FINAL EXAM FORMAT

• 100 multiple choice questions (50 pts)

• 2 reading questions answer each (30 pts)

• 2 longer essays (20 points)

REVIEW FOR FINAL

EXAM Tuesday 10:20- 12:20Bring #2 pencil & pen

Bring REVIEW SHEET (75 points on Marriage chapter)

Author’s name is Rev. William J. O’Malley S.J. = S______of J___.

Chapter 1 Whose truth

Theme of Chapter 1: EPISTEMOLOGY

•Epistemology is the study of human knowledge

Rorschach Inkblot Test

• A series of inkblots patterns used to get a patient to express their SUBJECTIVE opinions and feelings.

• They have NO OBJECTIVE meaning.

SUBJECTIVE

•Based on a person’s opinion

OBJECTIVE

•Based on the FACTS

The reasoning process

2. categorizing

• --------1.perceiving

3.evaluating

4.symbolizing

tree

5. Critique-ask someone

Pretty!

REASONING Process

• Perceive• Categorize• Evaluation• Symbolize• Critique

MORALITY- defined

• MORALITY is living up to the invitation of one’s HUMAN NATURE.

• It is a CHOICE.• Only HUMANS have that choice.

Chapter 2 What does being human mean?

There are 4 earthly elements

•MINERAL • VEGETABLE• ANIMAL• HUMAN

Inert?

Only humans can…fast from food,blushpray,draw,write poetry & music,diet,make plans & resolutionsmake promises (marriage vows)sacrifice for the beloved.

Only humans are SELF-AWARE.We have a CHOICE.

HUMANS have a CHOICE

• We are born human

• But not FULLY human.

We have the POTENTIAL

To become MORE HUMAN.

Chapter 3 CONSCIENCE

How do we make judgments?

Paris’ parents throw him away

• Two motives for making a moral choice rather than an immoral choice:

1. UTILITARIANISM-whatever works for me

2. ALTRUISM- whatever is honorable

UTILITARIANS

are motivated by self-interest.

pleasure

pain

ALTRUISTS are motivated unselfishly by what is

honorable.

TRIAGE

• The term TRIAGE began in wartime to help medics decide who to treat when there are limited resources and overwhelming demand.

Conscience (definition)pg 33

• is a set of guidelines for making moral decisions.

• a set of INTERNALIZED PRINCIPLES. •We are NOT born with it.

Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)

The Id (literally “It”)

• Our natural, in-born ,animal instincts to eat, sleep, & excrete. IMPULSIVE & SELFISH.

the beast

The Superego

• A kind of ‘temporary conscience’ or survival manual filled with our parents’, society’s & the media’s rules. UNREASONED & RIGID.

The Ego- from the Latin meaning= “I am”

-NOT referring to conceit, or a ‘big’ ego-develops during adolescence, a sense of ‘self’-sometimes called the ‘AGE of REASON’-independent of parents, peers, media, etc.

THIS IS YOUR CONSCIENCE !

The difference between

• PERSONALITY- from the Greek ‘PERSONA’ means OUTER mask

(outer self)

• CHARACTER (CONSCIENCE) - has to do with your INNER self.

(your principles & beliefs)

Two tasks in forming an EGO or a CONSCIENCE

1. CONTROL your ID Urges to sleep, eat, drink, sex…

2. CRITIQUE your SUPEREGO Evaluate what you have been taught (or

brainwashed) to believe. Is what they told me TRUE?

Chapter 4 Relationships

The 2 great questions:

Who am I?

Where do I fit in?

BIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY defined:

The fragile web of interdependent PHYSICAL relationships

The U.S. is…

• 4% (almost 5%) of the world’s population

The U.S. consumes…

•40% of the world’s fuel

MORAL ECOLOGY

• The fragile web of interdependent HUMAN

(MORAL) relationships.

GOLDEN RULE… NOT a matter of religion…

But a matter of HUMAN SURVIVAL.

Chapter 5 LEGAL/MORAL

Obey the law – (COMMON SENSE) or suffer for being NOBLE?

Antigone – was NOBLE

Obey the LAW or

Obey the LAW or

Obey your CONSCIENCE?

Two kinds of LAWS

ARBITRARY LAW• Based on good order in society

NATURAL LAW• Based on the nature of

things/people

2 factors in HUMAN makeup make Satan unnecessary:

NARCISSISM• Definition-Self-absorption; unwilling to

admit mistakes.

INERTIA• Definition- laziness, unwilling to

change.

2 kinds of AUTHORITY/power

Political authority• Bestowed from the outside

Moral authority•Achieved from within

Chapter 6 SELF-RESPECT

Character is greater than personality.

Character> personality

Chapter SELF RESPECT

Ayrehead had character

His brothers just had personality

Chapter 6 SELF-RESPECT

Character is greater than personality.

Character> personality

The difference between healthy PRIDE and unhealthy HUBRIS (CONCEIT)

• PRIDE is a HEALTHY feeling of satisfaction for a job well done or a life well lived…

• HUBRIS-is an UNHEALTHY arrogance, refusal to face flaws.

We evade (avoid) developing SELF-RESPECT

3 Defensive

3 Offens

ive

DEFENSIVE EVASION #1

• SCAPEGOATING- blaming everything you are on someone/something else.

DEFENSIVE EVASION #2

• MINIMALISM-settling for whatever you can get from the LEAST input.

DEFENSIVE EVASION #3

• WITHDRAWAL- putting your head in the sand and denying there are any problems.

OFFENSIVE EVASION #1

• MASKS-trying to cover up what you fear is a big nothing with a phony façade.

OFFENSIVE EVASION #2

• COMPETITION- purchasing approval & respect from the OUTSIDE to compensate for LACK of approval on the INSIDE……. $

OFFENSIVE EVASION #3

• PERFECTIONISM- never being satisfied with what one has accomplished.

EVASIONS of SELF-RESPECT

DEFENSIVE• Scape-goating• Minimalism• Withdrawal

OFFENSIVE• Masks• Competition• Perfectionism

CHARACTER requires 2 QUALITIES:

vulnerability spine

VULNERABILITY

• Put down your guard against the TRUTH and OTHERS. Being VULNERABLE is essential for growth.

• Growth involves Change andChange Involves risk.

VULNERABILITY-let down your guard. “let go”

SPINE (Backbone)- Not give in. “hold on”

Chapter 7 NARCISSISM

• Study the enneagram types…

Chapter 8 HONESTY

Part 1. With OURSELVES…Part 2. With OTHERS…

Honesty w/self Honestly w/others

• Self- deception • Lying to others

• Lying to others

A Man for All Seasons-a play by Robert Bolt about

Sir Thomas More

What is our motivation when we tell the truth ?

• Utilitarian motive-when it is useful to myself. (my mark will go up!)

Richard Rich is a utilitarian.

• Altruistic motive –even when it will COST something.(my mark might go down!)

Be honest with yourself…What do you REALLY WANT?

• I wish…• I feel like…• I would like…• I want...

If I REALLY want the GOAL…

I want the MEANS to the GOAL.

How can I tell what I REALLY want?

actionswords

Human Ecology- the web of moral relationships

• The GLUE that holds the web together…

trust

Chapter 9 FREEDOM & INDEPENDENCE

Chapter 9 FREEDOM & INDEPENDENCE

Freedom is an IRONY & a paradox.

Freedom isn’t free.

FREEDOM is filled with PARADOX.

PARADOX- a truth wrapped in a contradiction.

The statement below is true.

The statement above is false.

FREEDOM is a PARADOX

2. FREEDOM works when you STOP having it.Like money, you are FREE only when you SPEND

your FREEDOM on a CHOICE.

To be FREE, you have to COMMIT yourself to a choice.

2 Kinds of FREEDOM

OUTER FREEDOM- free from outside forces

INNER FREEDOM -

freedom for doing the right thing

C0NSCIENCE (Healthy Ego) has 5 FUNCTIONS

1.2.3.4.5.

C0NSCIENCE (Healthy Ego) has 5 FUNCTIONS

1. REALITY TESTING2. Internal Resistance to change3. Actions Consequences4. SCALE OF PRIORITIES5.Control ID & Evaluate Superego

Good SERVANTS…but Bad MASTERS

Where is your CONSCIENCE?

PURITANS(too rigid)

RELATIVISTS(too

flexible)

Chapter 10 LEGITIMATE SUFFERING

The 4 Distressing sights.

• Illness

• Old age

• Death

• Holy man

Does suffering have value?

Not just physical pain & death…

…but the pain from the NATURAL CRISES OF GROWTH.

• GROWING PAINS

Suffering - lose something very GOOD to get something BETTER.

• Good • Better

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

2 unconscious drives

EROS

the LIFE WISH

erwS

THANATOS the DEATH WISH

qanatoS

What does the word “HAPPINESS” mean?

Our culture says:

• Happiness is to ‘feel good’.

The ancient Greeks say:

• Happiness is EUDAIMONIA

meaning literally ‘a good soul’.To be happy as a

human is to BE GOOD.

Carl Jung –Swiss psychiatrist says:

• “Neurosis is a SUBSTITUTE for LEGITIMATE suffering”.

• NEUROSIS ? neuron + osis

“Neurosis is a substitute for legitimate suffering”

Translation: people become neurotic avoiding PAIN rather

than dealing with it.

3 ways to COPE with inevitable suffering

• Realism• Responsibility• Delay gratification

Erik Erikson 1902-1994

Birth-childhood-play-school-teen

Stage 1 BIRTH (rejection #1)

Dark, quiet,warm… • bright, loud, cool

Erikson’s stages + tasks

• Stage 1 birth task – TRUST• Stage 2 childhood task --AUTONOMY• Stage 3 play task--INITIATIVE• Stage 4 school task—INDUSTRY• Stage 5 adolescence task – GROUP IDENTITY

Erikson’s stages + tasks

• Stage 1 birth task – TRUST• Stage 2 childhood task --AUTONOMY• Stage 3 play task--INITIATIVE• Stage 4 school task—INDUSTRY• Stage 5 adolescence task – GROUP IDENTITY

RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHERS

• Chap 11 Fairness• Chap 12 Loving• Chap 13 Marriage

Chapter 11 FAIRNESS

Our RELATIONSHIPS with OTHERS

FAIRNESS = JUSTICE

3 Kinds of JUSTICE (FAIRNESS)

•DISTRIBUTIVE•COMMUTATIVE•SOCIAL

DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

• Distribuere (latin)- because we are equally human, we have a right to our ‘FAIR SHARE’.

society

Individual

COMMUTATIVE JUSTICE

• Commutare (latin)- to exchange, back and forth. ‘Give & Take’.

individual individual

SOCIAL JUSTICE

• Social Justice- based on what we OWE to society, not in CHARITY but JUSTICE.

society

individual

Individual Individual

Commutative (Contractual)

Dis

trib

utiv

e Contributive

Society

Noblesse Oblige

• The obligation upon those of ‘high birth’ to act accordingly: generous, fair, WITH HONOR.

Chapter 12 LOVING

“Anything ugly, once it is loved, becomes beautiful.”

Love sees ‘ugliness’ for what it is… surface peripheral inconsequential.

give get

1.Because LOVE is a ‘self-enriching’ experience…

9…Love is an act of the WILL

We DECIDE who we will love

12. LOVE COSTS

TimeEffortMoneySacrifice

Chapter 13 MARRIAGE

Marriage is a PARTNERSHIP

Marriage is PARTNERSHIP

Of those who are married, does education increase ordecrease the likelihood of becoming married?

Each STATE has laws regulating marriage.

New York State Marriage License

T F 1. Either the bride or the groom…

T F 2.The couple can use the license immedi…

T F 3. There is no cost/$/charge…

T F 4. A blood test is no longer…

T F 5. A 16 year old with both parents consent’s

T F 6. Two people of the same sex…

T F 7. You can marry your first cousin…

T F 8. The woman can change her name but not

T F 9. You can use a NY state license in any…

T F 10. The ceremony must include a promise…

Erik Erikson’s STAGES of Development

TASK

7.adulthood 6. young adulthood

5. adolescence STAGE

identity

intimacy

parenthood

Marriage is a calculated risk

Social factors for DIVORCE.Divorce is MORE COMMON if:

Your parents are divorced.

The couple is young (19).

Only a high school diploma.

Very high/very low income.

Have no children.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS leading to DIVORCE . DIVORCE MORE likely if:

defensive

Gauge their worth by EXTERNAL standards

Shift responsibility to others

Over sensitive/temperamental

Remember to bring REVIEW SHEET to the FINAL

• To be collected by PROCTOR• 75 pts towards MARRIAGE chapter.

• Good luck