039:071 i part of a Medieval enclore rather than a ringfort. Te enclore ditch wa fond

to have traight ide and althogh it tre hape cannot be determined poitively it wa not circ-

lar, b-circlar or oval in plan, while ringfort are mot freqently circlar (ORiordain, 1979).

Secondly, within the catchment area of the excavation the enclore wa fond to have a played

entrance facing wet-north-wet, while according to Stot (2000) ringfort have entrance -

ally located in the eat and oth-eat ide (th providing protection from the prevailing Irih

oth-weterly wind and the colder wind from the north a well a taking optimm advantage

of available nlight). No bank wa recorded within or otide the ditch within the area of excava-

tion. Finally, a charcoal ample from the baal ll (F5) retrned a date of Cal AD 1230 1300

which, althogh i not nheard of i very rare, and well otide the general time-frame from dated

example ie from the beginning of the eventh centry to the end of the ninth centry (ibid).


8/215



References

1t edition ordnance rvey heet KE039 (1841)

2nd edition ordnance rvey heet KE039 (1897) in conjnction with the RMP (1997)

Ordnance Srvey 1:50,000 Dicovery Serie Map (No. 71)

Ordnance Srvey Name Book

Ordnance Srvey Letter

National Mem of Ireland, opographical le, Antiqitie of Kerry Origin

Barry, .B. 1987 Te Archaeology o Medieval Ireland, Rotledge, London and New York.

Connolly, M. 2000 Archaeological Aement of the propoed N22 realignment (Phae 2) fromGortatlea to Inchinveema. Unpblihed report for Kerry Conty Concil.

Cppage, J. 1986 Dingle Peninla, Archaeological Srvey. Oidhreacht Chorca Dhibhne,

Ballyferritor.

Monk, M., ierney, J. and Hannon, M (1998) Archaeobotanical Stdie and Early Medieval

Mnter in Monk, M. and Sheehan, J. (ed) Early Medieval Munster Archaeology History and

Society. Cork Univerity Pre.

ORiordain, S.P. 1979 Antiquities o the Irish Countyside (5th ed. Revied by R. De Valera),

London.

OSllivan, A. & Sheehan, J. 1996 Te Iveragh Peninsula; An Archaeological Survey o South Kerry.

Cork Univerity Pre.

Stot, M. 2000 Te Irish Ringort, (Paperback edition) For Cort Pre, Dblin.

oal, C. 1995 North Kerry Archaeological Survey. Dingle


9/216



Figure1:Extr

actfromOSDiscoverymapshowing

theexistingN22andthelineofthenewroute.


10/21

GarraundarraghTownland

04E0648

Fulacht Fiadh04E0646

Borrow site

Fulachta Fiadh04E0647

Archaeology

Legend

Fulacht Fiadh

Enclosure

Ringfort

Standing Stone

Townland BoundaryNew route of N22

7



Figure 2: Composite extract from RMP sheets KE09 & 048. Line of the new section of the N22, location of the new fulachtaadh and area of excavated ditch of KE09-068 indicated.


11/21

250 m

Enclosure, KE039:71

Enclosure Ditch

8



Figure : EDM survey indicating location of enclosure KE09:1.


12/21

EnclosureDitch

Extentofexcavatio

n

PossibleextentofLiscarrigRingfort

0930

47,

108145

093057,

108106

9



Figure4:ED

MsurveyindicatingenclosureKE03

9:71pre-excavation.


13/21

0 10 m

E100, N100

GP1

E100, N80

GP2

E100, N60

GP3

A

B

CD

G

H

E F

BA

F2

F3F4

F5

0 2 m

C D

F2

F1F3

F5

0 2 m

0 2 m

FE

F2F3 F13

F4

F5

F14

G H

F3

F15

F5

F14

0 2 m

Northern

terminal, F6

Main enclosure

ditch, F12

Unexcavated

Entrance

Unexcavated

093047, 108145

093057, 108106

10



Figure : Post-excavation plan and sections of enclosure KE09:1.


14/2111



Plate 1: View of splayed entrance through western side of enclosing ditch pre-excavation, taken from thenorthwest.

Plate 2: View of ditch section E-F.


15/2112



Plate : View of ditch section H-G.

Plate 4: View of excavated enclosure ditch, taken from the north-north-west.


16/2113



Appendix 1: Context Register

LicenceNumber

FeatureNumber

Feature ype Dimensions Description

04E0648 1 Pot-pipe fill 0.6 m N-S x 0.5 m x0.36 m depth

Mid brown ilty clay fill of pot-pipe F16, three flat tone eton edge at the ide and one on the bae to pport the pot.

04E0648 2 Ditch fill 1.4 m E-W x 0.4 m

depth

Mid brown ilty clay with freqent mall tone and occa-

ional charcoal fleck. he pper fill of the enclore ditch.04E0648 3 Ditch fill 2.5 m N-S x 0.48 mdepth

Compact yellow/brown mottled andy clay with freqentmall tone.

04E0648 4 Ditch fill 1 m E-W x 0.3 mdepth

Dark brown compact ilty clay with freqent medim tone.

04E0648 5 Ditch fill 1.68 m E-W x 0.7 mdepth

Mid-grey/brown compact clay with occaional mall tone.Fill of enclore ditch.

04E0648 6 Ct of Northernterminal of enclo-re ditch

2.75 m NNE-SSW x2.5 m x 1.15 m depth

he ct of the northern terminal of the enclore ditch. Sharpbreak of lope top and bae, vertical ide on the wet andoth, lightly tepped on the eat, with a flat bae, orientatedNNE to SSW. Filled with F2, 3, 4 and 5.

04E0648 7 opoil Extenive Mid-brown ilt

04E0648 8 Sboil Extenive Yellow and grey clay 04E0648 9 Fill of F11 0.6 m N-S x 0.6m x0.12 m depth

Compact orange clay with occaional mall tone. Potholefill.

04E0648 10 Fill of F11 0.6 m N-S x 0.6m x0.23 m depth

Compact redepoited natral with andtone. Pot-hole fill.

04E0648 11 Poible pot-hole 1.1 m E-W x 0.7 m x0.35 m depth

Sbrectanglar ct, poible pot-hole (not illtrated), harpbreak of lope top and bae, vertical ide and flat bae. Oien-tated eat/wet. Filled with F9 & 10. Pot-pipe within F11 ict F16 filled with F1.

04E0648 12 Ct of encloreditch

2.6 m E-W x 1.58 mdepth

he ct of the enclore ditch, filled with F2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 14,15, loping ide and ronded bae.

04E0648 13 Ditch fill 1.33 m E-W x 0.28 m

depth

Blackih grey oft ilty clay with no inclion.

04E0648 14 Ditch fill 0.4 m depth Mid orangih brown oft clayey ilt with freqent coare b-anglar pebble and mall tone.

04E0648 15 Ditch fill 0.2 m depth Soft, mottled mid-yellow with grey fleck clayey ilt with oc-caional coare b-anglar pebble.

04E0648 16 Pot-pipe 0.6 m N-S x 0.5 m x0.36 m depth

Potpipe ct, filled and packed in place with F1.


17/2114



Appendix 2: Matrix

2

12

4

5

14

3

13

7

8

1

16

9

10

11

15

6


18/2115



Appendix : Radiocarbon Dating Results

Sample Data Measured 13C/12C ConventionalRadiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)

Beta - 200761 3220 +/ - 40 BP -26.3 o/oo 3200 +/ - 40 BPSAM PLE : 04E0646: 2:1

ANALYSIS : AM S-Standard de livery

MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid2 SIGM A C ALIB RATION : Cal BC 1530 to 1400 (Cal BP 3480 to 3350)

____________________________________________________________________________________

Beta - 200762 2730 +/ - 70 BP -26.3 o/oo 2710 +/ - 70 BP

SAM PLE : 04E0647: 5:5ANALYSIS : Radiom etric-Standard de livery

MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid

2 SIGM A C ALIB RATION : Cal BC 1000 to 790 (Cal BP 2950 to 2740)

____________________________________________________________________________________

Beta - 200763 760 +/ - 40 BP -26.3 o/oo 740 +/ - 40 BP

SAM PLE : 04E0648: 5:0

ANALYSIS : AM S-Standard deliveryMATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid

2 SIGM A CALIB RATION : Cal AD 1230 t o 1300 (Cal BP 720 to 650)

____________________________________________________________________________________

Consistent Accuracy...

Delivered On Time.

Beta Analytic Inc.4985 SW 74 CourtMiami, Florida 33155 USATel: 305 667 5167Fax: 305 663 [email protected]


19/2116



CA LIBRATION O F RADIOCARBO N AGE TO CALENDA R YEAR S

(Va riables: C13/C12= -26.3:lab. mult=1)

Laboratory number: Beta-200763

Conventional radiocarbon age: 74040 BP

2 Sigma c alibr ated result:(95% probability)

Cal AD 1230 to 1300 (Cal BP 720 to 650)

Intercept data

Intercept of radiocarbon agewith calibration curve: Cal AD 1280 (Cal BP 670)

1 Sigm a calibrated result:(68% proba bility)

Cal AD 1260 to 1290 (Cal BP 690 to 660)

498 5 S.W. 74th Co urt , M iami, Florida 3315 5 Tel: (3 05)667- 5167 F ax: (305)663-0964 E-Mail: beta@ra diocarbo n.com

Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory

T alma, A . S., Vo gel, J . C., 1993, R adiocarbon 35(2), p317-322A Sim pl ifi ed Approach to Calibrating C14 Da tes

Mathematics

Stui ver, M., et. al., 1998, R adiocarbon 40(3), p104 1-1083INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age C al ibration

Stui ver, M., v an der Plicht, H ., 199 8, R adi oca rbon 40( 3), pxii -xiiiEditorial Com m entCalibration Da tabase

INTC AL98Database u sed

References:

Radiocarb

onage(BP)

600

620

640

660

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

860

Ch ar red m aterial880

Cal AD

1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300

74040 B P


20/2117



Appendix 4: Plant Remains

Plant remains report for Gurrandarragh, 04E0648

By Abigail Brewer and Penny Johnton

Introduction

A egment of a ditch that formed part of a poible ringfort or lio wa excavated at Grrandarragh

(04E0648). wo ample from ditch ll (C.4 and C.5) were canned for macro-plant remain and

one (C.4) contained the remain of charred cereal grain.

Methodology

Te oil ample were proceed ing manal wah over and ieve with mehe of 1mm, 500m

and 250m. Te ample that contained charred material were then canned ing a binoclar

microcope at x10 to x40 magnication. Te plant remain were identied ing a combination of

reference book and plant reference material. Te remain were identied to pecie when poible

bt when thi wa not poible intermediate term were ed e.g.Avena p. indicate oat, wherea

Avena strigosa denote the pecie britle oat.

ResultsOnly one ample from the ite prodced plant remain other than charcoal. Ti wa the ample

from C.4, which contained two barley (Hordeum p.) grain, two poible grain of barley (cf

Hordeum p.), two oat (Avena p.) grain and broken fragment of ndierentiated cereal grain

(Cerealia). Te poor tate of preervation of thee grain gget that they were expoed for ome

time prior to depoition in the ditch.

Te charcoal from C.5 wa identied and it inclded poible oak and poible hazel/alder. Tee

wood type are abndant in archaeological depoit from mot period. Te remain were poiblyhearth wate that wa cat into the ditch with other refe.

Context: 5

Sample:

Weight:


21/21


Discussion

All the plant remain recovered from 04E0648 were preerved by charring. Ti i mot com-

mon way in which plant remain are preerved and almot all archaeological ite will contain

ome charred remain. However thi method of preervation entail a bia toward certain pecie,

mainly woody eed and particlarly cereal grain and arable weed.

A the ditch excavated at the ite wa from a poible ringfort, thi mall aemblage can be com-

pared to other early medieval aemblage from imilar ite in Co. Kerry. Barley and oat were

common at ringfort excavated in Ballyegan and Loher, althogh there were alo very low inci-

dence of wheat (riticum p.) and rye (Secale cereale) (Monk, ierney & Hannon 1998, 69-72).

While ringfort are ally conidered early medieval, the radiocarbon date from Grrandarragh

(AD 1230-1300) indicated later activity; pblihed archaeobotanical data for thi period (motly

from rban excavation) indicate that barley and oat were alo freqent at thi time. Both oat

and barley were preent in thirteenth centry depoit from Cork city (McClatchie 2003, 395)

and in thirteenth centry depoit at Waterford city, bt breadwheat (riticum aestivum) wa alo

common (ierney & Hannon 1997, 890). A few medieval rral ite have prodced plant remain.

At a Medieval moated ite excavated in Ballyveelih, Co. ipperary, oat and wheat were fond

to be the mot common cereal type (Monk 1987, 87) and at a corn-drying kiln aociated with a

ringwork at Ballyimon, Co. Limerick, barley and wheat were the dominant pecie (Brewer 2001,

48). In conclion, the mall amont of cereal remain have general comparion acro a range

of Irih medieval ite.

Bibliography

Brewer, A. 2001 Plant Remain, in: Collin, . and Cmmin A. Excavation o a Medieval

Ringwork at Ballysimon, Limerick, 48-9. Aegi Archaeology. Limerick

McClatchie, M. 2003 Te Plant Remain, in: Cleary R. and Hrley, M. Cork City Excavations

1984-2000, 391-413. Cork City Concil. Cork.

Monk, M. ierney, J. and Hannon, M. 1997 Archaeobotanical Stdie and Early Medieval

Mnter in: Monk, M and Sheehan, J. (ed) Early Medieval Munster Archaeology, Historyand Society, 65-75. Cork Univerity Pre. Cork.

ierney, J. and Hannon. M. 1998 Plant Remain, in: Hrley, M. and Sclly, O. Late Viking and

Medieval Waterord Excavations 1986-1992, 854-93. Waterford Corporation. Waterford.

Final Excavation, N22 Gortatlea to Far Ran Fore, Co. Kerry - 04E0648

Documents

Transcript of Final Excavation, N22 Gortatlea to Far Ran Fore, Co. Kerry - 04E0648