Final Review Preparationfor the final exam Preparation for the final exam.
Final exam power point
Transcript of Final exam power point
7 components of communication
7 components of the communication process:
1. Source [S]2. Receiver [R]3. Message [M]4. Channel 5. Feedback 6. Situation 7. Noise
5 canons
Five canons of rhetoric:
1.Invention
2.Organization
3.Style
4.Understanding
5.Delivery
Which one you worked on the most? How?
Why???? Public Speaking
• Democracy/freedom of speech/civic engagement
School/Local leadership
• Life skills/critical thinking/problem solving/decision making/conflict/team work/media/
college presentation/critical listening
• Work/job search/employment ladder & communication skills
language
• Powerful• Can harm• Can fight• Can heal• Making friends and enemies• mediate• Organize/classify• Shape thoughts
language
• Descriptive
Attempts to observe no judge• Evaluative
Full of judgments about goodness or badness of a person/situation
Modes of delivery
1. Extemporaneous Mode: keyword outline or brief notes (a speech in class)
2. Memorized Mode: committed to memory (a political speech)
3. Manuscript Mode: complete presentation is written outno memorization(a wedding toast, introductions)
4. Impromptu Mode: presenting without advance preparation(at a business meeting)
Impromptu speech
A speech that does not allow substantial planning and practice
Strategies?– Limit your message to 1 or 2 specific things– Connect quickly/effectively/grab attention– Humor/use “we”/be stylish
Ethos-pathos-logos
3 cornerstones of public speaking/ Aristotle
•Ethos=source credibility•Pathos=emotional argument•Logos=logical argument
Source credibility=Ethos
• The audience’s perception of your effectiveness as a communicator
What do you know?
How effectively you communicate your ideas to the audience?
• It is NOT based on your presentation/delivery skills
Trustworthiness
• Part of the source credibility• It is the degree to which the audience
perceives you as an honest and honorable speaker.
• If you present made up facts now, you will not be trusted later.
listening
• Hearing is receiving sounds• Listening is interpreting the message
• Active listening• Avoid distraction• Thoughtfulness
Anxiety?
• Act confidently/have fun/own the room• Know your subject• Care about your subject• See your audience as your friends• See yourself as a successful speaker• Clear your intro-body-conclusion and 3 points
in your head• PRACTICE for confidence
Purpose
General purpose: to teach, change, celebrate(one of these)
Specific Purpose Statement for info speech:My audience will understand/learn the stepsfor taking care a dog (specify what you teach).
You never actually state your specific purpose statement, it is for you to guide your speech.
Audience analysis
–discovering as much as possible about an audience for the purpose of improving communication with them–Occurs before, during, after a
presentation
Analyzing demographic characteristics is part of the audience analysis!
1. Gender: Avoid “genderism” but consider gender
Some men/women might feel victimized
(Give an example)
2. Age: They live, communicate, are informed differently
3. Ethnicity: language, culture, history, nation-state; do not discriminate
Co-cultures: similar to the majority culture but different behavior, background, beliefs.
demographic characteristics
4. Economic status: wealthier are more conservative
5. Occupation: translate jargons into language comestible with other cultures as well
6. Education: not equated with level of intelligence
7. World view: transcend differences rooted in various life experiences. What does it mean?
8. Physical characteristics: ability/disability
Don’t plagiarize
• The intentional use of info from a source without crediting that source
Separate your ideas from others’ ideas
Don’t mix the source with your words
Use correct citation
Check on internet for plagiarism such as dustball.com
Toulmin model of argument
Claim
An assertion that is open to question, or the proposition based on reasoning.
Data
Evidence or proof you provide to support your claim.
Warrant
The link between the data and your claim•Good speeches have multiple warrants supporting the same claim
Supporting materials
Ethical obligation •To find the best source/info•Cite your source/info•Fairly and accurately present the source
Criteria for sources
• Clear• Verifiable/is it verifiable if personal interview?• Competent/does the source have expertise?• Objective/avoid biases• Relevant/address the key points
How about web sources?
Six common fallacies
1. Name calling: unfairly labeling people
2. Glittering Generality:
(accept an idea without examining the evidence because it looks so good. Example: Bringing democracy to the Arab world.)
3. Bandwagon technique:
(the argument: “do because everybody is doing it”)
Six common fallacies
4. Circular reasoning
Uses unproven positions to prove each other
(He is unhappy because he drinks. He drinks because he is unhappy.)
5. Either/Or
everything is binary (two opposite points), nothing is neutral or has multiple positions. (Example: You are either with me or against me.)
6. Post Hoc ( ergo propter hoc)Fallacy
“after this; therefore, because of this.”
(I saw a black cat before the test. I failed the test after this. Because I saw a black cat, I failed the test.)
Cause-effect pattern
1. Dog owners did not clean up after their dogs.
2. Dog owners let their dogs barking.
3. As a result, dog owners are not popular in Athens, Ohio. (Make sure you do not switch to persuasion!)
Logical Reasons Pattern
1. Present the reasons for the problem
Because of …
2. Therefore … (build your argument)
3. End with most important reason.
Don’t switch to Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern. Logical reasoning does not offer solution
full sentence outline
• Be able to construct a full sentence outline for a persuasive speech (correctly labeling all parts), including a correct introduction, transitions, main points, sub points, and a complete conclusion.
• See your You Speak book
full sentence outline
Construct a full sentence outline for a persuasive speech correctly labeling all parts
• Introduction• Transition• Main points• Sub points • Conclusion
You are not expected to provide sources
Example YSp. p.87.
What holds the presentation together?
• Transitions• Statements/words that bridge previous parts
to the next part• Transitions can be signposts, internal
previews, internal reviews
Parts of a Persuasive Speech outline
IntroductionI. Attention Getter
II. Audience Relevance Link
III.Credibility
IV.Proposition
V. Preview of main points
Transition
Parts of a Persuasive Speech outline BODYFirst main point I.---------------------------.
First sub-point A.--------------.
first sub-subpoint 1.----------
second subsubpoint 2.----------
Second sub-point B.-------------------------
first sub-subpoint 1.-----------
second sub-subpoint 2.----------Transition
Second main point II.------------------------------
First sub-point A.--------------
first sub-subpoint 1.----------
second sub-subpoint 2.----------
Second sub-point B.-------------------------
first sub-subpoint 1.-----------
second sub-subpoint 2.-----------
Transition
Third main point III. ------------------------------
First sub-point A.--------------.
first sub-subpoint 1.----------
second sub-subpoint 2.----------
Second sub-point B.-------------------------
first sub-subpoint 1.-----------
second sub-subpoint 2.-----------
Transition
Parts of a Persuasive Speech outline
ConclusionI. Review Main Points
II.Restate Proposition
III.Decisive Closing
Watch TED talk for the final quizRemember the major arguments
• http://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are