Final Exam ReviewSection V-XI on the Study Guide

Persuasive Speech

oral presentation to convince listeners to accept a particular opinion or take a specific action

Author’s Purpose

author’s reason for writing—to entertain, to inform, to persuade

Biography

When a writer tells the life story of another person.

Autobiography

When a person tells his or her own life story.

Essay

Short nonfiction work about a particular subject.

Informational Text

writing that provides the knowledge to guide and educate you.

Bias

Writer’s tendency to favor one side of an issue.

Editorial

Article written by newspaper’s publisher or editor to express his/her opinion on a current issue.

Loaded Language

Words intended to trigger a positive or negative response without reasoned support. This language is oftentimes emotionally charged or too heavily reliant on pathos (emotional appeal).

Newspaper Article

Writing that covers national, international, state, and local news.

Noun

a word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea

Pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun.

Verb

A word used to express an action or a state of being

Adverb

A word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb

Adjective

A word used to modify a noun or a pronoun.

Preposition

A word used to show the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence.

Conjunction

A word used to join words or groups of words.

Interjection

A word used to express emotion! Wow!

Correct Order and Punctuation for a Bibliographic Entry …

The most basic entry for a book consists of the following:

Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Publisher City: Publisher Name, Year Published. Pages. Medium.

Smith, John. The Sample Book. Pittsburgh: BibMe, 2008. 278. Print.

A few additional notes …

You will note that the second line (and all subsequent lines following the second line) of a bibliographic entry is indented 5 spaces from the left or half an inch just like this paragraph – this is called a hanging indent. The first line is flush (this means it lines up) with the left margin.

Please also note that the final punctuation mark of the entry is a period. Please also study all of the punctuation required for a proper bibliographic entry in a Works Cited page.

A Works Cited page is similar to a bibliography. A bibliography is a list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, usually printed as an appendix.

When choosing a city of publication while researching, it is important to select the first city of publication listed.

Finally, the abbreviation ed. or Ed. stands for editor.

Rules of Formal Outlining …

I. The outline should be in sentence form.

A. That means that each section of the outline must be a complete

sentence.

B. Each part may only have one sentence in it.

II. Each Roman numeral should be a main section of the outline.

A. Capital letters are main points of the thesis.

1. Numbers are sub-points under the capital letters.

2. Little letters are sub-points under the numbers.

B. Sub-points need to correspond with the idea they are under.

1. This means that capital letters refer to the idea in roman

numerals.

2. This means that numbers refer to the idea in the capital letter.

III. All sub-points should be indented the same (indenting is very

important).

A. This means that all of the capital letters are indented the same.

B. All numbers are indented the same.

IV. No sub-point stands alone.

A. Every A must have a B.

B. Every 1 must have a 2.

C. You don’t need to have a C or a 3, but you can.

D. There are no exceptions to this rule

Rules of Formal Outlining Cont’d

Parts of an Essay

Introduction

The introductory paragraph of an essay on a work of literature should include, but not be limited to the following:

The author and title of the work

A general statement about the work of literature and the protagonist

A thesis statement

At least five sentences introducing the author, the work of literature, the time period of the literary work, and the above bullets.

Thesis Statement …

The thesis in ancient Greek literally means idea. A thesis statement is the main idea of an essay, a research paper, or other applicable work of nonfiction.

Thesis statements are critical because they guide the reader in terms of the content of a work of nonfiction.

Topic Sentence …

A topic sentence is generally the first sentence in a paragraph.

Topic sentences contain the main idea of the paragraph and specifically relate the idea contained in the paragraph to the thesis statement of the paper.

When students are writing an essay, research paper, or other work of nonfiction focusing on a work of literature, students should stay in present tense and use active voice (meaning the subject is taking the action in the sentence).

Transitions

Transitions are connectors between the ideas in a student’s writing. Transitions do the following:

Establish logical connections between sentences, paragraphs, and sections of your paper.

Signal relationships between ideas

Provide the reader with directions for how to piece together your ideas into a logically coherent argument.

Concluding Sentence or Parts of a Conclusion …

When concluding an essay focusing on a work of literature, it is most important to include the following:

A restatement of your thesis statement. This is a sentence that says the same thing ideologically as your thesis statement in your introductory paragraph, but with different words.

Helpful Information on Verb Tenses

Strictly speaking, in English, only two tenses are marked in the verb alone, present (as in "he sings") and past (as in "he sang"). Other English language tenses, as many as thirty of them, are marked by other words called auxiliaries. Understanding the six basic tenses allows one to re-create much of the reality of time in their writing.

Present: They walk

Present Perfect: They have walked

Past: They walked

Past Perfect: They had walked

Future: They will walk

Future Perfect: They will have walked

Present Perfect

Present perfect designates action which began in the past but which continues into the present or the effect which still continues into the present.

1. Betty taught for ten years. (simple past)

2. Betty has taught for ten years.

(present perfect)

Past Perfect

The past perfect tense designates action in the past just as simple past does, but the action of the past perfect is action completed in the past before another action.

1. John raised vegetables and later sold them. (past)

2. John sold vegetables that he had raised. (past perfect)

The vegetables were raised before they were sold.

1. Renee washed the car when George arrived (simple past)

2. Renee had washed the car when George arrived. (past perfect)

In (1), she waited until George arrived and then washed the car. In (2), she had already finished washing the car by the time he arrived.

In sentences expressing condition and result, the past perfect tense is used in the part that states the condition.

1. If I had done my exercises, I would have passed the test.

2. I think George would have been elected if he hadn't sounded so pompous.

Future Perfect

The future perfect tense designates action that will have been completed at a specified time in the future.

1. Saturday I will finish my housework.

(simple future)

2. By Saturday noon, I will have finished my

housework. (future perfect)

Conjugation of the Verb TO DO

FutureI will doyou will dohe/she/it will dowe will doyou will dothey will do

Future perfectI will have doneyou will have donehe/she/it will have donewe will have doneyou will have donethey will have done

PresentI doyou dohe/she/it doeswe doyou dothey do

Present perfectI have doneyou have donehe/she/it has donewe have doneyou have donethey have done

PastI didyou didhe/she/it didwe didyou didthey did

Past perfectI had doneyou had donehe/she/it had donewe had doneyou had donethey had done

Conjugation of the Verb TO SEE

Present

I seeyou seehe/she/it seeswe seeyou seethey see

Present perfect

I have seenyou have seenhe/she/it has seenwe have seenyou have seenthey have seen

PastI sawyou sawhe/she/it sawwe sawyou sawthey saw

Past perfectI had seenyou had seenhe/she/it had seenwe had seenyou had seenthey had seen

FutureI will seeyou will seehe/she/it will seewe will seeyou will seethey will see

Future perfectI will have seenyou will have seenhe/she/it will have seenwe will have seenyou will have seenthey will have seen

Conjugation of the Verb TO THROW

Present

I throwyou throwhe/she/it throwswe throwyou throwthey throw

Present perfect

I have thrownyou have thrownhe/she/it has thrownwe have thrownyou have thrownthey have thrown

PastI threwyou threwhe/she/it threwwe threwyou threwthey threw

Past perfectI had thrownyou had thrownhe/she/it had thrownwe had thrownyou had thrownthey had thrown

FutureI will throwyou will throwhe/she/it will throwwe will throwyou will throwthey will throw

Future perfectI will have thrownyou will have thrownhe/she/it will have thrownwe will have thrownyou will have thrownthey will have thrown

Conjugation of the Verb TO DRINK

PresentI drinkyou drinkhe/she/it drinkswe drinkyou drinkthey drink

Present PerfectI have drunkyou have drunkhe/she/it has drunkwe have drunkyou have drunkthey have drunk

PastI drankyou drankhe/she/it drankwe drankyou drankthey drank

Past perfectI had drunkyou had drunkhe/she/it had drunkwe had drunkyou had drunkthey had drunk

FutureI will drinkyou will drinkhe/she/it will drinkwe will drinkyou will drinkthey will drink

Future perfectI will have drunkyou will have drunkhe/she/it will have drunkwe will have drunkyou will have drunkthey will have drunk