Final Draft Dissertation, Psychology

8/9/2019 Final Draft Dissertation, Psychology

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DEVELOPING AN UNDERSTANDING ON WHY WOMEN LIVE WITH ABUSIVE AND

VIOLENT PARTNERS

By

Farhan Tariq Butt

farhanu!!"h#t$ai%&'#$

MS P(y'h#%#)y

Pai(tan

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A*(tra't

The entire attempt of this research is to identify what makes the women bear the tortures of

abusive and violent intimate relationships with their husbands or partners. Many theories and

concepts in criminal and social psychology has tried to look into the different attributes that lead

to the possible acts of violence by the spouses to their respective partners in case of an intimate

relationship. But what is more intriguing is the complacence from the women of such partners

who are hardly found complaining to the legal authorities or the concerning governing bodies in

the society about these abuses. Moreover, some of the theorists and scholars have also studied

and found that women not only stay away from disclosing these acts of abuse but also continue

to live with such relationships.

The entire dissertation is sub-divided into five chapters, each to conduct certain specific

activities. The research rationale tries to identify why the researcher chose the topic of intimate

partner abuse in case of women and why women keep living with such relationship. The research

aim, objectives and questions try to keep a focus on what elements have to be studied

specifically to identify why women stay with their abusive intimate partners. The following

chapter has all the research theories and concepts on criminal and social psychology related to

abusive behavior in intimate relationships. n studying the theories the researcher has also looked

into the available statistics of women abuse in different countries around the world.

n conducting the research, the researcher has used positivism, descriptive and inductive research

design. This research was mainly a cross-sectional research, where samples of !" women who

are either married or have e#perienced an intimate relationship were used as respondents of a

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questionnaire survey. The research has both primary analysis and secondary analysis of data,

using a mi#ed approach. The survey questionnaire is the quantitative data that is analy$ed, while

the qualitative analysis has interview conducted of five psychologists of the field. The data

analysis has found that it is mostly the education and culture of the society that makes the

women succumb to such acts of violence and yet remain in the relationship, also with a hope that

over the time, the situation would become better.

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A'n#+%,-),$,nt

%onducting this research has been one of the most preferable e#periences of my life. t has

contributed e#ceptionally in enhancing my knowledge base and skills of analysis. was capable

of overcoming the challenges that faced while completing this dissertation. &owever, all this

would not have been possible without the guidance and help of many individuals supporting me.

'irst, would like to thank my supervisor for constant assistance and guidance throughout the

research. (pecial thanks to my academic guides who shared their knowledge and e#perience and

encouraged me. would also like to thank my friends who provided me moral support and

helped in collecting the primary data from various resources. 'inally, would like to thank the

organi$ing personnel who participated in the research survey and shared their valuable insights.

The support of all these people gave the strength and courage required for conducting this study.

Thanking )ou *ll,

)ours (incerely

'arhan Tariq Butt

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.#nt,nt(

%hapter +........................................................................................................................................+

ntroduction....................................................................................................................................+

+. ntroduction..............................................................................................................................+

+.+ esearch background...............................................................................................................+

+. ationale behind the research..................................................................................................+

+./ (ignificance of research...........................................................................................................+/

+.0 esearch aims..........................................................................................................................+0

+." esearch objectives.................................................................................................................+0

+.1 esearch 2uestions..................................................................................................................+0

+.! esearch methodology.............................................................................................................+"

+.3 4issertation outline..................................................................................................................+"

%hapter ........................................................................................................................................+!

5iterature eview..........................................................................................................................+!

. ntroduction6............................................................................................................................+!

.+ 4efinition of violence..............................................................................................................+3

. 7arrow definition of violence..................................................................................................

./ Broad definition of violence....................................................................................................+

.0 Theories of abuse against women within intimate relationships.............................................

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.0.+ 8sychological approaches...................................................................................................../

.0.+.+ 8ersonality disorders........................................................................................................../

.0. 9volutionary perspectives.....................................................................................................0

.0./ (ocial psychological aspects.................................................................................................0

.0.0 (ocial learning theory..........................................................................................................."

.0." 'eminist theories...................................................................................................................1

." %onclusion...............................................................................................................................!

%hapter /........................................................................................................................................3

Methodology..................................................................................................................................3

/. ntroduction6............................................................................................................................3

/.+ esearch process......................................................................................................................3

/. esearch 8hilosophy................................................................................................................/

/..+ :ustifying the philosophy6...................................................................................................../+

/./ esearch 4esign....................................................................................................................../

/.0 esearch approach.................................................................................................................../

/.0.+ :ustifying the approach6........................................................................................................//

/." esearch (trategies..................................................................................................................//

/.".+ :ustifying the strategy.........................................................................................................../0

/.1 esearch %hoices...................................................................................................................../0

/.1.+ :ustifying the research choice6............................................................................................../"

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/.! Time &ori$on.........................................................................................................................../"

/.3 4ata %ollection- (ource.........................................................................................................../1

/.; (ampling................................................................................................................................../1

/.;.+ 8opulation sampling............................................................................................................./1

/.;. (ample si$e6........................................................................................................................../!

/.+ 5imitations of the research..................................................................................................../!

/.++ %onclusion............................................................................................................................./!

%hapter 0......................................................................................................................................../3

4ata *nalysis and 'indings.........................................................................................................../3

0. ntroduction6............................................................................................................................/3

0.+ 4ata *nalysis.........................................................................................................................../3

0.+.+ 2uantitative 4ata- 2uestionnaire (urvey............................................................................./3

0.+. 2ualitative data- nterview..................................................................................................."1

0. %onclusion...............................................................................................................................";

%hapter "........................................................................................................................................1

%onclusion and ecommendation.................................................................................................1

".+ ntroduction6............................................................................................................................1

". 5inking data findings with the objective6................................................................................1+

"..+ 9valuation of main reasons behind why a husband or a partner acts in a violent and

abusive manner towards their partners..........................................................................................1+

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Table 36 *ct of sociali$ing by the &usband and e#pecting the wife to serve................................0;

Table ;6 7o. of times husband has been abusive and rude............................................................"

Table +6 dea about marital relationship and compatibility........................................................."

Table ++6 8rotest against unfair behavior of the husband.............................................................."0

Table +6 %ould the patience of the wife change the behavior of the husband............................."1

Li(t #f Fi)ur,(

'igure +6 esearch @nion............................................................................................................../

(ource6 (aunders et al., ;......................................................................................................../

'igure 6 Marital (tatus................................................................................................................./;

'igure /6 7o. of years into marriage..............................................................................................0+

'igure 06 9mployment of the husband...........................................................................................0

'igure "6 (moking and 4rinking &abits of the &usband..............................................................00

'igure 16 ?hether &usbands get violent after they drink..............................................................01

'igure !6 &eavy ?ork 8ressure and family 8ressure causes husband seek violence....................0!

'igure 36 *ct of sociali$ing by the &usband and e#pecting the wife to serve...............................0;

'igure ;6 7o. of times husband has been abusive and rude..........................................................."+

'igure +6 dea about marital relationship and compatibility........................................................"/

'igure ++6 8rotest against unfair behavior of the husband............................................................"0

'igure +6 %ould the patience of the wife change the behavior of her husband..........................."1

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.ha/t,r 0

Intr#-u'ti#n

0&1 Intr#-u'ti#n

4omestic violence, as is also termed violence of intimate partner, would mostly occur between

those people who are in one intimate relationship =4utton, 1>. There are various forms that

domestic violence can take, and includes se#ual, emotional and physical harm or threats of such

harm. There are instances of men being hurt by their partnersA however the direction of domestic

violence is mostly towards the women. 'eindel and oulette =+> state that, domestic violence

could even happen within same-se# relationships or among the heterose#uals. (hiromani et al.,

=;> say that, in the first national survey conducted on domestic violence in +;!", there where

more than 3 percent married couples who were reported with at least one physical assault.

The focus of this dissertation is to identify the reasons behind a woman staying in a relation with

her spouse even after his being violent and abusive. This research will try and understand the

concept of domestic violence and abuse thoroughlyA and discuss the main situations under which

a marital relationship can be termed as abusive. t would also try to find out why a woman =as is

evident in most cases> prefers to stay with her partner even after his


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begins subtly and starts getting worse as time passes =Mitchell and *nglin, ;>. There could be

different kinds of e#periences of domestic violence when one is in a relationship with an

individual who6

eeps calling his


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0&2 Rati#na%, *,hin- th, r,(,ar'h

Tjaden and Thoennes, =+;;3> opines that relationship violence, including se#ual, psychological,

and physical abuse affects millions in the world. @ne of the studies of the :ustice 4epartment

reports estimated that about million women are victimi$ed in + months time in the world.

innear, =++> finds that, more than one-third among the rape cases and about ; million of the

incidents in violence in a year are observed in the world. 4ifferent studies are indicating that out

of the women victims, about !1D were found assaulted by their intimate partners and the same

goes true with +3D of the male victims.

Mitchell and *nglin, =;> say that, abuse generally produces trauma and fear in all those who

have been victimi$ed, by se#ual and.

@verall, the study is conducted to identify the criminal psychology that works in the psyche of

the partners, mostly men and the husband in the family and how it damages the entire construct

of the family. Enderstanding what makes the women stick to their abusive partners and to what

e#tent it is safe and healthy for her as well as her children, would help diagnose a solution and

inform the woman to a certain e#tent, how such situations should be tackled and with strict

negations, so that the rights of a woman are peaceful e#ercised.

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0&3 Si)nifi'an', #f r,(,ar'h

* lot of studies about the troublesome behavior of the children today are attributed due to the

difficult and mal-adjusted family life these kids e#perience at home. The difficulty in adjusting to

the social life, lacking in 2 and slow response to growth are some of the most common

symptoms seen in those children who have e#perienced their father acting violently with their

mother and been abusive. Moreover, the main victims in such situation, the lady is found

e#periencing a lot of trauma in life, which leads into her losing confidence in herself, something

that cannot be entertained at any point in time =%onners et al., />.

&owever, those men or individuals involved in the act of domestic violence are generally found

to be otherwise very normal individuals, performing their daily activities with proper attention

and care. These men are usually not found having any kind of criminal activity records in their

day-to-day lives other than the act of torturing their intimate partners =Crovert, 3>. By

studying the reasons why such acts of violence occur in the very first place, and what makes the

women accept such atrocities without complainingA could bring out possible solutions to tackle

such conditions. The study could help find remedies to reduce the intensity of such acts and help

in creating a healthier society.

0&4 R,(,ar'h ai$(

The research aims towards identifying those factors that brings in domestic violence and abuse

within an intimate relationship, generally between a husband and a wife and what are the reasons

behind the tortured preferring to stay with the abuser, not reporting about these violent acts that

leaves a fear of life and of being raped.

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0&5 R,(,ar'h #*6,'ti7,(

The main objectives of this research, studying why most women do not leave their abusive and

violent partners and prefer to live with them is to study6

The main reasons behind why a husband or a partner acts in a violent and abusive manner

towards their partners. The main reasons that make the wife or the partner not report the abuses being done to

her. The prime reasons that leads a woman to continue living with her abusive, violent partner

or husband and not leave him


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0&! R,(,ar'h $,th#-#%#)y

%rouch and 8earce =+> e#plain that a research methodology is a procedure that is applied in

successful and complete conducting of the research. n this study on criminal and social

psychology, the approach and the philosophy the researcher has followed while conducting the

study is identified. n this research, the researcher has used a positivist research approach, based

on the philosophy where there is positive verification of the e#periences observed, rather than

being dependent on intuitions and introspections =?illiams and Hogt, ++>. There is a mi#ed

research using both primary and secondary data that would be collected through a survey

questionnaire distributed to !" married ladies from different sections of the society andinterviewing five psychologists from around the city. Esing the descriptive method of research,

and analy$ing the data with the help of graphs and statistics along with other research materials

available, the study is conducted.

0&: Di((,rtati#n #ut%in,

The dissertation is covered in total with the help of " chapters, each with a specified set of

functions and roles as mentioned below6

Chapter 1: Introduction-This chapter is to help in understanding the research background,

rationale, significance etc. The chapter tries to e#plain the main aims and objectives of

conducting the research along with the questions that the research will try to answer.

Chapter 2: Review of Literature- The various theories, concepts, models, etc. that e#ist in the

topic will be researched and collated by reading various books, journals, 84's, articles, news

reports, and other academic website resources to construct a secondary research on the topic.

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Chapter 3: Methodology-%hapter / describes in details the processes that are used in carrying

the research forward. *ccording to the available time and resources, and within a pre-fi#ed

budget, the best possible methods that are used to conduct the study, is e#plained in detail in this

chapter.

Chapter 4: Data naly!i! and finding-4epending upon the type of research conducted, primary

or secondary, or both, the data collected would be represented through graphs and tables and

analy$ed, with the findings discussed in this chapter.

Chapter ": Conclu!ion and reco##endation!-This is the final chapter that uses the findings of

the data from chapter 0 and relates it with the objectives of chapter " to see if the set objectives

of the study has been met or not. 4epending upon the findings, if there are recommendations

suitable for the topic and also for future research would be suggested.

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.ha/t,r 2

Lit,ratur, R,7i,+

2&1 Intr#-u'ti#n;

5iterature review happens to be a kind of survey of all the things that have been researched and

documented about a given topic, research question, or theory. t has the capacity to provide a

background of the larger work, or may even stand all on its own =Minden and oth, +>.

5iterature review is much more to being a simple list consisting the sources, as an effective one

synthesi$es and analyses information of the key issues or themes. Murray, =++> says that

literature review is written to find the things each source does in contributing to a particular topic

out of what all information have already been provided in it. t is also done in trying to

understand what relationship e#ists between different contributions, first identify and then

resolve contradictions, thereby determining the unanswered questions or gaps in the study.

4enney and Tewksbury, =+/> opines that literature review involves in doing research so that

the things that have been written on a given topic can be discovered. t involves critical appraisal

of evaluating the literature, determining what relationships e#ist between each source is and

ascertaining what needs to be done and what has already been done. t involves writing so that

the researcher can e#plain what he or she has found. n this research, the researcher has tried to

look into various theories and concepts that have been built around criminal psychology and

especially on the concept why women stay with their partners even after their partners are violent

and abusive towards them.

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2&0 D,finiti#n #f 7i#%,n',

To define violence within an intimate relationship is really important and provides a considerable

amount of scrutinyA owing to the power that is conveyed by political and scientific authority

=*dams et al., 3>. The means by which these acts get defined produce major effects on

policies, research techniques as well as the lives around various people. Moreover, politically

these definitions are used as helpful tools in case of social struggles. *long with unemployment,

poverty, terrorism, as well as many social problems, the issue of acting violently towards women

is one highly politici$ed subject requiring inquiry that is socially scientific, and the conditions

these harms bring, reflect the particular reality which is to be observed to reali$e =9dleson et al.,+>.

* study on the violence and physical assault on women by their intimate partners from +;;-

+;;; has found the following result =Mitchell and *nglin, ;>.

%ountry (tudy

)ear

%overage (ample 8ercentage of women assaulted

physically by their partnerSi


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2&2 Narr#+ -,finiti#n #f 7i#%,n',

Many of the policy makers, researchers, general public, and journalists focus just on the se#ual

assaults or physical abuse that involves penetration. (piritual, verbal, psychological, as well as

economic abuse remain absent from the definition purview for different reasons, which includes

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the claims that the types of harms that has behavior of physical injuriesA makes so much murk

out of water that it sometimes gets impossible in determining what e#actly caused the abuse

=Bergen and Barnhill, 1>. Many other people who advocate the proposal of narrow definitions

based on legalities are the political conservatives, who usually come up with the argument that

studies on violence against women are mostly driven ideologically and get designed so that

women abuse rates can be artificially inflated so that political points are made =Brownridge,

;>. 5loyd et al., =;> on a similar attack from the feministic segment states that, by the

combination of somewhat debatably abusive to what is agreed upon by everyone as seriously

abusive, the impact of the seriously abusive gets triviali$ed. *ccording to innear, =++>emotional or psychological victimi$ation is more of a Ksoft-coreG abuse. (imilarly, the right-wing

groups of fathersG wing along with some antifeminists who strongly defend the men and state that

women are as equally violent as the menA would not include stalking, homicide,

divorce.

2&3 Br#a- -,finiti#n #f 7i#%,n',

@ne of the central arguments that this chapter presents is how one is defining violence, which

happens to be the most important decision for research for the methodologist to make

=ilpatrick, 0>. There have been particular debates within the areas of emotional and

psychological abuse. 8sychological abuse could produce equal injuries like that of physical

violence, and in certain cases more as well. Buchbinder and 9isikovits, =0> have stated in

their report that about !D of the female interviewees with abusive e#periences had found

psychological atrocities causing more effect on them to that of the physical hurts. The

interviewed report of Barker, =3> say that some of the victims have stated that, physical

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wounds heal, however the damage that is done to the self-respect as well as the ability of relating

with others because of the spiritual, verbal and emotional abuse keeps affecting all the aspects of

these womenGs lives.

There are also similar instances of many women who have been harmed through se#ual assaults

immeasurably that might not include forced penetration, like the unwanted acts in a state of

drunkenness or when they were high or even when they were not in a position to contend to

=4eeseredy et al., !>. Then there are various other kinds of psychological abuses, for

instance, the cohabiting or married women who get blackmailed into having se# with their

husbands or other partners their husbands choose. ?hether these women found psychological

harms as more damaging than the physical harms, those who happen to be the targets of the

interpersonal violence through intimate relations are rarely found victimi$ed just by a single type

of assault =4eeseredy and 4ragiewic$, !>. They are rather the typical sufferers from various

different kinds of injurious behaviors of the male that involves psychological abuse, physical

violence, economic blackmailing, or even denying money to the woman when she is earning it.

There are indirect threats given by harming the animals or other possessions she finds attachment

to or even the behavior of stalking =en$etti et al., ++>.

The central concern stands for an increasing number of scholars and psychiatrists is the problem

that is associated with coercive control where the physiological and the emotional abusive

behavior is so subtle that they are very hard to detect as well as prove, hence becomes seemingly

more forgivable with those people who have not known about women abuse and the

consequences it has =immel et al., ">. 5loyd et al., =;> contradict by saying that there are

some women who strike men, sometimes intending to injure, and that the numbers were

increasing day-by-day. The argument placed forward was that, men remain more likely to be

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underreporting the interpretation of violence and women are most likely to be over-reporting

them =4eeseredy et al., 3>. Moreover abusers continuously deny, justify and minimi$e their

abuse and violence and also that %onflict Tactics (cale =%T(> keeps the measurement of violence

that is conflict instigated and completely ignores those male violence that are used in controlling

women or even violence that might not have stemmed from a single identifiable reason

=4eeseredy et al., 0>.

2&4 Th,#ri,( #f a*u(, a)ain(t +#$,n +ithin inti$at, r,%ati#n(hi/(

Cirard, =;> has pointed out some theories distinctly on women abuse, family violence, or

various other violence types within conjugal relationships. *lthough reviewing all these theories

is not possible, the attempt is to understand some of the widely cited and used contemporary

theories with their perspectives.

2&4&0 P(y'h#%#)i'a% a//r#a'h,(

?hy some men assault their women they are in love withF The most conducive answer could be

that these men are either mentally disturbed or ill. &ow is it possible for a normal person to kick,

punch, stab, shoot, or rape someone he finds deep love forF There are many discussions about

how male personality disorders contribute to their act =Cirard, ;>.

2&4&0&0 P,r(#na%ity -i(#r-,r(

&enning and &oldford, =1> opine that the psychologically violent accounts are no longer as

popular as they used to be in the +;!s, however, men beat their women because they suffer with

serious personality disorders or are mentally ill, or could be using huge quantities of alcohol or

drugs. *s 4utton =1> asserts that, most of the men committing crimes like intimate partner

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abuse or violence are suffering from personality disorders. &owever, the realities are concealed

by some misleading theories like assault on wife is normatively acceptable, which happens to be

an absurd declaration lacking empirical support. 4utton has further argued that the psycho-

educational groups, like those of the programs on Kabuser interventionG are really problematic

and hence, there is need for public policies to be driven by recogni$ing the personality disorders

that are attachment-based as the central forms of therapeutic change =:ohnson, 3>.

Most of the men who are found assaulting women are most disturbingly normal and not as such

disturbed. 5ike other men, they are a product of familial and social systems like our brothers,

sons, friends, as well as co-workers. They are not just influenced by individual factors, but by

broader cultural aspects and beliefs also about manhood, which shapes their identities and

psyches as well as ours =ilpatrick, 0>.

2&4&2 E7#%uti#nary /,r(/,'ti7,(

(ome of the evolutionary psychologists like esko, =!> place the argument that men are

violent against women to have se#ual access towards women. Male proprietorship concept is

more emphasi$ed in evolutionary thought, which is defined as the tendency in men to think

women to be reproductive and se#ual property they have the right of owning or e#changing.

8roprietorship feeling is not a mere reference to the emotional force that men may have about the

feeling of being entitled but a kind of more persistent attitude of control and ownership towards

their social relationships they share with the intimate partners =Tan et al., +;;">.

*s the violence e#ercised against female is ever changing and an on-going problem, many

activists, practitioners, and scholars opine that constant reflection of oneGs contributions in this

field is essential and developing newer ways to understand and prevent the myriad very highly

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lethal behaviors, which typically occur at private places. &ence, in spite of the criticisms that the

two previously mentioned perspectives face, many sociologists as well as the feminists are in the

process of integrating certain psychological accounts when they analy$e different socio-cultural

forces and gender influence on beating, rape, psychological abuse, stalking, etc. =4eeseredy

and 8erry, 1>

2&4&3 S#'ia% /(y'h#%#)i'a% a(/,'t(

eferred frequently as process theoriesA or micro-oriented aspectsA or even e#planations at

individual levelsA the theories that are social psychological focus on the individualGs subjective

e#periences in small and large scale social surroundings =&attery and (mith, +>. (ocial

psychology gets defined as the attempt of understanding as well as e#plaining how the feeling,

behavior, and thought of individuals get influenced by the imagined, implied, or actual presence

of other people =&attery and (mith, +>.

2&4&4 S#'ia% %,arnin) th,#ry

(ocial theories can be found of different types, however, all these theories have a common

argument to share6 aggression and violence are not inherent aspects of an individualA they are

more of learned behaviors. The social learning theory, which gets used most often to e#plain

about women abuse in case of intimate relationships, happens to be the theory of

intergenerational transmission =5yman and 8otter, !>. n short, this theoryGs proponents state

that male children will have more likelihood of growing up into assaulting their female intimates

in case they have been abused by their parents or if they have observed their father doing the

same kind of assault to their mother =Mc%luskey and &ooper, >.

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The theory of intergenerational transmission finds some empirical support along with being

accepted in the political scenario. &owever, Mitchell and *nglin, =;> argues that it would be

wrong to place the entire burden of abuse or violence in learning, adopted from the family. 'or

e#ample, there are numerous instances that can be cited where people raised in the non-abusive

families have shown instances of intimate violence towards the females. (imilarly, there are

ample instances where the individual has e#perienced child abuse along with watching their

mother being beaten by their father and has never beaten their wife or the children =(tark and

Bu$awa, ;>.

2&4&5 F,$ini(t th,#ri,(

Enlike the other theories discussed till now, feminist theory tries to focus on the effect of broader

social aspects like patriarchy has contributed to the violent acts against women. There are

different definitions to patriarchy, however, Lthe power of se#ual system where male is the

possessor of superior power as well economic privilege is predominant here. The feminist

theories, in addition to paying a lot of attention on how patriarchy relates to the myriad assaults

of males on females, they reject the narrow definitions to a great e#tent =%hesney-5ind and

Morash, ++>. eviewing feminist accounts within a limited scope is difficult, as various

competing theories on feminism e#ist, according to various kinds of feminism.

?hile a variety of feminist theories are e#isting within the scope of women abuse in

relationships that are adult heterose#ual in nature, most of them share a common view that male

violence towards women comes from a sense of maintaining power as well as control over the

women =*dams et al., 3>. Most of the feminist concepts assert the following as well6

8atriarchy, power and gender happen to be the main e#planatory factors.

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ntimate relationships e#perience change as time passes and has to be essentially

understood in the conte#t. t is a must necessity to listen to the e#periences women had to develop a women abuse

theory. esearch and scholarship has to be used to support the women =Barker, 3>.

There is one deep desire in feminists to unite and eliminate all kinds of inequality in gender and

the injurious consequences they bring, like women abuse and violence. Moreover, the main goal

with the feminists is not about pushing men out as for pulling women in, but to categori$e

according to gender and studying criminal justice and crime, along with other social issues like

unemployment, poverty, health care, etc =?hite, ++>. ?ith gender, the reference is on

psychological and socio-cultural patterning, shaping and evaluating of the male and female

behavior =esko, !>.

2&5 .#n'%u(i#n

*lthough there are various other theories that can place light onto the topic, the above-mentioned

theories have been discussed because of their predominance in most cases. 'eminists have

pointed out that some women happen to be more vulnerable to violence than others, including

those living in poverty. (tark and Bu$awa, =;> place arguments which states that because of

displace of working men and women, who are often found shifting to public urban housing, they

are found economically unable of supporting the families as well as live up to the culturally

reinstated role of bread winner, and hence e#perience severe stress levels as their normal paths of

having prestige and personal power has got cut off. (uch kinds of stress prompt them on

behaving the way with their intimate relationships, which turns out violent and abusive. *nd

women, who are mostly vulnerable to such disclosures of weaknesses from their male

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counterparts, intend staying with such atrocities, thinking the situation would change with the

change in social and economical circumstances around them.

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.ha/t,r 3

M,th#-#%#)y

3&1 Intr#-u'ti#n;

%hapter / deals with the methods, which are required in any research so that the study is

completed successfully. This acts as one guiding star to the researcher that guides him through

entire research procedure =no#, 3>. The entire research is focused on factors that lead to an

abused womanGs staying with her abusive partner in case of a marriage or cohabiting

relationship. The research has focused on the women in 8akistan who are in a disturbing and

damaging relationship, which is life threatening.

This chapter works into using relevant concepts, strategies and philosophies so that final result

can be attained. *ll of these aspects help to build the structural framework that is required in the

research and is supported by various evidences. Bergh and etchen, =;> state that, the

methodology also describes which category of people have to be the target for interviewing

based on a structured questionnaire, with number of people also mentioned. This is one aid the

researcher uses to complete his study in step-wise systematic manner. The philosophies help to

overcome some of the limitations that might crop up during the time the research is being carried

out =Bryman and Bell, ++>.

3&0 R,(,ar'h /r#',((

The entire research gets carried out based on the research onion that describes the strategies and

concepts elaborately. The research onion can be best used where the objectives have been clearly

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defined. There are different layers in a research onion, where first layer talks about the

philosophies that the researcher can use or on which the main research body is made. The second

layer of research approach helps in identifying the direction in which the research should be

approached so that smooth results are obtained. The third layer aims at strategies that are to be

aimed at in order to complete this research. The fourth layer describes the types of data that has

to be collected depending on the research requirements. The fifth layer talks about the time

schedule that will depict how much total time would be required to complete one entire research.

This attribute of time will depend on the research length completely =(aunders et al., ;>. The

si#th and last layer will talk about the process and technique employed in a time frame to collectsuitable data and is considered as the stepping-stone in data analysis.

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Fi)ur, 0; R,(,ar'h Oni#n

S#ur',; Saun-,r( et al$? 211@

3&2 R,(,ar'h Phi%#(#/hy

Many philosophies are described within this heading that helps in carrying the research easily.

%o!itivi!#-esearch gets carried out on the basis of logical events that are supported by certain

facts as well as figures. The logical facts available support the entire survey and the aspect is

termed as positivism =%ooper and (chindler, +>.

Reali!#-t signifies that certain information and facts the researcher used are e#istent in the real

world, irrespective of whether the researcher finds it believable or not. t helps in deriving real

time data, as the data derived directly from the outside world keeps changing all the time. &ence,

the e#isting concepts and models have not much use =%orbetta, ;>.

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&'(ectivi!#-t refers that the data, which is gathered during a survey, is based on the human

knowledge and values that are objective by nature. The philosophy gets created through oneGs

mind, so human thoughts are having no role-play in them =4en$in and 5incoln, ++>.

%rag#ati!#-The philosophy remains a little different as it tries to present one link between the

theory underlying it and the process. This is an intelligent practice used for cases where the

theory gets e#tracted from the practice and is applied in the process again. &ere the researcher

needs putting in lesser effort than that of normal study.

)u'(ectivi!#- This philosophy takes in the subjective data along with information that is

e#tracted from practical world subjects. t describes the reactions that are shown after a certain

action has happened. *s there is subjective data collected, there is no human perception and

thought consideration, however, it does consider human beings like subjects =Culati, ;>.

Interpretive-The philosophy is on the basis of the fact that any survey would acquire its data that

gets interpreted from practice. The information is gathered here by analysis of the qualitative

data received from the target population. The questionnaire is prepared based on the researchGs

subject matter =%rowther and 5ancaster, +>.

3&2&0 u(tifyin) th, /hi%#(#/hy;

8ositivism philosophy is used aptly in this research. *s the incidents and events happen

systematically along with the data collected being logical and relevant according to

requirements, hence, positivism philosophy suits best here. The researcher has first formulated

the aims and objectives along with the research questions and worked on the basis of these

aspects into conducting the secondary research. *fter the theories and concepts have been

studied and its salient points noted in the literature review chapter, the researcher has formulated

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a set of ++ multiple choice questions and " long answer interview questions to formulate the

results.

3&3 R,(,ar'h D,(i)n

Before conducting any research, a properly planned design is essential that would act as one

guideline for the ne#t step. (tarting from selecting a particular topic, which would reflect on the

relevance of the study matter, appropriate models and theories would then have to be chosen

through various theories and concepts =&akim, !>. %hoosing a research onion to guide the

research through a proper path, so that the methodology follows a structural framework, relevant

data is to be collected from sample that has been targeted for the research survey. Esing graphs

and tables, the data as well as information is gathered and findings are shown. 'inally all

information and data collected during the entire research is concluded and a result is derived

=Bryman, 1>.

3&4 R,(,ar'h a//r#a'h

There are mainly two research approaches that the researcher can work with, inductive and

deductive. *s &andwerker =3> opines, deductive approach finds the researcher identifying the

result from the problem underlying. * tentative hypothesis gets formed for this using which the

main problems solution is attempted. &ere the researcher moves from general to specificity of

the problem, and is most widely used in researches. othari =3> states that, inductive

approach is where the researcher is trying to find the underlying problem in a result, through

back calculation. There are some specific hypotheses designed that leads towards the main

problem of the research. 'rom a specified result, the researcher moves to one general problem.

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3&4&0 u(tifyin) th, a//r#a'h;

4eductive approach has been used in this research in solving the aim of the research. *s there

were many e#isting theories and concepts on the topic available, the researcher has worked on

collecting all the broad theories and coming into a specific conclusion through these theories.

&ence, deductive approach is the best method to be applied.

3&5 R,(,ar'h Strat,)i,(

(ays &esse-Biber =+>, a number of strategies e#ist and the researcher can resort to these to

complete the study. @nly one of the suitable strategies needs to be selected according to the topic

and research method.

*+peri#ent-Esed in cases where more than one topic needs to be resolved, which means,

multiple problems e#ist, where relevant data is collected following the requirements and a

sequence of steps are followed =5eedy and @rmrod, +>.

)urvey-equired in case of single problem solving and needs quality information, and is a much

more time consuming process than others. The analysis of data is done based on the problem and

data collection starts way before the research. &ere the sample population is larger than it is for

others as the information is based upon large population according to the research needs =5odico

and (paulding, +>.

Ca!e )tudy-t involves incorporating opinions, concepts and thoughts of common people that

would make it more fruitful. t has data, which is derived from the practical world that helps in

smoothly carrying out the research.

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,rounded theory- The strategy is used in arriving at a key point of the problem by the process of

conglomerating all relevant data through which proper hypothesis is formed and results into

proposition formation =oger, ;>. This strategy has no common use in case of studies and

gets used only in cases where there is the use of inductive approach by the researcher in finding

the result. The data derived from this gets used in arriving at results through back calculation.

3&5&0 u(tifyin) th, (trat,)y

&ere survey strategy is best suitable as there is only one topic. The research takes long time in

conducting and the data collection is also huge. * survey questionnaire of ++ multiple choices is

prepared and distributed to some !" women who are either married, divorced, separated or in a

live-together relationship, to which this target population is asked to respond to =(omekh and

5ewin, ++>. The results obtained through survey have the ma#imum accuracy.

3&8 R,(,ar'h .h#i',(

To carry out any research, data is required, which is primarily of two types, quantitative and

qualitative. n certain researches a mi#ed form of both the data are used, which depends on how

difficult the study is =Hander(toep and :ohnson, ;>. Three types of options are basically

available to the researcher6

Mono #ethod-&ere, only one data type gets used which depends on the quality of research.

&ere either only quantitative or qualitative data gets used. This method is used when the datatopic is not very vast and collecting data by single method is sufficient so that a conclusion can

be reached.

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Mi+ed #ethod-Both types of data is used here, that means, the researcher will use both

questionnaire survey and interview or thematic analysis in completing the research. 'or topics

too vast, where data collected through a single method cannot be resorted to, mi#ed method is

adopted. %ameron =;> says that, it helps the researcher with a large collection having useful

information pack ready to be used.

Multi #ethod-The method is based on collection of data of various types like qualitative,

quantitative, as well as other types that e#ist beyond these two. &ere real time data is collected,

related and updated to the practical world and incorporates models as well as theories related

with the modern world =9llis and 5evy, ;>.

3&8&0 u(tifyin) th, r,(,ar'h 'h#i',;

Multi method has been used in this research as both primary and secondary research is used in

conducting the study. The researcher has conducted a questionnaire survey, a set of interviews

and the comparison of literature review to come to a conclusion.

3&! Ti$, H#ri


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3&: Data .#%%,'ti#nC S#ur',

Two ways the data can be sourced, primary as well as secondary. 8rimary data is collected

through surveys and interviews of the target population. (econdary details collect its resources

from articles, books, websites, and journals of the organi$ation. n case of primary source of data

a proper survey questionnaire is designed on the basis of research subject as well as sample si$e

=no#, 3>. n this research both primary data, containing the quantitative questionnaire

survey and qualitative data by conducting interview is collected. (econdary research whose

findings have been collated in the ndchapter =literature review> is also used in arriving at certain

specific conclusions to the research.

3&@ Sa$/%in)

This method is used in targeting a small population based on the research topic and subject. The

target population gets interviewed based on a structured questionnaire that is prepared by the

researcher, pointing directly to the research aim.

3&@&0 P#/u%ati#n (a$/%in)

The reference here is to the section of people targeted by the researcher for the purpose of

interview. The assumption here is that answers provided by the sample population are the overall

representation of the whole community. There are two types of sampling, non-probability and

probability sampling.

*s Bergh and etchen, =;> highlighted, probability sampling has the responses that are

received from the target population considered as the default response for the entire community.

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n case of non-probability sampling, there is no formation of target population and response is

acquired from the whole community, which leads to the accumulation of a huge data.

&ere in this study, probability sampling using a population of !" women who are either married,

living in, annulled, divorced, or separated are surveyed using a questionnaire.

3&@&2 Sa$/%, (i


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methods. @verall, the chapter has been able to hold the entire research through a systematic

chain of events, one process carrying the research further to the ne#t and so on. Moreover, this

chapter will help future researchers in understanding how to approach a topic so that best and the

most appropriate results are obtained.

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.ha/t,r 4

Data Ana%y(i( an- Fin-in)(

4&1 Intr#-u'ti#n;

The chapter on data analysis and findings is the most important portion of any research. *fter

literature review, this chapter helps in drawing out the information that is required. *s :ohnson

=++> says, data analysis happens to be the filtering process where the collected data is taken to

bring right judgment. n this process of analysis, the data collected gets analy$ed in detail. The

researcher takes into analy$ing the data both through its demerits and merits.

4&0 Data Ana%y(i(

4&0&0 9uantitati7, DataC 9u,(ti#nnair, Sur7,y

The researcher distributed a questionnaire of ++ multiple choice questions to !" ladies, who had

been either married or in a cohabiting relationship. %ollecting their feedback and tabulating

them, followed by their graphical representation has been done in this section.

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+. ?hat is your marital statusF

Marita% Statu( N#& #f R,(/#n-,nt( P,r',nta), #f

R,(/#n-,nt(

T#ta% R,(/#n-,nt(

(ingle D !"Married // 00D !"5iving in " 1.11D !"4ivorced " //.//D !"(eparated + +1D !"

Ta*%, 2; Marita% Statu(

(ingle Married 5iving in 4ivorced (eparated

//

"

"

+

D

00D !D //D +1D

!" !" !" !" !"

Marita% Statu(

7o. of espondents 8ercentage of espondents

Total espondents

Fi)ur, 2; Marita% Statu(

Ana%y(i(; @f the !" women respondents, none was single, 00D were married, 1.11D living in,

//.//D divorced and +1D separated. This is more of a demographic question just to understand

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whether they understood and the questions asked to them would bring in responses on the basis

of practical e#periences or not.

. &ow long have you been marriedF

N#& #f Y,ar( in

$arria),

N#& #f R,(/#n-,nt( P,r',nta), #f

R,(/#n-,nt(

T#ta% R,(/#n-,nt(

5ess than a year + +1D !"Between + and / years +0 +3.11D !"Between / and " years ; /3.11D !"More than " years 1.11D !"

Ta*%, 3; N#& #f y,ar( in $arria),

5ess than a yearA +1D

Between + and / yearsA +;D

Between / and " yearsA /;D

More than " yearsA !D

N#& #f y,ar( in $arria),

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Fi)ur, 3; N#& #f y,ar( int# $arria),

Ana%y(i(; This too is a demographic question asked to find out if some of the serious questions

would find a genuine answer from them, based on years of e#perience of living together or just a

faint surface level response. 5uckily majority of the respondents had been married for at least /

years and above.

/. ?here does your husband workF

E$/%#y$,nt #f th,

Hu(*an-

N#& #f R,(/#n-,nt( P,r',nta), #f

R,(/#n-,nt(

T#ta% R,(/#n-,nt(

8rivate %ompany ! /1D !"Business +" D !"Covernment (ervices +1 +.//D !"'armer .11D !"Enemployed +" D !"

Ta*%, 4; E$/%#y$,nt #f th, Hu(*an-

8rivate %ompany Business Covernment (ervices 'armer Enemployed

!

+" +1

+"

/1D D +D /D D

!" !" !" !" !"

E$/%#y$,nt Statu( #f Hu(*an-

7o. of espondents 8ercentage of espondents

Total espondents

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Fi)ur, 4; E$/%#y$,nt #f th, hu(*an-

Ana%y(i(; This question has been placed to understand if engagement or economic factors were a

major role player in the behavior of the spouses. This question is more capable of answering to

the queries when analy$ed with the common findings in the secondary research of literature

review.

0. &ow often does your husband smoke and drinkF

S$#in) an-

Drinin) Ha*it( #f

Hu(*an-

N#& #f R,(/#n-,nt( P,r',nta), #f

R,(/#n-,nt(

T#ta% R,(/#n-,nt(

9veryday + 3D !"

@nly on parties and

special occasions

+/ +!.//D !"

@n weekends 0 /D !"?hen he is very tired + +/.//D !"7ever ! ;./D !"

Ta*%, 5; S$#in) an- Drinin) Ha*it( #f th, S/#u(,

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9verydayA 3D

@nly on parties and special occasionsA +!D@n weekendsA /D

?hen he is very tiredA +/D

7everA ;D

S$#in) an- Drinin) Ha*it( #f Hu(*an-

Fi)ur, 5; S$#in) an- Drinin) Ha*it( #f th, Hu(*an-

Ana%y(i(; *s can be observed, almost 3D of the spouses smoked and drank every day, there

were high number of spouses who were drinking and smoking if not regularly, on special

occasions and weekends. @nly ;D respondents said that their spouses never smoked or drank. *s

has been found in the common study, that men or women tend to lose their control once they are

in the influence of into#icants, this trait could be one of the reasons for the aggravation.

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". )our husband is generally calm and quiet but starts getting violent and abusive after

drinkingF

Start #f A*u(i7,

B,ha7i#r

N#& #f R,(/#n-,nt( P,r',nta), #f

R,(/#n-,nt(

T#ta% R,(/#n-,nt(

Most of the time + +1D !"7ot always +; ".//D !"@nly when he drinks

too much

! /1D !"

&e is very quiet after

he drinks

" 1D !"

7ever + +1D !"

Ta*%, 8; Wh,th,r Hu(*an-( ),t 7i#%,nt aft,r th,y ar, -run

Most of the timeA +;D

7ot alwaysA /D@nly when he drinks too muchA 0/D

&e is very quiet after he drinksA 3D

B,)innin) #f a*u(i7, *,ha7i#r

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Fi)ur, 8; Wh,th,r Hu(*an-( ),t 7i#%,nt aft,r th,y -rin

Ana%y(i(; t was found that about 0/D of the respondents felt that their husbands would be

abusive after they had drunk too much, some +;D percent said that most of the time they would

find their husband abusive after drinking, and /D said though the abusive attitude was there,

they did not do so all the time. @nly 3D of the respondents said their husbands never abused

even after they drank.

1. )our husband gets restless and really angry because of the family pressure as well the

pressure at work.

R,a(#n B,hin-

Hu(*an-( G,ttin)

An)ry i( t## $u'h

W#r an- Fa$i%y

Pr,((ur,

N#& #f R,(/#n-,nt( P,r',nta), #f

R,(/#n-,nt(

T#ta% R,(/#n-,nt(

(trongly agree // 00D !"

*gree 0 /D !"7ot sure .11D !"4isagree ; +D !"(trongly 4isagree ! ;.//D !"

Ta*%, !; H,a7y W#r Pr,((ur, an- fa$i%y Pr,((ur, 'au(,( hu(*an- (,, 7i#%,n',

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(trongly agree *gree 7ot sure 4isagree (trongly 4isagree

//

0

; !

00D /D /D +D ;D

75 75 75 75 75

H,a7y W#r Pr,((ur, an- fa$i%y Pr,((ur, 'au(,( hu(*an- (,, 7i#%,n',

7o. of -espondents 8ercentage of -espondents "

Fi)ur, !; H,a7y W#r Pr,((ur, an- fa$i%y Pr,((ur, 'au(,( hu(*an- (,, 7i#%,n',

Ana%y(i(; *round 11D respondents were of the opinion that because of the e#tensive amount of

work pressure men had to take both at work and home, they felt very stressed out and could be

one of the reasons they brought out their frustration in the manner. @nly +.//D were not

conceding that the act of abuse was due to the pressure in family or at work. @nly .11D were

not sure of the situation.

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Fi)ur, :; A't #f (#'ia%i


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Ta*%, @; N#& #f ti$,( hu(*an- ha( *,,n a*u(i7, an- ru-,

" +; +/ +11.11D".//D ;.//D +!.//D +.//D

!"!" !" !" !"

N#& #f ti$,( Hu(*an- ha( *,,n A*u(i7,

7o. of espondents 8ercentage of espondents Total espondents

Fi)ur, @; N#& #f ti$,( hu(*an- ha( *,,n a*u(i7, an- ru-,

Ana%y(i(; @nly 1.11D said their spouse have never been abusive or rude, while ".//D said they

had their spouses abusing them when they are stressed. est +.//D have mentioned that

abusive behavior e#isted and almost all along. ;.//D felt their husbands were abusive very

rarely and +!.//D said the husbands are abusive often.

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;. 4o you think marital relations should be continued only if there is compatibility between

the couple and both share an understandingF

I-,a a*#ut Marita%

R,%ati#n(hi/

N#& #f R,(/#n-,nt( P,r',nta), #f

R,(/#n-,nt(

T#ta% R,(/#n-,nt(

(trongly agree ;.//D !"*gree ! /1D !"7ot sure D !"4isagree ++ +0.11D !"(trongly 4isagree +" D !"

Ta*%, 01; I-,a a*#ut $arita% r,%ati#n(hi/ an- '#$/ati*i%ity

(trongly agree *gree 7ot sure 4isagree (trongly 4isagree

!

+++"

;.//D /1.D

.D

+0.11D .D

!" !" !" !" !"

I-,a A*#ut Marita% R,%ati#n(hi/

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Fi)ur, 01; I-,a a*#ut $arita% r,%ati#n(hi/ an- '#$/ati*i%ity

Ana%y(i(; Majority of the females agreed strongly with the thought that marital relations changes

and became better if there was mutual compatibility e#isting. This shows that women also

wanted to be understood by their husbands in a relationship.

+. &ow often do you raise a protest when your husband treats you unfairly without any

reasonF

Pr#t,(t A)ain(t

Unfair B,ha7i#r #f

Hu(*an-

N#& #f R,(/#n-,nt( P,r',nta), #f

R,(/#n-,nt(

T#ta% R,(/#n-,nt(

donGt protest ever 1.11D !" try to keep quiet

when he is furious but

reason with him later

/3 ".11D !"

There was never any

need for me to protest

! ;.//D !"

try to reason with

him right away so that

he cannot escalate the

matter further

1 3D !"

have never allowed

my husband to raise

his voice at me

0 ".//D !"

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Ta*%, 00; Pr#t,(t a)ain(t unfair *,ha7i#r #f th, hu(*an-

donGt protest everA !D

try to keep quiet when he is furious but reason with him laterA "+D

There was never any need for me to protestA ;D try to reason with him right away so that he cannot escalate the matter furtherA 3D

have never allowed my husband to raise his voice at meA "D

Pr#t,(t A)ain(t Unfair B,ha7i#r #f Hu(*an-

Fi)ur, 00; Pr#t,(t a)ain(t unfair *,ha7i#r #f th, hu(*an-

Ana%y(i(; t is found that most of the women keep quiet in case their spouse is furious ="+D>.

@nly ;D women didnGt find any need for them to protest, as their spouses are supposedly not

abusive. 3D reason with the husband immediately so that he is not able to carry the behavior

further. &owever, there are !D women who have never protested against the violent acts of

their husbands.

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++. 4o you think your patience could help in changing the abusive habit of your husbandF

W#u%- H,r Pati,nt

B,arin) .han),

Hu(*an-( B,ha7i#r

N#& #f R,(/#n-,nt( P,r',nta), #f

R,(/#n-,nt(

T#ta% R,(/#n-,nt(

7o, men never change ! ;.//D !"&e is usually good,

but, only when thereGs

too much pressure

around

+/ +!.//D !"

have to adjust as

there is no other

option

+1 +.//D !"

*ny relationship

would have its good

and bad, and one has

to learn to

accommodate

1.11D !"

want to try and

change his behavior

towards me

+; ".//D !"

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Ta*%, 02; .#u%- th, /ati,n', #f th, +if, 'han), th, *,ha7i#r #f th, hu(*an-

! +/ +1 , +;;.//D+!.//D+.//D1.11D".//D

!" !" !" !" !"

W#u%- th, Wif,E( Pati,nt B,arin) .han), Hu(*an-E( B,ha7i#r

7o. of -espondents 8ercentage of -espondents

Total -espondents

Fi)ur, 02; .#u%- th, /ati,n', #f th, +if, 'han), th, *,ha7i#r #f h,r hu(*an-

Ana%y(i(; Most of the respondents were hopeful that their spousesG behavior would change if the

women co-operated with the husbands and some of them were also suggestive that any

relationship have it ups and downs and needs to be observed from all perspectives. &owever,

some were also of the opinion that since they had no other option but to live the relationship,

they were forced to live it without a choice.

4&0&2 9ua%itati7, -ataC Int,r7i,+

'ive psychologists who have speciali$ed in criminal psychology were interviewed and "

questions were placed before them regarding the abusive behavior of men in an intimate

relationship. Based on their answer the following analysis was made.

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+. ?hat according to you is the reason behind men going violent in any intimate

relationshipF

Most of the cases deal with are subject to tremendous pressure and stress at work, which makes

them abusive, however, there are some cases, which show the habit of intimate relation violence

in their personality traits as well, said the +stinterviewee. The ndinterviewee was of the opinion

that most men are led into this behavior because of the patriarchal culture that is predominant,

which says a man is the lord of his wife. The / rdand 0thinterviewee stressed on the point that

most of the abusive men have a track record of bad parenting, or has been abused themselves by

their fathers or other senior men in the family. The "th psychologist was of the opinion that it

could be a mi# of many factors that has brought in the trait into the abusive men. Most men, who

were unemployed or did their own business, took to drinking and smoking to release their

tensions and would get into abusing their wives or partners they are cohabiting with.

. 4o you think women are to be blamed for the abusive and violent behavior men show to

themF

+stpsychologist says, lack of proper education and social structure is the main factor for such

violent actions in intimacy. n most of the cases women are naNve and simply keep accepting the

torture silently without speaking about it to anyone fearing worse consequences. nd and "th

psychologists said that there were certain women who were responsible directly for the violent

interactions, like being e#tremely materialistic and demanding. /rd

psychologist said in the (outh9ast *sian countries like 8akistan, the girls are usually much lower in education and economic

status than their spouses, which brought in a sense of insecurity and inferiority comple# in these

women to stand up and raise their voice against such atrocities. The 0 thpsychologist was of the

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opinion that modern urban women are acquiring the traits that are commonly seen in the ?estern

countries. nfidelity, multiple relationships, e#orbitant material demands would push their

spouses into getting violent with such women, however, the percentage of such women was not

very high in 8akistan.

/. ?hat role does society and the family has to play for a womenGs decision to continue

living with an unhealthy relationshipF

The +stand ndpsychologists said in the 8akistani society and culture, domination over women

was a common practice. &owever, with lots of people migrating to the E(* and other 9uropean

countries, the situation is changing. est of the psychologists felt that in most of the cases, it was

the in-laws of the girl who were mainly responsible for the violence that happened between the

couple. *s most of the families are still joint family, where the husband goes out for work and

the wife is left to do the household work, it is a common tendency found with in-laws to instigate

the man against the woman at a regular basis.

0. 4o you think intimate relationship violence is predominant amongst women who are less

educated and more dependentF

*ll the psychologists said that there is definitely more cases coming in from those families where

the women were less educated, but that was not the only case. + stand the ndpsychologists said

there were also ample instances where both the man and the woman was working and

professional jealousy and a feeling of incompetency in the man led to the violent act. /rd

psychologist said there were also curious cases where the woman would unnecessarily disbelieve

in her husband and create a violent situation. 0thand "thpsychologist said there was a certain

category of women who actually thought that macho men were real men, and that it is a show of

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manhood to be able to control a relation. &owever, these were mostly poor and uneducated

women who came from the rural areas.

". ?hy do women keep staying in the violent and abusive relationshipF

+stpsychologist feels that the socio-economic condition of most of the women in (outh 9ast

*sian countries including 8akistan is such that they have to depend upon either their father or

their husband for survival, and hence they are bound to compromise. nd, 0thand "thpsychologists

made statements along similar lines, indicating the culture and religious teachings which makes

the husband of a woman her Cod and protector, one to whom they are supposed to show ultimate

dedication. These women do not have the knowledge they need to step out of the social shackles

and start a life the way they wanted to. The / rdpsychologists said, that the men who were mostly

abusive were either very passionate or could cheat their partners with false repentance after

doing the act, begging for forgiveness and promising never to repeat again, and the women

mostly get wooed by these false assurances, thereby, staying in the relationship.

4&2 .#n'%u(i#n

This analysis is very important to find a solution of the research topic. 'irst the researcher

collected the raw materials for the research by the process of distributing questionnaire to some

!" married ladies. The researcher has very efficiently analy$ed the questionnaire as well as the

information gathered through the interviews with professional psychologists. Through the

discussions using the interview and the survey, the researcher could come to find at least one

reason why the women who are abused by their partners in an intimate relationship, prefer not to

disclose it and stay with the partner as well.

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.ha/t,r 5

.#n'%u(i#n an- R,'#$$,n-ati#n

5&0 Intr#-u'ti#n;

The present society is more of one with global aptitude and thinking. Those who are living in the

developing countries are also e#periencing a vast sea of change in their lifestyles. ?hile there is

growth in education level of people in developing countries, the basic cultural and religious

rudimentary ideas still prevail and have not left the lives of common people. The domination of

the patriarchal thoughts and the usual norms of a woman being dependent on men for their entire

lives still runs in and around the society today. &owever, the urban cities and towns of most of

the (outh 9ast *sian countries are e#periencing a huge surge of moderni$ation and

corporati$ation, where many women are finding opportunities to work, the inner e#pectations of

people in these societies from their women has not changed much. The modern woman, hence,

having to balance two roles, of an independent worker and a lady of the house, has to face a lot

more stress and pressure. @n top of that, if there is no understanding and co-operation from her

spouse, it leaves the lady in an e#tremely vulnerable condition.

The present research is an attempt to understand why women in a violent and abusive intimate

relationship with their spouse choose not to disclose the atrocities happening on them and also do

not leave such partners. n this chapter, the effort is to try and understand if the data analysis and

findings has been able to meet with the requirements of the objectives that the researcher had

proposed in chapter +.

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5&2 Linin) -ata fin-in)( +ith th, #*6,'ti7,;

5&2&0 E7a%uati#n #f $ain r,a(#n( *,hin- +hy a hu(*an- #r a /artn,r a't( in a 7i#%,nt an-

a*u(i7, $ann,r t#+ar-( th,ir /artn,r(&

*ccording to the primary research conducted, question number ", 1 and ! of the questionnaire

survey clearly show some of the prime reasons why men acts in violent manner with their

partners in an intimate relationship. *part from the survey questionnaire, all the five questions

asked in the interview with industry e#perts also clearly try to delve on the reasons why men

misbehave with their partners. The secondary research through the literature review has also

been able to place forward certain opinions of other researchers who say that due to the e#treme

stress at work and family, some men are unable to cope with the pressure and lose it all on the

relation they are closest to. Moreover, some men love to indulge in e#treme sociali$ing and show

off by bringing in their friends, and e#pect to be superbly treated by their wives, and abuse their

wives when these demands of theirs are not adequately met.

5&2&2 Th, $ain r,a(#n( that $a, th, +if, #r th, /artn,r n#t r,/#rt a*#ut th, a*u(,( *,in)

-#n, t# h,r t# any*#-y&

The theories that are e#plained in the literature review have attempted to provide certain hints

that show why many women prefer not leaving their abusive partners. Moreover, questions ;, +,

and ++ of the survey questionnaire have tried to work on this objective. 2uestion 0 and " of the

qualitative analysis tries to find out in a more direct manner why women tend to stay with their

abusive partners. t has been found that most women do not have proper education to support

themselves financially. Moreover, there are the common social and religious rudimentary beliefs

that keep a woman dependent on her husband or partner forever in her life.

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5&2&3 Th, /ri$, r,a(#n( that %,a-( a +#$an t# '#ntinu, %i7in) +ith h,r a*u(i7,? 7i#%,nt

/artn,r #r hu(*an- an- n#t %,a7, hi$h,r ,7,n aft,r r,/,at,- atr#'iti,(&

The primary findings, both quantitative and qualitative data analysis helps in identifying the

main reasons why women continue living with their abusive, violent partners and do not leave

them after repeated atrocities. The responses provided to the questions ", 1, ;, and ++ as well as

all the questions in the interviews try to help reali$e this objective of the research. The secondary

research has many psychologists put in their findings about why most of the women keep living

with their abusive partners, only with the hope that with time and patience, things will be better

for them.

5&3 R,'#$$,n-ati#n(

Based upon the current research, it is found that the role that socio-economic cultural

conditioning towards shaping the perceptions in a marital relationship and especially what a

woman thinks of her husband has not been covered in detail. There is scope for researchers to try

to identify the socio-economic and cultural factors that lead into a woman being abused by her

husband or intimate partner.

Moreover there is scope of studying if violence or relationship violence is evident only in

heterose#ual conjugal intimacies, or is also seen in homose#ual relationships as well. f so, what

are the main conditions that drive a relation to such thin ends.

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5&4 Li$itati#n( #f th, r,(,ar'h (tu-y

The topic chosen had certain emotional and cultural-term research limitations, which stopped the

researcher from asking more personal and intriguing questions to come up with a more distinct

picture of the situation.

*s the time was limited and the research had to be conducted with limited amount of funds, a

more wide, e#tensive and longitudinal research could have brought in some really interesting

observations on the topic.

5&5 Furth,r ('#/, #f r,(,ar'h

4ifferent theories relating to intimate relationship abuse can help the researcher look into this

subject matter in detail. a longitudinal research can be continued on this very topic to see

whether the abuse reduced over the period through patience and perseverance.

Moreover, researchers could look into the areas where women are forced into a polyandrous

relationship by their intimate relationship partners and are forced to live it.

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journal of business research

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