Final Exam Review

Semester 2

1)Russian Revolution

2)Age of Anxiety

3)World War II

4)Gandhi

5)Cold War

6)Middle East/Current Events

TEST COVERS the following units:

Russian Revolution

Lenin builds an Empire

1917-1924

Russian Revolution

Road to Revolution

Bloody Sunday (1905)

Duma Established 1906

Dissolves Duma

Nicholas II (Rules 1894-1917)

Russo-Japanese War (1904)

World War I (1914)

Unprepared

Poor Performance

Russia During World War I

• Morale very low– Soldiers deserting the Army

• Economy is very weak– High prices, shortages, etc…

• Bolsheviks demanding change at home

• Nicholas II headquarters at front in WWI

Bolsheviks

• Russian Marxist group that wanted reform

• Leader: Vladimir Lenin

• Fled Russia in early 1900’s to avoid arrest

Lenin takes power in 1917

Russia falls into Civil War 1918-20

Signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918

TIMELINE

15 million people die! (war, famine, disease)

Economy destroyed!

Communism: Theory vs Reality

Karl Marx

Wrote Communist Manifesto [1848]

Predicted the collapse of capitalism

Stalin Wrap-Up

• Rules until his death in 1953• USSR becomes much stronger military • Majority of Russians live in poverty• Totalitarian Government which rules by fear• Fights with USA in World War II• After WWII, USSR becomes enemy of USA

– Cold war starts 1945-1990

Age of Anxiety

1919-1939

Early 20th Century: The world experiments with NEW ways to govern society.

Totalitarianism Socialism Democracy &Capitalism

NazismFascismCommunism

ISM’s of the 20th Century

1) Socialism

2) Totalitarianism

3) Fascism

4) Nazism

5) Communism

End of World War I leads to the rise of Totalitarian Ideologies

Results of Great Depression

• European countries were just beginning to recover from World War I

• The U.S. economy hurt the GLOBAL economy.

• Japanese Economy begins to suffer

• Helps Hitler assume power in Germany

Around the World

Hitler’s Dance

• 1935-- Rearmament begins in Germany

• 1936-- Moves into the Rhineland

• 1938 -- Seize Austria & demands Sudetenland

• 1938-- Munich Conference

Nonaggression Pact

• 1939 10-year pact signed

• Secretly agree to divide Poland– other countries promised to Stalin

• Hitler was assured there would be no attack from the east. (USSR)

Hitler & Stalin’s

Appeasement

World War II

1939-1945

World War II

1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

<------------------------------------------------->

D-Day

GermanySurrenders

PolandInvasion

France Falls

Battle of Britain

InvasionSovietUnion

Battle ofStalingrad &Operation Torch

Battle ofMidway

PearlHarbor

3-Theatres of War: European, African & Pacific

Two Front War

• U.S. & Great Britain concentrate on Southern Europe & Northern Africa

• Soviet Union fight on its “own” against Germany on eastern front

• U.S. will continue fight against Japan

Hitler’s Plan• Step 1: Immigration: tried to “export” Jews

to other countries– Britain 80,000 U.S. 100,000 France 25,000

– Latin America 40,000

• Step 2: Ghettos: Hitler turned to isolation as immigration proved limited

• Step 3: Final Solution- moved Jews to concentration camps and began mass killings

The Final Numbers

• 6,000,000 Jewish deaths» Original Population Killed

• Poland 3,300,000 3,000,000• Soviet Union 2,850,000 1,252,000• Hungary 650,000 450,000• Romania 600,000 300,000• Germany 240,000 200,000

Can we Learn From History?Goal: Long lasting Peace

To do list:

Countries need new BordersNew GovernmentsNew League of NationsCountries need to be rebuilt Trials for “War Crimes” for Nazi Leaders

Communist Triumph in China

Civil War leads to Communism

1920-1950

China Summary

• Chinese society was based on tradition

• Western influence was forced and came late to China

• Opium War of 1839 changes China

• China fall into civil war 1900-1950 as Qing dynasty collapses

1946-49 Civil War

1950-1958 Mao’s Communism

1966-76 Cultural Revolution

1958-61 “The Great Leap”

Mao loses power

Communist China Summary

• Economic failure

• Few advances in technology & industry

• Today, China is finally starting to “catch up” with industrialized countries

• China is using Capitalism to get their economy to grow today

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian Independence

Before Gandhi: India Summary

• A history of being ruled by “outsiders”

• Strong religious tension between dominant Hindu population and Muslims

• Did not truly push for independence until after World War I

• Amritsar Massacre was the turning point in independence movement

Gandhi’s Influence

• 1920 Indian National Congress endorses civil disobedience (non-violence) as means to achieve independence

• 1924 Gandhi assume the Presidency of the Indian National Congress

• Gandhi never OFFICIALLY held political office!

Mahatma in India

• 1919 Protested Rowlett Acts• 1922 Ended campaign after riots• 1930 Led salt march• 1932 Fasted to protest caste system• 1947 Fasted to end violence • 1948 Assassinated by Hindu extremist

The Cold War Expands1946-1949

IRON CURTAIN

American Foreign Policy

Containment

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan

1) Containment and Brinkmanship 1945-69

2) Détente 1970’s

3) Renewed Arms Race 1980’s

4) Collapse of Soviet Union 1990

Conflicts of Cold War

1945-46: Iron Curtain

1948: Berlin Airlift

1949: Soviets test Nuclear Bomb

1950-53: Korean War

1960-73: Vietnam War

1959: Cuban Communist Revolution

1960: U-2 Incident

1961: Berlin Wall Built

1962: Cuban Missile Crisis

Some Factors in the collapse of Soviet Union

• Overall, very poor economy

• Flawed economic system (communism)

• Could not compete with USA in the Arms Race

• Invasion of Afghanistan caused financial hardship

• Rebellions in Iron Curtain Countries & Soviet Republics

• Falling oil prices in 1980’s drastically lowered income

Middle East & Current Events

9/11th raises tension in the Middle East

Immigration to Palestine

• The Balfour Declaration (1917) started large scale immigration to Palestine

• British LIMIT size of Jewish immigration– Palestinians feared being outnumbered

• Promised to not infringe rights of non-Jewish population

Arab States & Partition

• Arab states immediately oppose partition– Islamic countries all voted against the U.N. partition

• May 14th 1948 Israel is officially formed

• The surrounding Arab states refuse to recognize Israel

Arab-Israeli Wars

• 1st War in 1948, followed by

• 1956 Suez Crisis

• 1967 Six-Day War

• 1973 War

Leader: King Faud

Challenges:

1) Islamic extremist groups within country2) USA has military bases in Saudi Arabia3) Government is repressive 4) Has more Oil than any other country

Saudi Arabia

Government: Monarchy

Established: 1932

Population: 23 Million

Relation to USA: Friendly---based on Oil & Military

Iran

President:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Spiritual Leader:Ayatollah Khamenei

- Complex Government: Islamic Republic • President is “elected”• Religious leader “Ayatollah” has significant power

- Gov’t established in 1979 after Iranian Revolution which overthrew Shah

Other Information:

• Iranians are not Arabs (Persians)• Currently developing Nuclear Technology• US & Europe is attempting to find a diplomaticsolution

IRAQ• Saddam Hussein leader 1979-2003

• US invasion forces him out in 2003

• 2006 Democratic Government Formed

Challenges• Diverse Population: Shia’, Sunni & Kurds• Extremist Elements do not want Democracy\• Civil War is possible• Security is currently very poor in Iraq• USA hopes to reduce troop levels late in 2006