Final definition, taxonomy and reportmarco-h2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/MARCO_D2... · Final...

MARCOResearch and Innovation Action (RIA)

This project has received funding from the EuropeanUnion's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme

under grant agreement No 730272.

Start date : 2016-11-01 Duration : 24 Months

Final definition, taxonomy and report

Authors : Mr. Steve HOWARD (KMatrix), Sarah Howard (kMatrix)

MARCO - D2.3 - Issued on 2018-12-08 17:41:36 by KMatrix


MARCO - Contract Number: 730272MArket Research for a Climate Services Observatory

Document title Final definition, taxonomy and report

Author(s) Mr. Steve HOWARD, Sarah Howard (kMatrix)

Number of pages 403

Document type Deliverable

Work Package WP2

Document number D2.3

Issued by KMatrix

Date of completion 2018-12-08 17:41:36

Dissemination level Public

Summary

This report is the first update of the MARCO Climate Services market, from 2016/17 data in D2.2 to 2017/18 data in this report.The market is measured independently of the D2.2 figures, but use the same taxonomy in order to begin the process ofcontinuous reporting.

Approval

Date By

2018-12-08 20:31:54 Dr. Joerg CORTEKAR (HGF/HZG)

2018-12-10 15:14:10 Dr. Thanh-Tam LE (CKIC)


This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730272. The content in this document reflects only the views of

the authors. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the

information it contains.

Table of Content

1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Research Objectives…………………………………………………………………….6

1.2 Defining the Weather & Climate Services Sector……………………………….7

1.3 Defining "Commercial" Weather and Climate Services……………..10

1.4 Segmenting Commercial Weather and Climate Services…………..11

1.5 The Question of Definition……………………………………………………………..14

1.6 What is Actually Being Measured? …………………………………………….…..17

1.7 Industry Glossary……………………………………….…………………………………19

1.8 Market Glossary……………………………………………………………………………22

2 Methodology and Measures……………………………………………………….. 24

2.1 Research Methodology……………………………………………………………...24

2.2 Defining the Key Measures ………………………………………………….…… 25

3 Uses for Weather and Climate Services ………………………………….29

4 Global Weather and Climate Services……………………………….……..32

4.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….…….32

4.2 Weather & Climate Services Historic Growth……………………….…….32

4.3 Climate and Weather Services by Data Platform……….……….…….33

4.4 Climate and Weather Services by Service Type…………….……….….34

4.5 Weather and Climate Services by Industry…………………………….….36

4.6 Weather and Climate Services by Industry and Markets …….……42

4.7 Weather and Climate Services by NACE Codes………….…………….….46

4.8 Weather and Climate Services by NACE Codes and Markets……..50

4.9 Global Market Segmentation……………………………………….………………..55

4.10 Global Growth………………………………………………………….………………..65

Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18

December 2018 Page 2 of 403

5 International Weather and Climate Service………………………………..66

5.1 International Weather and Climate Services..…………………………..66

5.2 European Union for Climate and Weather Services….……………………...72

6 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………..85

1.3 General Comments…………………………………………….……….……………..85

1.3 General Findings……………………………………………….……….……………..86

7 Bibliograpy…………………………………………………………………………………88

Appendix A: Industry Markets………………………………………………………….89

Appendix B: NACE Code Markets………………………………………………………92

Appendix C: Selected Sources…………………………………………………………..95

Appendix D: Confidence Levels………………………………………………………100

Appendix E: Global Industry Analysis for Climate Services…………….103

Appendix F: Global Market Values by Inudstry and NACE Code…… 157

Appendix G: Global NACE Code Analysis for Climate Services…………165

Appendix H: Industries and NACE Code by Platform and Service for

Climate Services…………………………………………………………………………… 199

Appendix I: Global Country Analysis for Climate Services………………202

Appendix J: EU Country Dashboards for Climate Services………………208

Appendix K: EU Country Tables for Climate Services……………………..348



List of Figures Page

Figure 1: Confidence Levels for Platform by Key Measure……………………………………………………28

Figure 2: Confidence Levels for Service by Key Measure………………………………………………………28

Figure 3: Confidence Levels for Industry by Key Measure…………………………………………………….28

Figure 4: Frequency of Climate Service Uses………………………………………………………………………..30 Figure 5: Weather & Climate Services €m……………………………………………………………………………32 Figure 6: Weather Services €m……………………………………………………………………………………………32 Figure 7: Climate Services €m……………………………………………………………………………………………..33

Figure 8: Value by Data Platform €m………………………………………………………………………….………..34

Figure 9: Transaction Volume by Data Platform……………………………………………………….…………..34

Figure 10: Value by Service Type Climate and Weather Services €m………………………….………….35

Figure 11: Value by Service Type CS and WS Transactions……………………………………………………35 Figure 12: Climate Services Historical Growth Trend for Service Types €m…………………………...36

Figure 13: Climate and Weather Services by Industry End-User €m………………………………………37

Figure 14: Climate and Weather Services by Industry End-User %..........................................................38

Figure 15: Industrial split by Climate and Weather Services………………………………………………….40 Figure 16: Historical Climate Services Sales by Industry €m………………………………………………….41 Figure 17: Top 10 Industries for CS split by Market €m 2017/18…………………………………………..42 Figure 18: Top 10 Industries for WS split by Market €m 2017/18…………………………………………44

Figure 19: Climate and Weather Services by NACE Code End-User €m…………………………………..47

Figure 20: Climate and Weather Services by NACE End-User %................................................................48

Figure 21: NACE Code split by Climate and Weather Services………………………………………………..49 Figure 22: Historical Climate Services Sales by NACE Code €m……………………………………………...50 Figure 23: Top 10 NACE Codes for CS split by Market €m 2017/18………………………………………..51

Figure 24: Top 10 NACE Codes for WS split by Market €m 2017/18………………………………………53

Figure 25: Top 10 Industries by Service Type for CS 2017/18 (%)…………………………………………57

Figure 26: Top 10 Industries by Service Type for WS 2017/18 (%)………………………………………..59

Figure 27: Top 10 NACE Codes by Service Type for CS 2017/18 (%)……………………………………...62

Figure 28: Top 10 NACE Codes by Service Type for WS 2017/18 (%)…………………………………….64

Figure 29: Forecast Global Annual Growth in W&CS (%) to 2024/25……………………………………..65

Figure 30: Forecast Global Annual Growth in CS and WS (%) to 2024/25………………………………65

Figure 31: Weather & Climate Services Sales by Global Region 2017/18………………………………..66

Figure 32: CS and WS Sales Compared by Global Region 2017/18…………………………………………67

Figure 33: Top 15 Countries for Climate Services 2017/18 €m……………………………………………..68

Figure 34: Top 15 Countries for Weather Services 2017/18 €m……………………………………………69



Figure 35: Top 15 Countries for CS Imports and Exports 2017/18 €m …………………………………..70

Figure 36: Top 15 Countries for WS Imports and Exports 2017/18 €m………………………………….71

Figure 37: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services 2017/18 €m……………………………72

Figure 38: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS 2017/18 Imports and Exports €m………………………...73

Figure 39: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS by Platform 2017/18 €m……………………………………...73

Figure 40: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for CS by Platform 2017/18 €m…………………...74

Figure 41: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for WS by Platform 2017/18 €m………………….74

Figure 42: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS by Service 2017/18 €m………………………………………...75

Figure 43: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS by Service 2017/18 Transactions………………………….76

Figure 44: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for CS by Service 2017/18 €m……………………..76

Figure 45: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for WS by Service 2017/18 €m……………………77

Figure 46: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS by Industry 2017/18 €m………………………………………78

Figure 47: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for CS by Industry 2017/18 €m…………………...78

Figure 48: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for CS by Industry 2017/18 €m…………………...79

Figure 49: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS by NACE Code 2017/18 €m………………………………….80

Figure 50: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for CS by NACE Code 2017/18 €m……………….81

Figure 51: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for WS by NACE Code 2017/18 €m………………82

List of Tables Page

Table 1: Example Taxonomy………………………………………………………….……………………………………..14

Table 2: Example Taxonomy with NACE Coding……………………………………………………………………16

Table 3: Markets with the Broadest Range of Climate Services Needs…………………………………….31

Table 4: Top 20 Global Climate Services Markets 2016/17 €m………………………………………………43

Table 5: Top 20 Global Weather Services Markets 2016/17 €m……………………………………………..45

Table 6: Top 20 Global Climate Services Markets 2016/17 €m………………………………………………52

Table 7: Top 20 Global Weather Services Markets 2016/17 €m …………………………………………….54

Table 8: Industry by Service Type for Climate Services 2016/17 €m……………………………………...56

Table 9: Industry by Service Type for Weather Services 2016/17 €m…………………………………….58

Table 10: NACE Code by Service Type for Climate Services 2016/17 €m………………………………..61

Table 11: NACE Code by Service Type for Weather Services 2016/17 €m………………………………63

Table 12: Summary Table 28 EU Countries 2016/17……………………………………………………………..83



Introductory Notes to this Report

This report is submitted as a deliverable for the MARCO project - to provide the final definition,

taxonomy and report, updated from the 2016/17 data submitted in D2.2.

As for D2.2, the focus is on the Climate Services market, but with reference to Weather Services.

As in the previous 2016/17 market report (D2.2), the data in this report is based on transactional

information and only commercial services.

This report provides an updated view of the Climate Services market, following on from the 2016/17

data provided in D2.2, it begins the on-going monitoring of the Climate Services market, in line with

the MARCO current definition of the market.

This report is an update of the report for the 2016/17 delivered in D2.2 and has no changes to the

structure of the taxonomy or the reporting process, in order to allow for a direct comparison with

the previous year’s data. This is especially relevant to historical market figures as changes to the

taxonomy resulted in data only being available for the previous 2 years, this updated report now

allows for a 3-year historical trend.

Notes related to kMatrix data:

This report is a report presenting the Growth Forecasting for the Climate Services market. It is a

market data report and contains no non-market mapping or documentation. kMatrix Data Services

Ltd is a private commercial company from the U.K. who specialise in providing market data (Sales

figures, employment, companies, growth and other metrics) to National and Regional Governments,

major research institutions, major corporates, investors and others worldwide. All sales figures

relate to the private sector and not the public sector. All figures are for the Total Market and not a

sample of the market. All figures are produced by the kMatrix proprietary process, which is unique

in its field. The process itself will not the published, but ancillary methodology is available in D2.1

and D2.2. In all kMatrix reports, “Demand and Supply” refers to commissioned projects and sales where there is a monetary transaction.



1 Introduction

Deliverable 2.3 (final definition, taxonomy and report for 2017/18) updates the previous 2016/17

report (D2.2) for the global, EU28 (by whole and individual EU country) Climate Services market.

As for D2.1 and D2.2, we will also include references to Weather Services (WS) and calculate the

total Weather and Climate Services (W&CS) market (showing CS as a % of the total). But the main

focus will be on Climate Services (CS).

1.1 Research Objectives

This report has been prepared for the MARCO project as an update to deliverable 2.2, which was an

update and extension of deliverable 2.1, which was itself and update of the original research in 2011

conducted on behalf of the UK Space Agency, the Met Office, the Natural Environment Research

Council (NERC) and its industrial partners.

This report updates the 2016/17 market information from D2.2, to 2017/18 market figures.

It provides global information on the Weather and Climate Services, Weather Services and Climate

Services markets for various measures. It also looks specifically at the 28 countries of the European

Union (EU) within a global marketplace.

The original research objectives have been maintained for this update/upgrade and were to:

• Measure the global Weather and Climate Services market in its entirety (not just for earth

observation data from Space, although this is an important component)

• Identify how market needs are currently being met in terms of data platforms and services

• Identify which industries are driving the demand for Weather and Climate Services

This study measures the global commercial markets for data, information and software services that

help to mitigate or manage risks arising from existing climate conditions or from possible climate

change. These services range from proactive forecasting to preventive planning to disaster response

activities and can be either short term (e.g. weather forecasting), long term (e.g. population

displacement due to flooding or desertification) or both (e.g. planning for renewable energy

infrastructure).

This study distinguishes between commercial and non-commercial Weather and Climate Services.

Governments invest significantly in the infrastructure and research necessary to provide Weather

and Climate Services and in return receive data and services from a range of non-commercial bodies

possessing in-house, value-adding expertise. Many of these services are then freely shared with

other public and private sector organisations.



But this public investment in infrastructure and research also supports a commercial aftermarket for

Weather and Climate Services that extends the uses of, and adds value to, the freely available data

and analysis. This is where new or bespoke needs arise, where external verification rather that

internal opinion is required or where the internal expertise does not exist to process and apply the

available data or analysis.

There is an increasing pressure on public service providers to justify public investment. There is also

increasing pressure to engage users and develop and deliver new and relevant services, which

include external verification. This leads to a need for better understanding of the balance between

private and publicly available services and the differentiated nature of that balance within Europe

and beyond.

So, while the original research was motivated by an interest in the exploration of commercial after-

markets for data derived from earth observation satellites, the context for the research required a

comprehensive analysis of all complementary and competing sources of data for Weather and

Climate Services markets.

This report starts by analyzing the Weather & Climate Services sector as defined by the MARCO

project and then focuses upon a deeper analysis of Climate Services and an ongoing comparison

with Weather Services, with the inclusion of Import and Export data.

1.2 Defining the Weather & Climate Services Sector

The original research focused on Weather and Climate Services and while the debate has progressed

and Climate Services is now a focus for European Research, the context of the research still remains

largely unchanged.

Weather Services are the better known of the two and the difference between them is still much

debated. In its simplest form, the difference between the two relates to the duration of time the

data and service relates to i.e. a short-term solution (e.g. do I irrigate my crops this week?) relies on

weather forecasting while a solution set further into the future (e.g. what is the likelihood of

persistent crop failure leading to food shortages?) relies on longer term climate data. In reality,

Weather Services and Climate Services are two points on a single continuum and many organisations

require both sets of information, although (as Section 4 demonstrates) different industries use both

Weather Services and Climate Services in different proportions. At different points in Sections 4 and

5 of this report the terms Weather & Climate Services sector (the totality), Weather Services and

Climate Services will be used. While Climate Services is the focus of interest for MARCO, comparison

with Weather Services is critical to understanding the context within which needs are defined and

purchases are undertaken.

From the user’s perspective weather services and climate services are a single continuum of

services, with both types of service being required by many (if not most) users. The decision-making



perspective makes this situation even more obvious, where there is a need to deal with the existing

adaptation deficit and current climate variability and change (including extremes) through to the

implications of a changing climate. The user’s perspective of a single continuum of services also reflects the implications of mainstreaming adaptation.

Weather services and Climate services are being separated because market evidence shows that

weather services are often procured as a separate item, if not an initial item before the procurement

of climate services. This is partly due to much procurement in this sector being driven by corporate

governance in major corporates for example. From a market data point of view, the two services

really are separate at this time.

Climate Services is a less well-known term and needs more explanation. The term "Climate Services"

was actively promoted by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) at the World Climate

Conference in 2009 as part of a "Global Framework for Climate Services." Since then various

attempts have been made to define the purpose (if not the content) of Climate Services. Definitions

of purpose generally include reference to "providing information or tools" to "decision makers" to

help "mitigate, adapt to or manage risks" arising from "existing climatic conditions or from possible

climate change". Both meteorological and hydrological data and services are included within the

definition of Climate Services.

The various definitions include references to proactive forecasting, preventive planning and disaster

response activities and these can include both short term (weather forecasting) and long term

(population displacement due to desertification) problem solving.

The World Meteorological Organisation1identifies some of the many reasons why Climate Services

are important to both the public and private sectors. These include:

• Anticipating changes to water quality, availability and demand

• Responding to water-related risks from extreme events

• Planning for natural disasters that may lead to crop failure and food insecurity

• Managing population displacement (migration) due to extreme events or climate change

• Supply planning for energy demand (investments in generation/distribution systems)

• Forecasting seasonal conditions for the generation of renewable energies based upon wind,

solar and wave power

• Anticipating the impact of weather conditions or climate change on high-dependency resorts for

tourism, hospitality and some aspects of travel

1 www.wmo.int



• Urban planning - what to build, where, how and to what specification based upon changing

conditions

• Planning where to site transport infrastructure and hubs

• Minimizing operational disruptions to air, land and sea travel.

The original market research adopted the broadest definition of purpose for Weather and Climate

Services (including all of the above solutions) and translated this into a wide range of related market

activities that underpin and deliver upon that purpose. Hence the segmentation within this research

report into Weather Services and Climate Services, data platforms, service types, industries and

markets.

The research started with a hypothetical model of the Weather & Climate Services sector and then

searched for data to either support or amend this model. The result was a pragmatic statement on

Weather and Climate Services i.e. it only includes an activity and data where there is enough useful

evidence to support it. The segmentation and headings used for the various activities within

Weather and Climate Services are mostly derived from the data sources themselves (i.e. the user-

industries) and from a need to group the evidence in a meaningful and hierarchical format.

This market segmentation does deliver a quantitative baseline for the Weather & Climate Services

sector (as shown by Sections 4 and 5 of this report) but it does not reflect or give a flavour of the full

scope of forecasting, planning, reporting etc. activities that are conducted increasingly across many

industries under the broad "umbrella" of Weather and Climate Services. To reflect the broad "needs"

that Weather and Climate Services meets, the research included a brief "audit" of industry activities

that, unlike the main body of the research, is unquantified. These "uses" are described in more detail

in Section 32 and remain relevant enough to not require immediate updating.

Once the original research was underway, it became clear that Weather Services and Climate

Services should in some way be separated out for analysis. Unfortunately, most of the purchasing

data sources used to compile the research data was not always clear about whether they were

seeking a Weather or Climate-related solution. Therefore, the research data was split according to:

• Whether the purchaser thought that the purchase was Weather or Climate-related (i.e. it has

Weather or Climate in the title), or

• Without Weather or Climate in the title, could the purchase or intent be identified as a short-

term solution to a weather sensitive issue or as a longer-term challenge.

2 A Eurisy publication "30 Regions, Cities and SMEs Share Good Practice" Oct 2011 includes local examples where earth

observation data in used to response to challenges in the Energy, Environmental, Agricultural and Forestry sectors.



So, the original split between Weather Services and Climate Services was a pragmatic amalgam of

intent and timescale. Since 2011 the data sources to support this research have increased in both

quality and quantity. There is still, however, clearly uncertainty in end-user markets about the

differences between the two types of services. So, separating the two sets of services in data terms

is still part-science/part-art.

1.3 Defining "Commercial" Weather and Climate Services

In the original research, there was also a need to distinguish between commercial and non-

commercial Weather and Climate Services. Governments invest significantly in the infrastructure

and research necessary to provide short and long-term Weather and Climate Service data (from air,

land, sea or space), tools and analysis and in return receive (and share) data and services free of

charge. So, a large proportion of the Weather and Climate Services market includes free data, tools

and analysis that are "internalized" by public and private sector customers for their own purposes.

This report does not attempt to quantify these services, although the money invested in them is

substantial3.

But this investment in infrastructure and research also supports a commercial aftermarket for

Weather and Climate Services that extends the uses of, and adds value to, the freely available data

and analysis. This is where new or bespoke needs arise, where external verification rather that

internal opinion is required or where the internal expertise does not exist to process and apply the

available data or analysis.

So, this research is NOT intended to be an assessment of public sector investments in Weather and

Climate research, but an analysis of the traceable commercial "after-market" that follows on from

these investments, the resulting research and subsequent national and international policy agendas.

The research is based upon a complex methodology that uses multiple sources of data to derive

statistically significant market numbers in terms of value (€m), volume (transactions) and market

growth (%). This is described in more detail in Section 3. This methodology has been applied to

many "difficult-to-measure" industry activities including other space-related opportunities for earth

observation like Carbon Markets. Following the advice given at a UK Space Conference (2011) the

focus is on uncovering "markets that do not have Space in the title."

Since 2011 this research methodology has been applied to equally complex sectors and markets like

climate change adaptation, the green economy, geo-services, cyber security and design.

3 More information about global initiatives to leverage current levels of public investment into more effective and widely

available Climate Services (for humanitarian and economic purposes) can find this at www.wmo.int and in the WMO

publication- "Global Framework for Climate Services" 2009.



1.4 Segmenting Commercial Weather and Climate Services

It was recognized that many of the Weather and Climate Service solutions identified above often

required multiple services, multiple data sources and may be conducted over several years by

several suppliers. These services may be purchased as a single contract or as several services

combined.

The first MARCO report (D2.1) reported on the individual data platforms, however through the

MARCO project, another platform called “Mixed Services” has been added, which was reported in

the second report (D2.2) and is reported again in this report (D2.3).

The research segments the Weather and Climate Services Aftermarket in a variety of ways. The first

is by data platform, where the options are now Airborne, Land, Marine, Space and Mixed Services:

Air Services

Refers to earth observation via airborne systems - Fixed & Rotary

winged manned and unmanned aircraft and air ships

Land Services

Refers to earth observation via land-based systems like land-based

radar, weather stations, atmospheric sampling and arctic survey.

Marine Services

Refers to earth observation via Sea-based systems i.e. marine craft both

surface and underwater, buoys and sea bed systems

Space Services

Mixed Services

Refers to earth observation via Space craft-based systems - Including

satellites and space stations.

Refers to a mixture or combination of the other four platforms.

The second level of segmentation is by service type, of which there are eight that can be fully

differentiated and quantified. These are:

Advisory Services

Advisory services, risk assessment and decision support tools

provided to public and private sector organisations relevant to global

weather, climate and climate change. For example, risk assessment

for the long-term location of nuclear power stations.

Data Management

Provision of calibrated data sets, data archiving, data certification

and data sales for global weather, climate and climate change



applications. For example, the provision of validated data sets to

consultancies for further analysis.

Measurement

Instruments and technologies for measurement and calibration for

global weather, climate and climate change applications. For

example, the provision of assistance and advice in the assembly of

sensing arrays for ground-based weather stations.

Modelling

Modelling of data, both certified and non-certified for global

weather, climate and climate change. For example, the modelling of

collated data from the arctic survey in order to predict the most

likely rate of degradation of the polar ice cap.

Operation

Collection and provision of raw data for global weather, climate and

climate change applications i.e. the provision of raw data to media

weather centres.

Other Consulting

Consulting services for global weather, climate and climate change

not elsewhere covered i.e. the provision of advice on corporate

statements to share-holders on corporate policy towards climate

change. "Other Consulting" often includes more general consulting

services about corporate responses to the challenges arising from

specific weather and climate data (whether purchased separately or

processed internally) and also more specialist services (incorporation

of new data sets).

Processing & Re-Analysis

Provision of data analysis and retrieval services including data mining

tools, for global weather, climate and climate change i.e. the

provision of essential climate variable models to academia.

Publication

General publication of analysis findings for global weather, climate

and climate change i.e. the assembly of publications on climate

forecasts based on data and analysis for both private and public

sector organisations.

The research measured each of these services individually, although it is well known that the

different services complement one another and are often purchased together.



Each service type was then segmented into Industries that reflected WHERE in the global economy

they were being purchased. An assessment of the data sources and collaboration with MARCO

partners has enabled us to identify 27 broad Industry/economic sectors that reflect the full range of

current Weather and Climate Services interests. These are listed below and described in more detail

in the Glossary.

• Agriculture

• Biotech

• Built Environment

• Business Services

• Communications

• Civil Engineering Sector

NEC

• Defence

• Education & Training

• Exploration, Mines and

Quarries

• Food & Drink

• Forestry & Timber

• Health Care &

Hospitals

• Hospitality

• Legal & Financial

• Logistics

• Manufacturing

• News Publishing and

Journalism

• Not Elsewhere

Classified

• Processing Industry NEC

• Operational Services

• Pharmaceuticals

• Public & Charitable

• Renewable Energy

• Research & Development

• Retailing & Wholesale

• Tourism & Leisure

• Utilities

It was felt that analysis at the Industry level might be too "broad brush" so these in turn were

segmented into more easily understood or more accessible markets (138 in total). These markets are

listed at Appendix A and some of the less obvious ones are described in more detail in the Glossary.

D2.2 saw the inclusion of 380 applications as a new column to the dataset and sub-divided according

to the previous activity heading of Advisory, Data Management, Measurement, Modelling,

Operations, Consulting, Publications and Processing, Re-analysis etc. Applications are effectively

solutions that draw on data/information from a range of sources (Land, Satellite, Air and Sea), which

is why the “Mixed” category was added to the platform list. These alterations from the first report

(D2.1) are still in place in this update.

By combining the different segments of Weather and Climate Services (Platform, Service, Industry

and Market) a data template of 6815 market options was created and then populated for 181

countries (45 countries returned no data) to create the global analysis. Since 2011, the research

sources have improved to the point that now data is available on almost all countries.

The global analysis of this data is the focus of Section 4 of this report, where the Weather & Climate

Services sector is measured for value, transactional volume and growth and differentiated by

platform, service, industry and market.



In Section 5 the focus is at the international level, (28 countries of the EU) identifying the key

economies for Weather and Climate Services. As this is a baseline analysis to create a context for

further and deeper study of Climate Service needs and delivery, evidence outweighs commentary.

But it is hoped that evidence will provoke commentary based upon experience and new market

feedback.

Following on from the detailed quantitative analysis in Sections 4 and 5 of the original research,

Section 6 presents several findings and observations that relate both to the compilation and analysis

of the Weather and Climate Services data set. This section remains relevant to the issues of

quantifying a “difficult” sector like Weather & Climate Services and is essentially unchanged from

D2.1.

1.5 The Question of Definition

Throughout the MARCO project there has consistently been a question over the definition of what

constitutes a “Climate Service”. The old adage of “climate is what you expect, and weather is what

you get”, although amusing, is a fairly good illustration of the difference between climate and

weather services. Information regarding climate allows the user to prepare for the weather they are

likely to experience as a result. These services include data from national and international

databases on rainfall, temperature, wind, soil moisture and ocean conditions on the simplistic side,

to more complicated maps, risk and vulnerability analyses, assessments and long-term forecasts.

These are what we consider to be core competencies within the climate services sector. Often these

data are also combined with socio-economic factors such as health trends, population distributions,

infrastructure maps etc as value added to the core data. Every value added is a climate service in its

own right and so the data morphs into more complicated reporting.

The information needs to be produced, interpreted and delivered to the client during the process of

providing a climate service, which then can be used to inform decision making and climate-smart

policy and planning development. Although there are companies, such as major corporations who

will currently commission a climate service report to appease shareholders (and often leave it on a

shelf) others apply the valuable knowledge within and corporate governance is likely to drive take-

up of climate services as they become more mainstream in more sectors.

In terms of the qualitative data provided by kMatrix for the MARCO project, it is produced from a

taxonomy which resembles a biological taxonomic rank, table 1 gives an example of part of the

taxonomy for the Agriculture industry.

Table 1: Example Taxonomy

Platform Industry Market Service

Space Services Agriculture Arable Measurement

Space Services Agriculture Arable Operation

Space Services Agriculture Arable Data Management



Space Services Agriculture Arable Processing, Re-analysis and Interpretation

Space Services Agriculture Arable Modelling

Space Services Agriculture Arable Climate Advisory Services

Space Services Agriculture Arable Other Consulting

Space Services Agriculture Arable Publication

Space Services Agriculture Livestock Measurement

Space Services Agriculture Livestock Operation

Space Services Agriculture Livestock Data Management

Space Services Agriculture Livestock Processing, Re-analysis and Interpretation

Space Services Agriculture Livestock Modelling

Space Services Agriculture Livestock Climate Advisory Services

Space Services Agriculture Livestock Other Consulting

Space Services Agriculture Livestock Publication

Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Measurement

Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Operation

Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Data Management

Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Processing, Re-analysis and Interpretation

Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Modelling

Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Climate Advisory Services

Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Other Consulting

Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Publication

Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Measurement

Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Operation

Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Data Management

Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Processing, Re-analysis and Interpretation

Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Modelling

Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Climate Advisory Services

Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Other Consulting

Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Publication

The section of the taxonomy listed in table 1 is to illustrate how the taxonomy is built, using an

uncomplicated industry which has only two markets. This is not the full taxonomy for Agriculture, it

is replicated for the other platforms (airborne services, marine in situ and mixed). Every metric is

then calculated for every line of data, which is how the taxonomy is built, looking at the sector from

the bottom up – looking at the core components and those in the chain of supply to build the sector.

By calculating all metrics at this level of detail, we build the sector taxonomy based on expert

consultation at the time, which is usually a continuous process throughout updates (annual,

quarterly, on demand etc).

The taxonomy produced for the MARCO project is the current MARCO definition of climate services,

produced in collaboration with the partners of the project. The taxonomy is produced in a flexible

way, so the definition can be altered over time as the sector develops. The apparent confusion

within the wider climate services sector surrounding what is “in” or “out” of the sector is a perfectly normal part of the process as a new sector develops. Although there is very little that is new in



terms of climate services, most of the information and services have been provided for a long time,

their applications and labelling as “climate services” is new. Growth in the market will occur as the sector itself develops and determines what is included. The benefit of using a “bottom up” approach to building a sector taxonomy is that new products or services can be added to the taxonomy, or

current ones removed, to shape the data as those in the industry deem to be current. Future

taxonomies can be retro-fit to previous years, so that even when a taxonomy is altered, data for

previous years can be provided (in most cases). The taxonomy was updated and improved from D2.1

the initial definition, taxonomy and report, to produce D2.2 the interim definition, taxonomy and

report, which provided three years of back-dated reporting for the financial years 2014/15, 2015/16

and 2016/17. This report, D2.3 the Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report provides the first update

to 2017/18 of the current MARCO taxonomy.

The final definition in D2.3 is the same taxonomy as for D2.2 in order to avoid confusion for readers

and to provide consistency in results for this project. In reality, the taxonomy can and should change

as the sector develops.

Another layer of complexity was overlaid by mapping to NACE Code, table 2 gives a shortened

version of the taxonomy in table 1, but with the addition of a NACE Code.

Table 2: Example Taxonomy with NACE Coding

Platform Industry Market Service NACE Code

Space Services Agriculture Arable Measurement Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing

Space Services Agriculture Arable Operation Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing

Space Services Agriculture Arable Data Management Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing

Space Services Agriculture Arable Processing, Re-analysis

and Interpretation

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing

Space Services Agriculture Arable Modelling Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing

Space Services Agriculture Arable Climate Advisory Services Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing

Space Services Agriculture Arable Other Consulting Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing

Space Services Agriculture Arable Publication Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing

Space Services Agriculture Livestock Measurement Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing

Etc….. Etc….. Etc….. Etc….. Etc…..

Currently the NACE Code system does not cater for every activity within the MARCO project, but it

does cater to the vast majority of them, with the resulting un-coded activities being a very small

proportion of the market. This is likely to change over time, as the sector develops. Arguably the

taxonomy could, in future, also be coded to take into consideration other coding systems such as

SIC, NAICS and other systems.

There is a certain degree of “data mis-match” between the case studies and the quantitative data provided by the taxonomy and kMatrix. The list of industries used for the case studies is (by

necessity of available information or lack thereof) slightly different to those of the MARCO taxonomy

used to generate the transactional data. This is predominantly due to definition of industries and



the market data (both qualitative and quantitative) which is currently available in the sector. The

qualitative data looks at the market to generate its information in a different way to the kMatrix

process, neither is superior in that regard and as the sector matures and definitions are more

certain, the gap between the two will narrow. The MARCO project has attempted to better define

the previously very hazily edged climate services sector and it would be unrealistic for the project to

have perfectly mastered the art in one attempt. As mentioned previously, the taxonomy is a work in

progress and deliberately flexible for future development. It deliberately encompasses as much

market as possible, with as many services and activities as are deemed “Climate Services” by the industry itself. The rationale behind this approach is simple: it is easier to take something out, than

to add it. Future taxonomy updates can be brought closer to the sector definitions used in the case

studies and likewise, future qualitative reporting can be brought closer to the quantitative data. This

is a sector which is notoriously difficult to map, measure and define. As such there is, to a certain

extent, a line of best fit between the definition of industries and markets for both the quantitative

and qualitative aspects of the MARCO project. This is in itself not a bad thing. Users of the

observatory themselves will also have different definitions and available information, by the nature

of the sector and its early stage of development, so it is no surprise that the same is true within the

project itself.

In summary, the definition used by the MARCO project remains a contentious issue, which is natural

and to be expected in a hard to define, let alone hard to measure new growth sector, but the data

and the reporting structures have been developed to allow for this fluidity. Theoretically it would be

possible for users to define their own version of the sector, to include or discount activities which

are of interest or relevant to them at a very fine level of detail, but this level of complexity is

currently out of scope for the MARCO project.

1.6 What is Actually Being Measured?

The taxonomy provides a skeleton of the sector, the framework within which the transactions are

measured. The taxonomy has been deliberately designed to capture ALL climate services

transactions, in the broadest sense. As already mentioned, there is a great deal of controversy

within the wider sector over what is deemed to be a “Climate Service” and at which point this is different from a “Weather Service”. In an industry which is currently unmapped and ill-defined, it

was determined the best course of action was to include all transactions listed as “Climate Services” by those providing the service. It is inevitable that some in the industry will not agree with the

MARCO definition and that they will consider the figures to be higher than expected. There are two

reasons for this, firstly the market is generally bigger than those in the industry currently expect and

secondly, the definition of what is a climate service has been kept as broad as possible to capture as

much of the market as possible. As the sector matures, the market itself will determine what is or

isn’t a Climate Service. At present there is a certain degree of “buzz-word” around Climate Services, with some activities being labelled as such in order to raise their value. Although this can cause



some noise within the data, generally these instances are not frequent and do not affect the

transactional data by any significance.

The Services section is broken down into eight segments:

• Measurement

• Operation

• Publication

• Data Management

• Processing, Re-analysis & Interpretation

• Modelling

• Climate Advisory Services

• Other Consulting

Of these, six are reasonably clear in their application and what is being measured. The two which

are more ambiguous are Climate Advisory Services and Other Consulting. The definitions of those

two are as follows:

• Advisory services, risk assessment and decision support tools provided to public and private

sector organisations relevant to global weather, climate and climate change. For example,

risk assessment for the long-term location of nuclear power stations.

• Consulting services for global weather, climate and climate change not elsewhere covered

i.e. the provision of advice on corporate statements to share-holders on corporate policy

towards climate change. "Other Consulting" often includes more general consulting services

about corporate responses to the challenges arising from specific weather and climate data

(whether purchased separately or processed internally) and also more specialist services

(incorporation of new data sets).

It is in these areas that services which are not particularly obvious are found. For example:

Advisory Services

There are advisory services related to climate change-initiated adaptation programs and also

corporate governance for corporates with both private and public investment. Corporate

governance is high value and high growth area and is spread across all industries.

Another large market, with a high number of transactions is within the financial sector and linked

with insurance, looking at other Major Corporate support for climate strategy and implication.

These transactions are spread throughout the industries and listings of the MARCO taxonomy.

These are significant in number and value and are often overlooked when focusing on operational



issues. They usually form a part of other overall packages of support and are not as obvious as other

Climate Services in the market.

Other Consulting

There is a consulting services section concerning corporate governance (the difference from

Advisory being the production of written reports and strategy development as opposed to “advice”). Climate lobbying services is another service within Other Consulting which is a significant market

with high growth within Europe and the US.

Another example of an infrequently reported, but large market, in terms of both Sales and Number

of Transactions is Consulting Engineering, which is part of the Other Consulting classification.

Consulting Engineers provide engineering consultancy support to climate related projects to a wide

variety of companies and authorities within various industries.

What we are not including are the actual engineering works and civil projects which come as a result

of climate services.

In terms of transactions themselves, a transaction is a contract of sale. The size and complexity of a

given transaction can be extremely varied. In some instances, a large corporation will commission a

single large package of climate services from a single supplier, in which case, that is listed as one

single transaction, irrespective of the value of that transaction. This is in instances where we cannot

break down the components of that transaction into discrete portions. In other cases, we are able

to provide a value for each service provided within a larger suite of services. In those cases, each

constituent component is listed as a separate transaction. The ability to separate out the services is

highly dependent on the data availability within each industry.

The benefit of this process is that we can break out the price services are commanding and their

frequency of use. The drawback is that some of the transactions which are listed as a single

transaction are in fact a suite of different services which are “missed” in transactional number terms. For this reason, although the number of transactions is a good illustrative metric, the Sales Value is

more important.

1.7 Industry Glossary

This Glossary relates to the 27 economic/industrial sectors that have been identified as users of

Weather and Climate Services. It describes briefly what aspects of each sector have been included in

the research.

Agriculture

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the farming (both arable

and livestock) and other agriculture sector activities.

Biotech

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the manufacturing and

research functions of the bio-tech sector



Built Environment

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the construction sector,

includes the civil engineering (small-scale) and engineering & project

management sectors.

Business Services

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the general business

services sector i.e. advertising, marketing, consultancy etc.

Communications

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the communications

sector which includes both the equipment and service provision for all

electronic communications.

Defence

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the defence sector which

includes army, air force, navy and central command and control. In

addition, this covers border protection and other defence- related

activities.

Education & Training

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the education and training

sector which includes schools, universities and other learning

environments, as well as commercial, educational and training services

to the public and private sectors.

Exploration

Refers to the provision of Weather and Climate Services to Oil & Gas

exploration (not the utility for supply) and to Mining and Quarrying.

Food & Drink

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the food and drink sector,

which includes all elements from post- agriculture to retail sales

Forestry & Timber

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the forestry and timber

sector which includes timber processing.

Health Care

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the healthcare and

hospitals sector, which includes both public and the private healthcare

delivery.

Hospitality

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the hospitality market

which includes hotels and restaurants

Legal & Financial

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the following sub sectors:

general business and private insurance sector; the re-insurance sector;

the financial investments sector; the legal sector and the banking

sector.

Logistics

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the Logistics sector

defined as:



Air Travel - Air Travel industry which includes airport management and

operations, people and goods but not storage as this is covered within

“large vehicles & Storage.”

Land Travel - Land Travel industry which includes highway and roadway

management and operations, people and goods but not storage as this

is covered within “large vehicles & Storage.”

Sea Travel - Sea Travel industry which includes port management and

operations, people and goods but not storage as this is covered within

“large vehicles & Storage”.

Manufacturing

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the Manufacturing sector,

excluding food and drink, pharmaceuticals, bio-tech, chemicals

processing and project orientated engineering- all of which are included

separately.

News Publishing &

Journalism

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the news, publishing and

journalism sector.

Operational Services

Provision of Weather and Climate- related Services to the operational

services sector which, in turn, provides services to industry, airports and

call centres.

Pharmaceuticals

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the research and

manufacturing functions of the pharmaceuticals sector.

Public & Charitable

Bodies

Public Sector

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the public sector which

includes, central, regional, and local government and public services.

Charitable bodies

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the charitable bodies

sector, including non- government organisations (NGOs).

Renewable Energy

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the renewable energies

market, which includes photovoltaic, geothermal and wind.

Research &

Development

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the research and

development sector- i.e. research into the effects of climate change on

both food and non- food crops as growing conditions change.

Retailing & Wholesale

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the retailing and

wholesale sector

Tourism & Leisure

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the tourism and leisure

sector but excludes hospitality.



Utilities

Processing Industry

Not Elsewhere

Classified

Civil Engineering

Sector Not Elsewhere

Classified

“Not Elsewhere Classified”

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the utilities sector, which

includes nuclear and non- nuclear power generation and distribution,

distribution of natural gas and the distribution and recycling of water.

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the processing industry,

defined as industrial processing of substances and materials both solid

and liquid. These products range from paints through to road surfaces.

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to large civil engineering

projects including the assembly and construction of bridges, roads and

other major, load carrying structures.

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to any industries not

elsewhere classified.

1.8 Markets Glossary

The 27 economic/industry sectors identified above are divided into 138 distinctive markets. A full

list of Industries and Markets are found in Appendix A. These markets are based upon the

limitations and differentiations in the source materials available (i.e. we report what we find rather

than what we would like to find) and, therefore, may not always correspond to how an industry

would typically divide or define its activities.

Most of the titles describing these markets are self-evident or self-explanatory. But some are not

and so they are included below.

Where an industry is defined as "Manufacturing" markets are denoted by different manufacturing

processes that may have different Climate Services needs i.e. Aerospace is represented as Aerospace

Batch Manufacture, Aerospace Manufacturing Assembly and Aerospace Project Orientated

Production. These processes are defined below.

Batch Production

Process that, for example, produces vehicle trailers in batches of twenty

units to order rather than in a continuous production.

In-Line Process

Manufacture

Continuous inline process manufacture, for example, continuous

chemicals processing of orientated polymers for the packaging sector.

Manufacturing

Assembly

Manufacturing assembly, for example, the assembly of white goods.



Project Orientated

Production

Project orientated production, typically of much large products or

infrastructure i.e. shipbuilding.

Other markets that may need further definition or clarification are shown below.

High End Engineering

High end engineering sector includes, electronics, precision engineering

and high value electrical engineering installation and maintenance.

High-Tech based

Services (Emergent)

These are predominantly new high-tech based services across all

industrial sectors. These are new emergent technologies such as

artificial photosynthesis, genetic engineering and neuro-informatics.

Industrial Services and

Servicing

Industrial services and servicing sector includes large engineering

maintenance providers, large industrial catering providers and large

supply chain management houses.

Local Government

Where national, regional and local government combine to address

issues like long term climate change, through the provision of

information to local businesses and residents and by the planning and

provision of services like waste management, flood abatement and

town and country planning.

Other Defence Services

Providers

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the other defence services

providers not included in the main defence category i.e. providers of

non-battle theatre products and services such as home-based

construction services.

Other Financial

Services

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to other financial services

not elsewhere covered i.e. Pension funds and private equity funds.

Other Professional

Business Services

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the other professional

business services not elsewhere covered for i.e. personnel recruitment

agencies.

Other Publications

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the news, publishing and

journalism functions not elsewhere covered i.e. educational

publications for academia.

Public Services

Provision of Weather and Climate Services to publicly funded services

like Police, Fire, Ambulance and coastal protection.



2 Methodology and Measures

2.1 Research Methodology

This report shares a methodology with a much broader research programme for the Low Carbon,

Renewable Energy and Environmental sector and the Adaptation Economy that has been applied

across three continents for the past ten years. The methodology is highly suited to the analysis of

new and evolving markets, new-to-market technologies and “difficult to measure” industries

because it works beyond standard national, industrial and market classifications and looks for

multiple sources of industrial-based evidence (including the triangulation of data sources) to

quantify data values.

The methodology relies on a core analytical process called Profiling. This is based upon a 25-year

international research programme that started in Harvard University and was subsequently

developed in countries across Europe. Profiling is used to track technology and market change and

uses analytical data grids, business case studies and industry research to provide probabilistic and

measurable evidence about how companies and economies adapt to changing market conditions.

The Profiling methodology was first tested against wide ranging corporate business portfolios and

then implemented in Russia under US government initiatives to create a sustainable light industrial

base. Since then it has been applied to start-ups, micros, SME’s, corporates and whole industries by government, financial and professional services sectors in the US, Europe and Australasia.

The methodology has been tried and tested against both new and traditional industries on three

continents and more specifically, has been applied to most priority UK economic sectors at global,

national, regional and local level. Recent research targets include Environment Technologies, Low

Carbon Industry, Renewable Energy, the Water Industry, Adaptation Economy, Marine Environment,

Green Economy and Carbon Markets.

While the requirements for each industrial sector research project vary, the methodology always

follows the same five key stages:

• Define - Identify, select and group the target market activities, whilst conducting an initial check

for the right volume and quality of data sources

• Assemble - Populate the data measures for each market activity, carefully filtering the core data

sources to ensure that confidence levels are within bounds

• Check - Apply quality assurance checks to ensure data accuracy/ consistency across market

activities and different countries and, in some cases, cross-check with different sector values

• Validate - Sense-check and spot-check market data values against specific projects/authoritative

sources/expert knowledge/customers or clients

• Publish - Recalculate, update confidence levels and publish research data set.



Market activities are only included within this framework when there are multiple sources of reliable

data. These sources are screened to remove duplicate references to any single source and then

shortlisted by removing outliers and unreliable sources. This shortlist is then screened again until

some consistency in value is achieved. From the remaining sources a value is then calculated and

published. Values created in this way are then “reality tested” by comparing activity values within and across economic or industrial sectors, against known national specialism, against known

international trade flows, recognized industry benchmarks and ultimately, government statistics (if

they are available).

To reflect the wide range of industries under investigation there has to be a very wide range of

sources from government, private sector, institutional, industrial, trade, Advertising, HR, financial,

investor, academic and other (unpublished and “traded”) sources. These are summarised at

Appendix B (approximately 600 sources) but exclude many country - specific and proprietary data

sources. The exclusion of sources is based on their historic reliability, particularly in the area of

forecast. Many in-country sources prove to be unreliable, particularly where they do not take into

account inter-trading activities between regions and countries. This is common throughout Europe

and not a characteristic of only a select number of countries.

The methodology is quantitative and data intensive and, therefore, very reliant on being able to

identify and evaluate multiple data sources. Much of the intellectual property resides in the process

for managing and selecting reliable sources that are specific to each market activity. As a result,

sources are carefully managed. They are measured and rated for their accuracy and reliability over

time. Multiple references to single sources are discounted from the analysis and sources that are

outdated or without a measurable track record are excluded. No less than seven qualified sources

showing some consistency in results are used to derive any published values.

All market intelligence produced in this way is delivered with confidence levels assigned. Confidence

levels are a mathematical function of the spread of values across the range of sources that we

include in our analysis. Confidence levels vary by activity, geography and by forecast year. Typically,

a confidence level of above 80% is achievable, which means that corroborative sources vary around

the mean value by +/- 20%.

Since the original Weather & Climate Services sector research in 2011, this methodology has become

much more widely documented and audited and, as a result, government work conducted using this

methodology now qualifies as official statistics, having met the requisite standards. Extracts from the

methodology documents, that are relevant to this research, can be provided upon request.

2.2 Defining the Key Measures

In this report four key measures are used - Activity Value, Transaction Volume, Growth and

Confidence Levels. Each one is explained briefly below.



Transaction Volume and Activity Value

Value and Volume are often (but not always) two sides of the same coin and in this research are

inextricably linked. Within this report a transaction is a sale of either a product, service or

product/service combination to another party. "Sale" is the operative word, because this research

only considers Climate Services activities that have a financial "footprint". It does not include

transactions that are provided free or are exchanged between organisations at no cost. Neither does

the research include as part of its forecasts the potential value of services still under development

i.e. that have not yet reached the market.

So, delivery of a due diligence report on the climate risk of a project investment for a water company

would be a transaction with a value (monetary) and a volume (of 1) i.e. a contract between two

parties for a particular outcome. In some cases, long term multi-project contracts are placed that

include multiple transactions over an extended period, in which case additional data sources are

used (primarily from the industry concerned) to analyse and disaggregate the contract numbers into

transactional values and volumes.

In order to measure values and volumes a large number of data sources are used to maximise the

accuracy of the output. Usually a source tends to state either volume or value, as their reasons for

reporting are usually different. In addition, it is often the case that a source that is known to us to be

reliable in reporting volume (say a data confidence rate of 80%) will be unreliable when reporting

value (say a data confidence of 65% or less). This is why a large number of sources are reported for

each line of data that is compiled - different sources are always used in different combinations to

calculate each key measure4.

A simple example of consulting multiple sources might be where we know that there were 35

investments above £1m each placed in the water purification sector in 2009/10 totaling £250m (we

know this from the water sector); the fund management sector reports that £3.8m was spent on due

diligence risk analysis in the water purification sector and the legal sector reports between 28 and 35

due diligence contracts for the water purification sector. Together, these sources enable an

intelligent estimate of both value and volume for different but related market activities.

A further example might be where for the purposes of corporate governance, major corporate

organisations commission external consultants to provide ten-year risk mitigation advice to the main

board on the implications of climate change. The consulting sector data shows that in 2010/11 250

major corporate organisations have commissioned this kind of work (the consulting data rarely

shows work value for commercial reasons). The investor relations and fund management sector data

shows that overall £8.75m was spent on this kind of work and in addition the sector-specific trade

4 The number of sources per line of data can vary between 230 (mature sectors/larger economies) and 24 (emergent

sectors/smaller economies). Generally speaking, the higher the number of sources the higher the confidence level that we

assign to the data.



associations data reports independently that some £9.2m has been spent. By triangulating data from

the different sources, it is possible to arrive at highly accurate estimates of value and volume that

are just not possible from consulting a single source, however authoritative that source may be

within its own sector.

Growth

Growth is a multi-year measure that includes historical AND forecast growth. The growth measure is

derived from live, rapidly changing and multi-sourced data links and is specifically based upon

growth in the market value of existing Climate Service activities. Growth is generally a measure of

increased market opportunity and can be used for trend analysis, comparison across different

markets or as a moving indicator of market confidence (growth time series).

The source data for growth forecasts varies enormously and can produce very unsettling and

unreliable results if not handled carefully. This is why multiple sources are used, specific to individual

activities, and then processed to exclude the outlying high and low estimates until a more

consensual set of sources is selected, from which a growth estimate is then calculated. Using this

method, it is possible to generate different growth forecasts (high, medium, low) with different

risk/confidence levels. This research uses a conservative growth forecast.

Confidence Levels

All of the above data values are created by the intelligent use and transformation of other primary

and secondary data sources. Data sources are carefully managed by measuring and rating their

accuracy and reliability over time and by excluding sources that are outdated or without a

measurable track record. No less than seven qualified sources are ever used and often, as is the case

for this research, the final list of sources is much higher than this. A mean value is then calculated

from these selected values and assigned a confidence level.

What level of importance should you assign to the data within this report? The answer to that is in

the confidence levels for this report, have been calculated for activity value, transaction volume and

growth, by country and by industry. The detailed results are shown at Appendix D but, in summary,

the global confidence level for all values, aggregated by Platform (Figure 1), Service Type (Figure 2)

or Industry (Figure 3) is approximately 80%5.

5 Confidence levels vary at the individual country level, but these differences "net out" at the global level



Figure 1: Confidence Levels for Platform by Key Measure

Figure 2: Confidence Levels for Service by Key Measure

Figure 3: Confidence Levels for Industry by Key Measure

In each case these charts show the confidence level on the horizontal axis, the key measure on the

vertical axis and each bubble represents one of the options i.e. Land, Air, Marine or Space. The size

of each bubble represents the comparative value (€m) of that option. What these charts

demonstrate is that while the distribution (size and positioning of options) may vary quite widely,

reflecting the differences in activities and sources, the variance is within quite a narrow band.

The final Confidence Level relates to the splitting of the data sources between weather Services and

Climate Services. This ranges between 60% and 90% depending upon the platform, industry, market,

service or country. Overall the mean figure is 75%, which means the separated values for each

(within the total value) may vary within +/- 25%. This mean figure was 75% for the original research

and remains at 75%. This suggests that the level of clarity around the division between Weather and

Climate Services in the source literature has not substantially changed since 2011 - hence the need

for projects like MARCO.

Further Confidence Levels specific to this report can be found in Appendix D.



3 Uses of Weather and Climate Services

In Section 2.2 it was suggested that there was a danger that focusing solely upon how Weather and

Climate Services are delivered may detract from the ways in which industries are using Weather and

Climate Services. To overcome this an audit was conducted as part of the original research of "uses"

from the core data sources for this study. The audit was conducted by checking predominantly

purchasing sources of data to identify a description of the services purchased.

The audit consists of a subjective assessment of uses that have been aggregated under the following

26 headings:

• Corporate Governance

• Insurance Purposes

• Corporate Planning Long Term

• Estates Locational Planning

• Content for Information- Giving Services

• Forward Crop Planning

• Investment Planning

• Infrastructure Planning

• Service Provision Planning

• Major Capital Project Planning

• Irrigation & Drainage Planning

• Research Programmes

• Disaster Recovery Planning

• Health & Safety Services

• Futures Market Data

• Humanitarian Relief planning

• Exploration Planning

• Installation Redundancy Planning

• Regulatory Services (Land Cover)

• Forensic Services

• Border Management & Planning

• Long Term Operations Planning

• Long Range Product Planning

• Educational

• Resource Planning

• Environmental Planning

These headings were then applied to the original 114 markets for Weather and Climate Services and

where there was evidence that a "use" was applicable to a market a "1" was noted against the

market. Unlike the original analysis of data platforms, services, industries etc. that has been updated

and replicated in Sections 4 and 5 of this report, no attempt was made, then or now, to quantify

either the volume of the above usages or their financial value. The audit was used only to illustrate

the:



• Types of needs that Weather and Climate Services fulfill (to demonstrate that the wider research

in this report has understood and captured the main uses of Weather and Climate Services), and

• Degree to which these needs are shared across different markets (to validate the industries and

markets included as part of the research).

The audit showed that the most frequent usages of Weather and Climate Services were for

Corporate Governance (public and shareholder accountability), Insurance, Corporate Planning and

Investment Planning - functions that apply to most larger organisations and that are evident for

almost all of the markets included in this study.

The most specific uses of Weather and Climate Services were for:

• Forward Crop Planning (Arable, Livestock, Forestry, Timber Processing, Government, Charitable,

Research and General Consulting markets)

• Exploration Planning (Water, Waste Management, Photovoltaic, Petrochemical, Oil & Gas

Exploration, Mines & Quarries, Civil Engineering and General Consulting), and

• Border Management (Legal, Defence, Public Services and General Consultancy).

The frequency of the listed 26 uses of Climate Services is shown at Figure 4.

Figure 4: Frequency of Climate Service Uses

The audit also showed that some markets (Consultancy, Government, Public Services, Charities and

Business Services) have a very broad need for Climate Services and that the needs for other markets

(Financial Investments, Leisure, Tourism etc.) can be quite narrow. Table 3 shows the markets with

the broadest range of needs.

112 112 110 110 108

97 9589 87 84 80 78 75

6256

18 16 14 13 13 11 11 9 9 9 6



Table 3: Markets with the Broadest Range of Climate Services Needs

Frequency of use, however, should not be confused with the value of particular services or of

specific markets.

This information about the uses of Climate Services is really a qualitative backdrop for the

quantitative analysis that follows.

What is interesting, about this early audit work and the questions that it posed is the fit with current

funded projects specifically targeted at the challenges of qualifying and quantifying both met and

un-met needs for Climate Services.

Industry Market Total

Business Services Consultancy (General) 26

Business Services Other Professional Business Services . 26

Public & Charitable Bodies Public Services 21

Public & Charitable Bodies Local Government 20

Renewable Energy Photovoltaic & Solar 20

Built Environment Civil Engineering 18

Education & Training Public Sector Education 18

Manufacturing Petrochemical 17

Public & Charitable Bodies Charitable Bodies 16

Util ities Energy Supply (Gas and Electricity) 16

Education & Training Large Private Educational Establishments 16

Defence Other Defence Services Providers 16

Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Batch Production) 16

Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (In-Line Process Manufacture) 16

Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturing Assembly) 16

Util ities Waste Management 16

Util ities Water Supply 16



4. Global Weather & Climate Services

4.1 Introduction

In this section of the report the global market for the Weather & Climate Services sector is

quantified using the key measures of value, transaction volume and growth, with trade flows (import

and export figures). The global Weather & Climate Services market is segmented by data platform,

services, industry, markets and NACE codes. The main analysis is of 2017/18 data, but some

historical analysis is included.

4.2 Weather & Climate Services Historic Growth

The global Weather & Climate Services sector was first measured in 2010/11. At that time, it was

estimated to be £26.6bn or €36.6bn using the initial taxonomy and definition. The initial report

(D2.1) provided historical data back to 2010/11, however the integration of a Mixed Services

Platform has limited the availability of data for D2.2 and this report (D2.3) to 2014/15, which allows

us to see a 4-year historic growth pattern. The new taxonomy and definition was retrofit to previous

years in D2.2, the figures in this report continue from that analysis. Using the MARCO definition and

taxonomy, the global Weather and Climate Service market has grown from €53.9bn in 2014/15 to

€68.7bn by 2017/18 as shown by Figure 5.

Figure 5: Weather & Climate Services €m

Historical growth in the Weather & Climate Services sector has been 7.9% in 2014/15, 8.6% 2015/16

and 8.8% in 2016/7.

Figure 6: Weather Services €m

Weather Services was first estimated to be €26.9bn in 2014/15. This has increased to €30.1bn by

2017/18.



Figure 7: Climate Services €m

Climate Services was first estimated to be €29.4bn in 2014/15. This increased to €39.7bn by

2017/18. Forecasts from D6.4 Short term forecasting to 2020 (Howard & Howard 2018), expected

sales to reach €39,600 in 2016/17. This illustrates a 99.8% accuracy in sales forecasts (for a single

year of forecasting) by the industry itself (forecasting figures are a mean average of industry

forecasts used within the Climate Services sector).

Overall, Climate Services since 2014/15 has slightly increased its share of the market compared with

Weather Services. Climate Services accounted for 54.5% of the total market in 2015/16, 55.6% in

2015/16, 56.6% in 2016/17 and 57.7% of the total market in 2017/18. This indicates that the more

traditional Weather Services have been growing slightly slower over that period than the emerging

Climate Services market. The initial study suggested that Weather Services and Climate Services

were growing at the same rate, this new information about what is actually going on is due to the

improved definition of the sector.

4.3 Climate and Weather Services by Data Platform

From this point on in the analysis all figures relate to the latest data i.e. 2017/18 and compares

Climate and Weather Services.

The global value of Weather and Climate Services is split across the five data platforms - Airborne,

Land Based, Marine in Situ and Space being the four key platforms and Mixed Services being

combinations of the previous four. In Figure 8 for Climate Services, Land Based Services accounts for

€13.5bn or 35%, followed by Airborne €9.8bn (25%), Space €8.6bn (23%), Mixed €3.7bn (9%) and

Marine €3.0bn (8%). This compares with Weather Services Land €10.1bn or 33%, followed by

Airborne €7.6bn (25%), Space €6.3bn (21%), Mixed Services €3.8bn (13%) and Marine €2.4bn (8%).



Figure 8: Value by Data Platform €m

The global volume of transactions for Weather and Climate Services is estimated at 17.6m, of which

7.4m are Climate Services and 10.1m are Weather Services. Figure 9 shows that Climate Services

Land Based Services accounts for 2.7m transactions or 37%, followed by Airborne 2.0m (27%), Space

1.7m (23%), Marine 613,000 (8%) and Mixed 380,000 (5%). For Weather Services Land accounts for

3.7m transactions or 37%, followed by Airborne 2.7m (27%), Space 2.3m (23%), Marine 822,000 (8%)

and Mixed 520,000 (5%).

Figure 9: Transaction Volume by Data Platform

4.4 Climate and Weather Services by Service Type

The second segmentation level for global Climate and Weather Services is by Service Type. Figure 10

shows that for Climate Services, Climate Advisory Services at €9.3bn (23%) and Other Consulting at

€8.7bn (22%) are the highest values services, followed by Processing & Re-Analysis (12%), Modelling

(11%), Measurement (9%), Operation (8%), Publication (7%) and Data Management (6%). The



percentages per Service Type are broadly similar for Weather Services.

Figure 10: Value by Service Type Climate and Weather Services €m

Figure 11 shows that for Climate Services, Climate Advisory Services at 1.8m transactions (24%) and

Other Consulting at 1.5m (21%) are the highest volume services, followed by Modelling (12%),

Processing & Re-Analysis (12%), Measurement (10%), Operation (8%), Publication (8%) and Data

Management (6%).

Figure 11: Transactions by Service Type Climate and Weather Services



The percentages per Service Type are also broadly similar for Weather Services.

Figure 12 compares the historical values for Climate Services for each Service Type from 2014/15 to

2017/18.

Figure 12: Climate Services Historical Growth Trend for Service Types €m

4.5 Weather and Climate Services by Industry

The third segmentation level for global Weather and Climate Services is by Industry (see Glossary for

brief Industry definitions). These Industries are, in turn, made up of different markets (varying from

1-26 for each industry) and they will be explored in more detail in sub section 4.6.

Figure 13 shows the distribution of global sales of Climate and Weather Services for each of the 27

different Industries for 2017/18.

The top 10 industries for Climate Services account for €24bn or 63% of the total. These are: Built

Environment (€3.5bn); Renewable Energy (€3.4bn); Public and Charitable Bodies (€3.1bn); News,

Publishing and Journalism (€2.9bn); Legal and Financial (€2.9bn); Exploration, Mines and Quarries

(€2.3bn); Utilities (€2.3bn); Agriculture (€1.8bn); Forestry & Timber (€1.7bn) and Food and Drink

(€1.4bn).

The top 10 industries for Weather Services account for €20.1bn or 67% of the total. These are: Legal

& Financial (€3.5bn); Public & Charitable Bodies (€3.3bn); Renewable Energy (€2.8bn); Utilities

(€2.6bn); Pharmaceuticals (€1.5bn); Operational Services (€1.4bn); Built Environment (€1.4bn);

Health Care and Hospitals (€1.3bn); Defence (€1.3bn) and Business Services (€1.1bn).

Compared with the previous segmentations by Platform and by Service, industries end-users show

much more significant differences between Climate and Weather Services.



Figure 13: Climate and Weather Services by Industry End-User €m



In Figure 14 the same data is shown, but this time as a percentage for each end-user industry for 2017/18.

Figure 14: Climate and Weather Services by Industry End-User %



Figure 15 explores the different industrial needs for Climate and Weather Services as a percentage of the total. Some industries like Agriculture, Hospitality,

Tourism & Leisure and News, Publishing & Journalism are more focused on Climate Services as a percentage of their needs, compared with Defence, Legal

& Financial, Retailing and Wholesale and Business Services who are more focused on Weather Services.

Some of these results may appear surprising i.e. Agriculture and demand for Weather Services, but industry demand patterns will reflect the

“commoditisation” of some weather services, as free services and new apps continue to enter and dominate the market.

The full Climate Services details of each of the 27 industries included in this analysis is captured in a series of dashboards at Appendix J.



Figure 15: Industrial split by Climate and Weather Services



Figure 16 shows the historical sales values for Climate Services for the period 2014/15 to 2017/18. These figures suggest that global demand for Climate

Services by Industry are well established and not subject to rapid or significant change.

Figure 16: Historical Climate Services Sales by Industry €m



4.6 Weather and Climate Services by Industry and Markets

Each of the 27 industries is segmented into more distinctive markets. In Figure 17 the top ten industries (identified above) are divided into markets for

global Climate Services using stacked bar charts. Table 4 Ranks the Top 20 markets for global Climate Services.

Figure 17: Top 10 Industries for Climate Services split by Market €m 2017/18



The top 10 industry markets for Climate Services account for €15.9bn or 40% of the 2017/18 total. The top 20 industry markets for Climate Services

account for €23.3bn or 59% of total sales in 2017/18. The total number of industry markets is currently 129, so 16% of the industry markets account for

59% of the Climate Services value.

Table 4: Top 20 Global Climate Services Markets 2017/18 €m

Industry Market Climate Services €m

Built Environment Civil Engineering 2,187.8

Renewable Energy Wind 2,115.8

Public and Charitable Bodies Local Government 1,797.0

New Publishing and Journalism Multi Media and Broadcasting Sector 1,564.1

Exploration, Mines and Quarries Oil and Gas Exploration 1,547.6

Multi-Industry Location Planning for Large Establishments 1,508.0

Agriculture Arable 1,471.4

Utilities Water Supply 1,304.0

Forestry and Timber Forestry Corporates 1,240.7

Built Environment Construction 1,207.7

Hospitality Hotels and Catering 988.7

New Publishing and Journalism News Papers and Periodicals 938.9

Public and Charitable Bodies Public Services 801.3

Exploration, Mines and Quarries Mines and Quarries 790.0

Utilities Energy Supply (Gas Electricity) 716.2

Health Care and Hospitals Hospitals 683.9

Food and Drink Food Production (In-Line Process Manufacture) 671.0

Legal and Financial Re Insurance 643.7

Tourism and Leisure Operation of Leisure Facilities 594.5

Renewable Energy Geothermal 557.1



In Figure 18 the top ten industries (identified above) are divided into markets for global Weather Services using stacked bar charts. Table 5 Ranks the Top

20 markets for global Weather Services. €m

Figure 18: Top 10 Industries for Weather Services split by Market €m 2017/18



The top 10 industry markets for Weather Services account for €11.2bn or 37% of the 2017/18 total. The top 20 industry markets for Weather Services

account for €16.7bn or 56% of total sales in 2017/18. The full listing for all 129 markets is included at Appendix F.

Table 5: Top 20 Global Weather Services Markets 2017/18 €m

Industry Market Weather Services €m

Public and Charitable Bodies Local Government 1,928.7

Renewable Energy Wind 1,703.2

Multi-Industry Location Planning for Large Establishments 1,660.7

Utilities Water Supply 1,470.1

Public and Charitable Bodies Public Services 852.4

Built Environment Civil Engineering 793.6

Legal and Financial Re Insurance 774.5

Utilities Energy Supply (Gas Electricity) 769.6

Business Services Consultancy (General) 750.9

Defence Contractors for Defence Projects 718.6

Health Care and Hospitals Hospitals 630.6

Exploration, Mines and Quarries Oil and Gas Exploration 611.3

Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (In-Line Process Manufacture) 589.8

Legal and Financial Future Analysts 576.8

Operational Services Airport Servicing and Operations 556.3

Legal and Financial Insurance 530.6

Forestry and Timber Forestry Corporates 489.1

Agriculture Arable 457.5

Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturing) 456.2

Built Environment Construction 450.1



4.7 Weather and Climate Services by NACE Codes

The kMatrix taxonomy of data is built from the “bottom up” rather than the “top down”, this means that the data is not fixed and allows reporting in different formats. The previous sections have looked at the data in terms of Industry, however in D4.5 the taxonomy was mapped to NACE codes. We can

now explore the Climate Services and Weather Services at this level of reporting.

Figure 19 shows the distribution of global sales of Climate and Weather Services for each of the 17 different NACE codes for 2017/18.

The top 10 NACE Codes for Climate Services account for €32.4bn or 82% of the total. These are: Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning (€4.3bn);

Information & Communication (€3.9bn); Public Administration & Defence (€3.8bn); Construction (€3.7bn); Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (€3.4bn); Manufacturing (€3.2bn); Financial & Insurance (€2.9bn); Accommodation & Food (€2.4bn); Mining and Quarrying (€2.5bn) and Transport & Storage

(€1.8bn).

The top 10 NACE Codes for Weather Services account for €24.2bn or 80% of the total. These are: Public Administration & Defence (€4.5bn); Electricity, Gas,

Steam & Air Conditioning (€3.7bn); Financial & Insurance (€3.5bn); Manufacturing (€3.5bn); Professional, Scientific & Technical (€1.7bn); Water Supply,

Sewerage & Waste Management (€1.6bn); Construction (€1.6bn); Information & Communication (€1.4bn): Human Health (€1.3bn) and Agriculture, Forestry

and Fishing (€1.3bn).

NACE end-users show significant differences between Climate and Weather Services, for example although the top 5 NACE Codes make up 56% of the

Weather Services market, the top 4 NACE Codes account for 51%. Those 4 NACE Codes dominate the market, such dominance is not present in the Climate

Services market.



Figure 19: Climate and Weather Services by NACE Code End-User €m 2017/18



In Figure 20 the same data is shown, but this time as a percentage for each end-user NACE code for 2017/18.

Figure 20: Climate and Weather Services by NACE End-User %



Figure 21 explores the different NACE needs for Climate and Weather Services as a percentage of the total. Some NACE Codes, like Agriculture, Forestry &

Fishing; Accommodation & Food; Arts, Entertainment & Recreation and Information & Communication are more focused on Climate Services as a

percentage of their needs, compared with Professional, Scientific & Technical; Wholesale & Retail; Financial & Insurance and Public Administration &

Defence who are more focused on Weather Services.

As for the Industry split, some of these results may appear surprising i.e. Agriculture and demand for Weather Services, but NACE demand patterns will

reflect the “commoditisation” of some weather services, as free services and new apps continue to enter and dominate the market.

The full Climate Services details of each of the 17 NACE Codes included in this analysis is captured in a series of dashboards at Appendix J.

Figure 21: NACE Code split by Climate and Weather Services



Figure 22 shows the historical sales values for Climate Services for the period 2014/15 to 2017/18. These figures suggest that global demand for Climate

Services by NACE Code are well established and not subject to rapid or significant change.

Figure 22: Historical Climate Services Sales by NACE Code €m



4.8 Weather and Climate Services by NACE Codes and Markets

Each of the 17 NACE Codes is segmented into more distinctive markets. In Figure 23 the top ten NACE Codes (identified above) are divided into markets for

global Climate Services using stacked bar charts. Table 6 Ranks the Top 20 markets for global Climate Services.

Figure 23: Top 10 NACE Codes for Climate Services split by Market €m 2017/18



The top 10 NACE Code markets for Climate Services account for €15.9bn or 40% of the 2017/18 total.

The top 20 NACE Code markets for Climate Services account for €23.3bn or 59% of total sales in 2017/18.

Table 6: Top 20 Global Climate Services Markets 2017/18 €m

NACE Code Market Climate Services €m

Construction Civil Engineering 2,187.8

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Wind 2,115.8

Public Administration & Defence Local Government 1,797.0

Information & Communication Multi Media and Broadcasting Sector 1,564.1

Mining & Quarrying Oil and Gas Exploration 1,547.6

Multi-Code Location Planning for Large Establishments 1,508.0

Multi-Code Arable 1,471.4

Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Water Supply 1,304.0

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Forestry Corporates 1,240.7

Construction Construction 1,207.7

Accommodation & Food Hotels and Catering 988.7

Information & Communication News Papers and Periodicals 938.9

Public Administration & Defence Public Services 801.3

Mining & Quarrying Mines and Quarries 790.0

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Energy Supply (Gas Electricity) 716.2

Human Health Hospitals 683.9

Accommodation & Food Food Production (In-Line Process Manufacture) 671.0

Financial & Insurance Re Insurance 643.7

Arts, Entertainment and Recreation Operation of Leisure Facilities 594.5

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Geothermal 557.1



In Figure 24 the top ten NACE Codes (identified above) are divided into markets for global Climate Services using stacked bar charts. Table 7 Ranks the Top

20 markets for global Climate Services.

Figure 24: Top 10 NACE Codes for Weather Services split by Market €m 2017/18



The top 10 NACE Code markets for Weather Services account for €11.4bn or 38% of the 2017/18 total. The top 20 NACE Code markets for Weather Services

account for €16.8bn or 56% of total sales in 2017/18.

Table 7: Top 20 Global Weather Services Markets 2017/18 €m

NACE Code Market Weather Services €m

Public Administration & Defence Local Government 1,928.7

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Wind 1,703.2

Multi-Code Location Planning for Large Establishments 1,660.7

Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Water Supply 1,470.1

Public Administration & Defence Public Services 852.4

Construction Civil Engineering 793.6

Financial & Insurance Re Insurance 774.5

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Energy Supply (Gas Electricity) 769.6

Professional, Scientific & Technical Consultancy (General) 750.9

Public Administration & Defence Contractors for Defence Projects 718.6

Human Health Hospitals 630.6

Mining & Quarrying Oil and Gas Exploration 611.3

Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (In-Line Process Manufacture) 589.8

Financial & Insurance Future Analysts 576.8

Transport & Storage Airport Servicing and Operations 556.3

Financial & Insurance Insurance 530.6

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Forestry Corporates 489.1

Multi-Code Arable 457.5

Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturing) 456.2

Construction Construction 450.1



4.9 Global Market Segmentation

In Section 4.6 the top ten industry users of Climate and Weather Services were analyzed in terms of their constituent markets. They can also be analyzed by

service type. Table 8 is a pivot chart that maps the 27 end-user industries by the seven service types for Climate Services in 2017/18. The table values are

colour-coded (heat- mapped) from Blue (low) to Red (High). This table colour-coding confirms the top 10 industry end-users for Climate Services (above)

and also confirms that the highest value service types are Climate Advisory Service and Other Consulting.



Table 8: Industry by Service Type for Climate Services 2017/18 €m



Figure 25 shows the percentage for each service type for the top ten Industries for Climate Services. It shows that Climate Advisory can range from 17-40%

by industry, with Other Consulting varying from 8-31% of the total by industry. Industry need for specific Climate Services, therefore, vary across industries

and within industries.

Figure 25: Top 10 Industries by Service Type for Climate Services 2017/18 (%)



Table 9 follows the same conventions as Table 8, but this time for Weather Services in 2017/18. The colour-coding in Table 9 confirms the top 10 industry

end-users for Weather Services (above) and confirms that the highest value service types are also Climate Advisory Service and Other Consulting.

Table 9: Industry by Service Type for Weather Services 2017/18 €m



Figure 26 shows the percentage for each service type for the top ten Industries for Weather Services. It shows that Climate Advisory can range from 13-37%

by industry, with Other Consulting varying from 10-30% of the total by industry. Industry need for specific Weather Services, therefore, also vary across

industries and within industries.

Figure 26: Top 10 Industries by Service Type for Weather Services 2017/18 (%)



A comparison of Figures 25 and 26 shows that:

• Climate Advisory and Consulting Services for Climate Services often accounts for a slightly higher percentage of the top ten industry total than for

Weather Services

• Service type percentages are similar for industries that are included in the top ten for both Climate and Weather Services i.e. Legal & Financial and Built

Environment

In Section 4.8 the top ten NACE Code users of Climate and Weather Services were analyzed in terms of their constituent markets. They can also be analyzed

by service type. Table 10 is a pivot chart that maps the 17 end-user NACE Codes by the seven service types for Climate Services in 2017/18. The table values

are colour-coded (heat- mapped) from Blue (low) to Red (High). This table colour-coding confirms the top 5 NACE Code end-users for Climate Services

(above) and also confirms that the highest value service types are Climate Advisory Service and Other Consulting.



Table 10: NACE Code by Service Type for Climate Services 2017/18 €m

Figure 27 shows the percentage for each service type for the top ten NACE Codes for Climate Services. It shows that Climate Advisory can range from 19-

28% by NACE Code, with Other Consulting varying from 12-28% of the total by NACE Code. NACE Code need for specific Climate Services, therefore, vary

across NACE Codes and within NACE Codes.



Figure 27: Top 10 NACE Codes by Service Type for Climate Services 2017/18 (%)



Table 11 follows the same conventions as Table 10, but this time for Weather Services in 2017/18. The colour-coding in Table 11 confirms the top 5 NACE

Code end-users for Weather Services (above) and confirms that the highest value service types are also Climate Advisory Service and Other Consulting.

Table 11: NACE Code by Service Type for Weather Services 2017/18 €m



Figure 28 shows the percentage for each service type for the top ten NACE Codes for Weather Services. It shows that Climate Advisory can range from 13-

30% by NACE Code, with Other Consulting varying from 12-29% of the total by NACE Code. NACE Code need for specific Weather Services, therefore, also

vary across NACE Codes and within NACE Codes.

Figure 28: Top 10 NACE Codes by Service Type for Weather Services 2017/18 (%)



4.10 Global Growth

In Section 4.2 historical annual growth in Weather & Climates Services was shown to increase from

7.9% to 8.7% between 2014/15 and 2017/18. The forecast growth rate to 2024/25 is shown at Figure

29. This shows a steady annual increase in growth, continuing the historical trend. Values are per

financial year. More detail concerning forecast and achieved growth rates are explored in D6.4

Outlook 2020: Short Term Forecasts (Howard & Howard, 2018).

Figure 29: Forecast Global Annual Growth in Weather & Climate Services (%) to 2024/25

The forecast growth rate applies equally to Platform Types (Section 4.3) and Activity Types (Section

4.4). There are some small, but not significant variations at the Industry and Market levels.

Forecasts for Climate and Weather Services separately do show some significant differences (see

Figure 30), with the most significant growth being experienced by Climate Services.

Figure 30: Forecast Global Annual Growth in Climate and Weather Services (%) to 2024/25

The one remaining analysis option for global Weather and Climate Services is by country and that is

included in the next section.



5 International Weather and Climate Services

5.1 International Weather and Climate Services

In the previous section the focus was initially on global Weather and Climate Services and then

focused on different segmentations of the global market for both Climate and Weather Services. In

Section 5 the focus is on geographic analysis - global, European Region, European Union and then by

individual country within the European Union.

Figure 31 shows the split of Weather and Climate Services across the five global regions. Asia

accounts for 41% of the market, followed by Americas (29%) and Europe (25%). This proportion by

global region has not changed significantly since this research began in 2010/11.

Figure 31: Weather & Climate Services Sales by Global Region 2017/18

In recent and related studies into Environmental/Low Carbon and Carbon Finance markets the Asian

share of the market has been 38% and 36% respectively. At 41% of the total, this suggests higher

than average demand for Weather & Climate Services in Asia.

The 28 countries of the European Union account for €14.1bn or 20.5% of the total for Weather &

Climate Services i.e. 81% of the European regional total.

Figure 32 splits Weather & Climate Services into Climate and Weather for the global regions. The

sales values for the whole of Europe are €10.0bn and €7.8bn respectively.



Figure 32: Climate and Weather Services Sales Compared by Global Region 2017/18

The 28 countries of the European Union account for 20.5% of global Climate Services and 21% of Weather Services.



Figure 33 shows sales value for the top 15 countries for Climate Services in 2017/18. These countries account for €29.2bn or 74% of the global market for

Climate Services, up from 72% in 2016/17.

Figure 33: Top 15 Countries for Climate Services 2017/18 €m



Figure 34 shows sales value for the top 15 countries for Weather Services in 2017/18. These are the same top 15 countries as for Climate Services and they

account for €22.3bn or 74% of the global market for Weather Services, again up from 72% in 2016/17.

Figure 34: Top 15 Countries for Weather Services 2017/18 €m



Figure 35 shows Import and Export values for the top 15 countries for Climate Services in 2017/18. The available exports are those which are accessible

under usual market conditions and vary between 49.7%-50.5% of the Total Export Market, similar to the previous year.

Figure 35: Top 15 Countries for Climate Services Imports and Exports 2017/18 €m



Figure 36 shows Import and Export values for the top 15 countries for Weather Services in 2017/18. The available exports are those which are accessible

under usual market conditions and vary between 19.6%-20.2% of the Total Export Market, much lower than for Climate Services and again, similar to the

previous year.

Figure 36: Top 15 Countries for Weather Services Imports and Exports 2017/18 €m



Of the 226 countries and economic territories analyzed for this report no data was found for just

seven countries. This compares with 45 countries that showed no observable or significant value in

the original research in 2010/11. A full listing of countries in rank order is shown at Appendix I.

5.2 European Union for Climate and Weather Services

The EU 28 Countries account for €14.1bn of the Weather & Climate Services market. Figure 37

shows how this is split between Climate Services €8.1bn (56% of the total) and Weather Services

€6.3bn (44% of the total). The split the previous year was 55% Climate Services and 45% Weather

Services, continued annual measurement may see the split become even more pronounced.

Figure 37: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services 2017/18 €m

The Import and Export figures for the 28 EU Countries are illustrated in Figure 38 and show that the

EU Import figure is higher than Export for Weather Services and Climate Services. There is more

available Export market in Climate Services than Weather Services. The previous year of reporting

saw the W&CS Export figure significantly higher than here, due to a degree of double counting

caused by the presence of activities we were not able to separate into “Weather” or “Climate”. It was stated in that report (D2.2 Interim Definition, Taxonomy and Report) that we would expect to

able to separate the activities as the market matures. Whilst we now have more clarity, it is still not

a perfect delineation, but it is significantly closer than the previous year. As the sector continues to

develop its definition, which is quite normal for any new sector taxonomy, the delineation between

Climate and Weather will improve further.



Figure 38: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services 2017/18 Imports and Exports €m

The EU value of Weather and Climate Services is split across the five key data platforms - Airborne,

Land, Marine, Space and Mixed Services. In Figure 39 for Climate Services, Land Based Services

accounts for €3.1bn or 38%, followed by Airborne €2.0bn (24%), Space €1.7bn (21%), Mixed €0.7bn

(9%) and Marine €0.6bn (8%). This compares with Weather Services Land €2.2bn or 35%, followed

by Airborne €1.5bn (24%), Space €1.3bn (20%), Mixed €0.8bn (13%) and Marine €0.5bn (8%). These

ratios across the four platforms are very similar (but not identical) to the global ratios in Section 4.2.

Figure 39: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services by Platform 2017/18 €m

Figure 40 gives the Climate Services Import and Export data for the EU 28 countries by Platform. The

highest Imports and Exports are seen in Land Based Services (€912m Imports and €759m Exports),

followed by Airborne Services (€594m Imports and €492 Exports). All Platforms have good available

Export markets of 50%.



Figure 40: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Climate Services by Platform 2017/18 €m

Figure 41 gives the Weather Services Import and Export data for the EU 28 countries by Platform. As

for Climate Services, the highest Imports and Exports are seen in Land Based Services (€671m

Imports and €555m Exports), followed by Airborne Services (€447m Imports and €377 Exports). All

Platforms have lower available exports markets than Climate Services, of around 20%.

Figure 41: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Weather Services by Platform 2017/18 €m

Figure 42 shows the seven service types for Climate Services, with Climate Advisory Services at

€1.9bn (23%) and Other Consulting at €1.9bn (23%) as the highest values services, followed by



Processing & Re-Analysis (12%), Modelling (11%), Measurement (9%), Operation (8%), Publication

(7%) and Data Management (7%). In comparison, for Weather Services, Climate Advisory Services is

€1.4bn (22%) and Other Consulting at €1.4bn (22%) are the highest values services, followed by

Processing & Re-Analysis (12%), Modelling (12%), Measurement (9%), Operation (9%), Publication

(8%) and Data Management (7%).

Figure 42: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services by Service 2017/18 €m

The total EU transactions in 2017/18 for Climate Services was estimated at 1.5m and for Weather

Services the estimate was 2.0m.

Figure 43 shows that, for Climate Services, Climate Advisory Services at 360,000 transactions (24%)

and Other Consulting at 330,000 (22%) are the highest volume services, followed by Processing &

Re-Analysis (12%), Modelling (11%), Measurement (9%), Operation (8%), Publication (8%) and Data

Management (6%). Figure 43 also shows that for Weather Services, Climate Advisory Services at

491,000 transactions (24%) and Other Consulting at 458,000 (22%) are the highest volume services,

followed by Processing & Re-Analysis (12%), Modelling (11%), Measurement (9%), Operation (8%),

Publication (8%) and Data Management (6%).



Figure 43: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services by Service 2017/18 Transactions

The distribution of both value and volume follows an almost identical pattern for both Climate and

Weather Services.

Figure 44 gives the Climate Services Import and Export data for the EU 28 countries by Service. By

far the highest Imports and Exports are seen in Climate Advisory Services (23% of both imports and

exports) and Other Consulting (23% of both imports and exports).

Figure 44: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Climate Services by Service 2017/18 €m



Figure 45 gives the Weather Services Import and Export data for the EU 28 countries by Service. As

for Climate Services, the highest Imports and Exports are seen in Climate Advisory Services (22% for

both imports and exports) and Other Consulting (22% for both imports and exports).

Figure 45: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Weather Services by Service 2017/18 €m

The third segmentation level for EU Climate and Weather Services (following the pattern of analysis

in Section 4) is by Industry. Figure 46 shows the distribution of EU sales of Climate and Weather

Services for each of the 27 different Industries.

The top 10 industries for Climate Services account for €5.2bn or 64% of the total. These are: Built

Environment (€741m); Renewable Energy (€710m); Public & Charitable Bodies (€639); Legal &

Financial (€591m); News, Publishing & Journalism (€578m); Exploration, Mines & Quarries (€503m),

Utilities (€447m); Agriculture (€385m); Forestry & Timber (€338m) and Food & Drink (€305m).

The top 10 industries for Weather Services account for €4.2bn or 66% of the total. These are: Legal &

Financial (€730m); Public & Charitable Bodies (€696m); Renewable Energy (€590m); Utilities

(€506m); Pharmaceuticals (€306m); Operational Services (€300m); Built Environment (€298m);

Health Care & Hospitals (€276m); Defence (€265m) and Exploration, Mines & Quarries (€224m).

The industry segmentation for the EU is very similar to the global analysis in Section 4, with many of

the same industries appearing in the top 10 for both Climate and Weather Services. Differences

occur in climate services where Legal and Financial and News, Publishing and Journalism switch

places. Weather Services sees Exploration, Mines and Quarries and Business Services switch for

tenth place.



Figure 46: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services by Industry 2017/18 €m

Figure 47 illustrates the Climate Services Import/Export data for the 28 EU countries by Industry.

The top 10 Import and Exports industries for Climate Services account for €1.6bn or 64% of the total

imports and €1.3bn or 64% of exports. These are: Built Environment (9.1%); Renewable Energy

(8.8%); Public & Charitable Bodies (7.7%); Legal & Financial (7.4%); News, Publishing & Journalism

(7.2%); Exploration, Mines & Quarries (6.8%), Utilities (5.5%); Agriculture (4.5%); Forestry & Timber

(4.1%) and Food & Drink (3.8%).

Figure 47: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Climate Services by Industry 2017/18 €m



Figure 48 illustrates the Weather Services Import/Export data for the 28 EU countries by Industry.

The top 10 Import and Exports industries for Weather Services account for €1.2bn or 66.2% of the

total imports and €1.0bn or 66.2% of exports. These are: Legal & Financial (11.5%); Public &

Charitable Bodies (10.9%); Renewable Energy (9.2%); Utilities (7.8%); Pharmaceuticals (4.9%); Built

Environment (4.8%); Operational Services (4.7%); Health Care and Hospitals (4.4%); Defence (4.1%)

and Exploration, Mines & Quarries (3.8%).

Figure 48: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Climate Services by Industry 2017/18 €m

The fourth segmentation level for EU Climate and Weather Services (following the pattern of

analysis in Section 4) is by NACE Code. Figure 49 shows the distribution of EU sales of Climate and

Weather Services for each of the 17 different NACE Codes.

The top 10 NACE Codes for Climate Services account for €6.7bn or 82% of the total. These are:

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning (€877m); Public Administration & Defence (€797m);

Construction (€790m); Information & Communication (€784m); Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing

(€723m); Manufacturing (€652m); Financial & Insurance (€591m); Accommodation & Food (€589m);

Mining and Quarrying (€503m) and Transport & Storage (€383m).

The top 10 NACE Codes for Weather Services account for €5.1bn or 80% of the total. These are:

Public Administration & Defence (€961m); Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning (€775m);

Financial & Insurance (€730m); Manufacturing (€724m); Construction (€354m); Professional,

Scientific & Technical (€342m); Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management (€321m);



Information & Communication (€300m); Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (€280m) and Human

Health (€276m).

The NACE Code segmentation for the EU is very similar to the global analysis in Section 4, with many

of the same NACE Codes appearing in the top 10 for both Climate and Weather Services.

NACE end-users show significant differences between Climate and Weather Services, for example

although the top 5 NACE Codes make up 56% of the Weather Services market, the top 4 NACE Codes

account for 50%. Those 4 NACE Codes dominate the market, such dominance is not present in the

Climate Services market.

Figure 49: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services by NACE Code 2017/18 €m



Figure 50 illustrates the Climate Services Import/Export data for the 28 EU countries by NACE Code.

The top 10 Import and Exports NACE Codes for Climate Services account for €2.0bn or 82% of the

total imports and €1.7bn or 82% of exports. These are: Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning

(10.9%); Public Administration & Defence (9.8%); Construction (9.7%); Information &

Communication (9.5%); Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (8.6%); Manufacturing (8.0%);

Accommodation & Food (7.5%), Financial & Insurance (7.4%); Mining and Quarrying (6.2%) and

Transport & Storage (4.7%).

Figure 50: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Climate Services by NACE Code 2017/18 €m



Figure 51 illustrates the Weather Services Import/Export data for the 28 EU countries by NACE Code.

The top 10 Import and Exports NACE Codes for Weather Services account for €1.5bn or 80% of the

total imports and €1.3bn or 80% of exports. These are: Public Administration & Defence (15.2%);

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning (12.1%); Financial & Insurance (11.5%); Manufacturing

(11.5%); Construction (5.7%); Professional, Scientific & Technical (5.4%), Water Supply, Sewerage &

Waste Management (5.0%); Information & Communication (4.7%); Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing

(4.6%) and Human Health (4.4%).

Figure 51: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Weather Services by NACE Code 2017/18 €m



Table 12 summarizes the key measures for each of the 28 countries of the EU, starting with Weather & Climate Services as a whole, then Weather Services,

Climate Services and then measures that relate purely to Climate Services - Climate as a percentage of the total sector, Imports, Exports and Available

Exports, Forecast Growth to 2024/25 and transaction volumes. Table 12 shows that forecast growth rates (based upon the more conservative figures) for

Climate Services are similar across all EU countries and that Climate Services accounts for between 53-54% of the sector total for all countries.

Table 12: Summary Table 28 EU Countries 2017/18



The countries in Table 12 have deliberately not been ranked, but the leading positions of Germany, the UK, France, Spain and Italy should not surprise

anyone. Each country in this table is shown in more detail as both a dashboard and table of additional data at Appendices J and K. The Table 12 format is

replicated for each country but includes industry-level and NACE Code-level data.



6 Discussion

6.1 General Comments

There are a surprising number of data sources available to conduct research of this type, they are

just not focused on measuring Weather and Climate Services from an economic/market perspective.

This made the first pass at defining a previously unquantified industry more robust than we

anticipated for the original research. From our experience of revisiting other industries and sectors

that we had defined and measured for the first time, we believed in 2011 that future investigations

were likely to unlock more data sources and increase confidence levels beyond 82%. In 2018, it is

true that there are more data sources of increasing quality, however, some of the key difficulties in

defining and capturing the differences between Weather and Climate Services remain. As such,

confidence levels within the reporting year 2017/18 are around 80%. We anticipate that confidence

levels will fluctuate around 80-82% for the next few reporting years as the market matures.

In the original research we found what we expected to find i.e. Weather and Climate Services has a

traditional market structure and global distribution of market share i.e. its shape is determined by

the national industry mix that it serves as well as by public policy agendas towards climate change.

This has continued into the current reporting year 2017/18.

The highest value activities in this study (and the previous two reports, D2.1 & D2.2) reflect those

most referred to as socio-economic sectors in the current literature references to Weather and

Climate Service markets i.e. agriculture, urban planning, energy and water resource management,

transport etc. The most significant omission from most other published references was the

financial/legal and Insurance/Re-Insurance markets. This research identifies how significant those

global markets really are. In general, the analysis in Section 4 (both then and now) shows that the

applications for Weather and Climate Services and the number of available markets are both

broader than most of the original literature suggested.

The ranking of leading economies is almost what we anticipated from related studies in the

environmental/low carbon field, but with a small bias towards demand in the Far East. In the original

research it was uncertain whether this would be a continuing trend or just related to the effects of

the economic downturn in the US and Europe. Further monitoring has confirmed this trend into

2016/17 and then again in 2017/18.

While the original research was a good first step, it was recognized that there were still some

limitations within the data sources and the methodology applied:

1. The study only included fee-paying transactions i.e. activities where there is an economic

footprint to be followed. This does not understate the "value" of what has been included (or its

annual growth), but it certainly understates the "volume" of transactions by excluding free

provision of data/data exchanges etc.



2. There was limited transparency in global public sector purchasing sources - hence our rather

limited breakdown in values and volumes between government and public service markets. To

create greater granularity in this area (including better data on non-fee-paying activities) would

require a more in-house or consultative approach to data collection.

3. As always, we did not know what we did not know. It is possible that our insistence on only

including market activities that can be verified by multiple data sources has excluded some

emerging markets or service applications that emit "weak" but growing economic signals. These

should become evident through future monitoring.

4. Defining Weather Services and Climate Services separately was (and still is) a delicate and partly

interpretative operation where source materials do not always clearly differentiate between the

two. The 56/44% split between Weather and Climate is a top line number that varies

significantly industry by industry, but not very significantly by country for the top 15 economies.

So, the methods applied are sensitive enough to identify differences and variations but still

include a possible error level of up to +/- 25%. Further work may be able to reduce this potential

error level.

6.2 General Findings

What the original research did provide was a strong evidence base for the value and growing

economic importance of Weather and Climate Services. Platform data can be clearly differentiated

from the source materials so that the relevant importance of Space data (for example) can be

singled out from the whole.

As was suspected (and now demonstrated) the market was (and remains) dominated by the leading

economies. Compared with other sector studies for similar markets the top 15 countries are the

"usual suspects," but with India ranked ahead of Japan. Typically, the top seven countries account

for 50-53% of the global total. For Weather and Climate Services the value was (and remains) higher

at 58%, perhaps reflecting the key role played by the leading economies in leading the response to

climate change. The research confirmed that the leading markets/competitors for improving

economic performance in Weather and Climate Services were no different to most other economic

sectors.

The research suggested that there were more similarities than differences in how the leading

economies used Weather and Climate Services, but there is a future need for more data and

qualitative research about international differences, i.e. use of data platforms and service mix, and

institutional purchasing patterns and national competition.

For Service Types the research demonstrated that Data Management represents only 6% of the total

value for Climate Services and Operational Data accounts for 8% i.e. between 86% and 94% of all



value is ADDED to the data, irrespective of which platform that data is drawn from. This finding still

reflects the current situation where much Weather and Climate Services data is provided free,

thereby reducing the overall market impact of Data Management services.

It is not clear from the original research what the full economic impact of free data had on the

market for Weather and Climate Services, however, we were confident that it would be possible to

model market impacts for making more/less data free. It would need a more rigorous analysis of

whether market uses are mandatory, critical or discretionary; it would need a robust quantification

for these market uses; it would require a wider analysis of the impact of new (free) data tools on

consulting markets (the DIY option) and it would invite cross references to data service values in

related information markets - but it would be possible to development a modelling rule-set to

explore what the impacts might be.

The analysis of the content of "Other Consulting" activities identified a clear and growing market for

explaining the "need" of, and benefits from, purchasing other Weather and Climate Services. As with

other environmentally-based agendas, the need to map both corporate and supply chain impacts or

dependencies on climate change were becoming increasingly important. Over time, we would

expect the need for "Other Consulting" to decline and the proportion of Advisory services to

increase, but there is no evidence of this in the 2017/18 updated data.

The industries analysis showed that the public sector and charities (including NGOs) accounted for

8% of market value. The NACE Code analysis showed that Public Administration and Defence

accounted for less 10%. This did appear to be a lower than average reflection of the importance

attached to Climate Services by the public sector but was probably an accurate reflection of “fee-

paying” vs. “in-house” or “non-commercial” activity. What was, perhaps, new from the research was

the identification of a much wider set of industries with a need for Weather and Climate Services

and the differentiated needs for both.

The research identified extremely healthy historical and forecast growth rates. This was (and

remains) a reflection of the economic and social drivers for Weather and Climate Services and

continues to buck current market trends in Europe and the US. Forecast growth was much higher

than for most of the global environmental and low carbon goods and services that we had

researched - the exception being some of the renewable energies. Some of this, was due to the

increasing degree to which Climate Services was becoming a mandatory/critical part of the

corporate governance/corporate responsibility agenda.

The analysis of market/industry and market/NACE Code uses of Weather and Climate Services

showed a very wide variation in use/needs - much wider, perhaps, than first thought when this

research was originally commissioned. This analysis provided a "window" into what was driving the

adoption of and growth in, Weather and Climate Services in different areas of the global economy

and revealed a much richer commercial landscape than originally anticipated. There is much



consultative work still to be done to quantify these market uses and to explore/expand the emerging

niches contained within them.

The Import and Export data has identified interesting patterns between Climate Services and

Weather Services. The value of imports and exports varies significantly between industries; NACE

Codes; Platforms and Services, but broadly in line with the overall value of each measure, as would

be expected. Imports are about 30% of the size of the market and exports around 25% of the

market for both Climate Services and Weather Services, no matter which angle you look at the

market from (be it spilt by platform, NACE Code, industry or service). It is when we look at the

available exports that we see significant differences between Climate Services and Weather Services.

The available exports are a measure of the proportion of the export market which is available for

penetration under the normal cost of sales for the sector i.e. not “buying market”. The available export market for Climate Services is 50%, whereas for Weather Services it is only 20%. This is

indicative of the maturation of the Weather Services market, compared to the emerging Climate

Services market. Long-term monitoring of this metric via initiative such as the Observatory would be

beneficial to tracking market maturation and available demand, key indicators of market health.

So, while there were some necessary limitations in what the original research objectives revealed,

there was and still is, a wealth of evidence that supports a healthy economic or business case for

both Weather and Climate Services.

7 Bibliography

MARCO D2.1 Initial Definiton, Taxonomy and Report (Howard & Howard, 2017)

MARCO D2.2 Interim Definiton, Taxonomy and Report (Howard & Howard, 2018)

MARCO D6.4 Outlook 2020: Short Term Forecasts (Howard & Howard, 2018)



Industry Markets Appendix A

Industry Market

Agriculture Arable

Agriculture Arable

Agriculture Live Stock

Biotech Batch Production

Biotech In-Line Process Manufacture

Biotech Manufacturing Assembly

Biotech Multi Process

Biotech Project Oriented Production

Built Environment Civil Engineering

Built Environment Construction

Built Environment Large Developments

Business Services Advertising

Business Services Advertising and Marketing .

Business Services Consultancy (General)

Business Services Other Professional Business Services .

Civil Engineering Sector Not Elsewhere Classified Location Planning for large establishments

Communications Communications .

Communications Communications Infrastructure

Communications Telecoms

Defence Contractors for Defence Projects

Defence Operations Base Development and Planning

Defence Other Defence Services Providers

Education and Training Large Private Educational Establishments

Education and Training Public Sector Education

Education and Training Specialist Training for Climate Services

Education and Training Training Services

Exploration, Mines and Quarries Geological Stability and Change for Operations

Exploration, Mines and Quarries Mines and Quarries

Exploration, Mines and Quarries Oil and Gas Exploration

Food and Drink Food ('Fast')

Food and Drink Food (Generic - but not Production or Catering)

Food and Drink Food and Beverage Supply Servicing

Food and Drink Food Production (Batch Production)

Food and Drink Food Production (In-Line Process Manufacture)

Food and Drink Food Production (Manufacturing Assembly)

Food and Drink Processing and Manufacturing Operations Bases

Forestry and Timber Forestry Corporates

Forestry and Timber Forestry Planning

Forestry and Timber Timber Processing

Health Care and Hospitals Health Care .

Health Care and Hospitals Hospitals

Health Care and Hospitals Locational and Operational Management

Health Care and Hospitals Medical Clinics

Hospitality Hotels and Catering .

Hospitality Location Planning for large establishments

Hospitality Restaurant

Legal and Financial Accountancy

Legal and Financial Banking

Legal and Financial Building Society (Savings, Mutual Credit Associations)



Industry Market

Legal and Financial Credit Card Operations

Legal and Financial Financial Investments

Legal and Financial Futures Analysts

Legal and Financial Insurance

Legal and Financial Law

Legal and Financial Other Financial Services .

Legal and Financial Pension Funds

Legal and Financial Re Insurance

Legal and Financial Risk Mitigation Services

Logistics Airline Operators

Logistics Distribution and Logistics Management

Logistics Freight Forwarders

Logistics Freight Transportation by Air

Logistics Freight Transportation by Land

Logistics Freight Transportation by Rail

Logistics Freight Transportation by Sea

Logistics Large Goods and Vehicle Storage

Logistics Large Mail Delivery Corporations

Logistics Mailing/Packaging Houses (e.g. Direct Marketing Services)

Logistics Operations Planning

Logistics Passenger Transportation by Air

Logistics Passenger Transportation by Land

Logistics Passenger Transportation by Sea

Logistics Rail Operators

Logistics Shipping Line Operators

Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Batch Production)

Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Project Oriented Production)

Manufacturing Alloy Making Corporates

Manufacturing Automotive (Batch Production)

Manufacturing Automotive (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing Automotive (Project Oriented Production)

Manufacturing Batch Production .

Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Production (In-Line Process Manufacture)

Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Products (Batch Production)

Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Products (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing Electronics (Batch Production)

Manufacturing Electronics (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing Electronics (Project Oriented Production)

Manufacturing Engineering Project Management

Manufacturing High End Engineering (Batch Production)

Manufacturing High End Engineering (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing High End Engineering (Project Oriented Production)

Manufacturing In-Line Process Manufacture .

Manufacturing Locational and Operational Management

Manufacturing Manufacturing Assembly .

Manufacturing Metals Casting Corporates

Manufacturing Petrochemical

Manufacturing Plastics Fee Stock Making Corporates

Manufacturing Project Orientated Production .

Manufacturing Ship Building

Manufacturing Steel Making Corporates



Industry Market

News Publishing and Journalism Location Planning for large establishments

News Publishing and Journalism Multi Media and Broadcasting Sector

News Publishing and Journalism News Papers and Periodicals

News Publishing and Journalism Other Publications

Not Elsewhere Classified Location Planning for large establishments

Operational Services Airport Servicing and Operations

Operational Services Call Centre (Telephone)

Operational Services High-Tech based Services (Emergent) .

Operational Services Industrial Services and Servicing .

Pharmaceuticals Locational and Operational Management

Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Batch Production)

Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (In-Line Process Manufacture)

Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturing Assembly)

Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Project Oriented Production)

Processing Industry Not Elsewhere Classified Location Planning for large establishments

Public and Charitable Bodies Charitable Bodies

Public and Charitable Bodies Local Government

Public and Charitable Bodies Location Planning for large establishments

Public and Charitable Bodies Public Services

Renewable Energy Geothermal

Renewable Energy Photovoltaic and Solar

Renewable Energy Power Distribution Planning

Renewable Energy Wind

Research and Development Commercial R&D

Retailing and Wholesale Large Multi Site Retailers

Retailing and Wholesale Large Wholesale Corporates

Retailing and Wholesale Location Planning for large establishments

Retailing and Wholesale Merchandising

Retailing and Wholesale Retailing .

Tourism and Leisure Leisure/Life Style

Tourism and Leisure Location Planning for large establishments

Tourism and Leisure Operation of Leisure Facilities .

Tourism and Leisure Tourism

Utilities Distribution Stability and Risk Mitigation

Utilities Energy Supply (Gas and Electricity)

Utilities Waste Management

Utilities Water Supply



Appendix B

NACE Code Markets

NACE Code Market

Accommodation & Food Food and Beverage Supply Servicing

Accommodation & Food Food ('Fast')

Accommodation & Food Food (Generic - but not Production or Catering)

Accommodation & Food Food Production (Batch Production)

Accommodation & Food Food Production (In-Line Process Manufacture)

Accommodation & Food Food Production (Manufacturing Assembly)

Accommodation & Food Hotels and Catering .

Accommodation & Food Restaurant

Accommodation & Food Processing and Manufacturing Operations Bases

Accommodation & Food Location Planning for large establishments

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Arable

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Live Stock

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Forestry Corporates

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Timber Processing

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Arable

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Forestry Planning

Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Leisure/Life Style

Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Tourism

Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Operation of Leisure Facilities .

Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Location Planning for large establishments

Construction Construction

Construction Civil Engineering

Construction Large Developments

Construction Location Planning for large establishments

Education Public Sector Education

Education Training Services

Education Large Private Educational Establishments

Education Specialist Training for Climate Services

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Wind

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Photovoltaic and Solar

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Geothermal

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Energy Supply (Gas and Electricity)

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Power Distribution Planning

Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Distribution Stability and Risk Mitigation

Financial & Insurance Restaurant

Financial & Insurance Accountancy

Financial & Insurance Banking

Financial & Insurance Building Society (Savings, Mutual Credit Associations)

Financial & Insurance Credit Card Operations

Financial & Insurance Other Financial Services .

Financial & Insurance Insurance

Financial & Insurance Re Insurance

Financial & Insurance Law

Financial & Insurance Financial Investments

Financial & Insurance Futures Analysts

Financial & Insurance Pension Funds

Financial & Insurance Risk Mitigation Services

Human Health Health Care

Human Health Hospitals

Human Health Medical Clinics

Human Health Locational and Operational Management



NACE Code Market

Information & Communication Communications .

Information & Communication Telecoms

Information & Communication News Papers and Periodicals

Information & Communication Other Publications

Information & Communication Multi Media and Broadcasting Sector

Information & Communication Call Centre (Telephone)

Information & Communication Communications Infrastructure

Information & Communication Location Planning for large establishments

Manufacturing Batch Production

Manufacturing In-Line Process Manufacture

Manufacturing Manufacturing Assembly

Manufacturing Project Oriented Production

Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Batch Production)

Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Project Oriented Production)

Manufacturing Automotive (Batch Production)

Manufacturing Automotive (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing Automotive (Project Oriented Production)

Manufacturing Batch Production .

Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Production (In-Line Process Manufacture)

Manufacturing Manufacturing Assembly .

Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Products (Batch Production)

Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Products (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing Electronics (Batch Production)

Manufacturing Electronics (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing Electronics (Project Oriented Production)

Manufacturing High End Engineering (Batch Production)

Manufacturing High End Engineering (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing High End Engineering (Project Oriented Production)

Manufacturing Engineering Project Management

Manufacturing In-Line Process Manufacture .

Manufacturing Project Orientated Production .

Manufacturing Petrochemical

Manufacturing Ship Building

Manufacturing Steel Making Corporates

Manufacturing Plastics Fee Stock Making Corporates

Manufacturing Alloy Making Corporates

Manufacturing Metals Casting Corporates

Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (Batch Production)

Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (In-Line Process Manufacture)

Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturing Assembly)

Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (Project Oriented Production)

Manufacturing Arable

Manufacturing Multi Process

Manufacturing Locational and Operational Management

Manufacturing Location Planning for large establishments

Mining and Quarrying Oil and Gas Exploration

Mining and Quarrying Mines and Quarries

Mining and Quarrying Geological Stability and Change for Operations

Other Services Industrial Services and Servicing .

Other Services Location Planning for large establishments



NACE Code Market

Professional, Scientific & Technical Consultancy (General)

Professional, Scientific & Technical Other Professional Business Services .

Professional, Scientific & Technical High-Tech based Services (Emergent) .

Professional, Scientific & Technical Commercial R&D

Public Administration & Defence Contractors for Defence Projects

Public Administration & Defence Other Defence Services Providers

Public Administration & Defence Charitable Bodies

Public Administration & Defence Local Government

Public Administration & Defence Public Services

Public Administration & Defence Operations Base Development and Planning

Public Administration & Defence Location Planning for large establishments

Transport & Storage Airline Operators

Transport & Storage Distribution and Logistics Management

Transport & Storage Mailing/Packaging Houses (e.g. Direct Marketing Services)

Transport & Storage Freight Transportation by Air

Transport & Storage Freight Transportation by Land

Transport & Storage Freight Transportation by Sea

Transport & Storage Freight Transportation by Rail

Transport & Storage Passenger Transportation by Air

Transport & Storage Passenger Transportation by Land

Transport & Storage Passenger Transportation by Sea

Transport & Storage Large Goods and Vehicle Storage

Transport & Storage Shipping Line Operators

Transport & Storage Freight Forwarders

Transport & Storage Rail Operators

Transport & Storage Large Mail Delivery Corporations

Transport & Storage Airport Servicing and Operations

Transport & Storage Operations Planning

Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Waste Management

Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Water Supply

Wholesale & Retail Large Multi Site Retailers

Wholesale & Retail Merchandising

Wholesale & Retail Retailing .

Wholesale & Retail Large Wholesale Corporates

Wholesale & Retail Commercial R&D

Wholesale & Retail Location Planning for large establishments



Appendix C

Selected Sources

ABS - Atlantic Broadcasting System Association of Naval Aviation British Cement Association

ADSIP Research Centre Association of Play Industries British Concrete Masonry Association

Advanced Portfolio Technologies Association of Rooflight Manufacturers British Constructional Steelw ork Association

Advanced Technologies Inc Association of Tank & Cistern Manufacturers British Fire Protection Systems Association

Aerospace Technology Atlantic Marine Trades Association British Foundry Association

Aggregatemarket Atmospheric Research and Information Centre British Glass Manufacturers Association

Airport Operators' Association Australasian Institute of Marine Surveyors British Hard Metals Association

Air-Scene UK Australian Graduate School of Management Annual Report British Institute of Architectural Technologists

Alfred Wegener Institute Foundation for Polar & Marine Research Australian International Marine Export Group British Marine Equipment Association (BMEA),

allbizreport Australian Marine Industries Federation British Marine Finfish Association

Alliance for Marine Remote Sensing Canada Australian Marine Sciences Association British Maritime Law Association

Aluminium Federation Australian Research Centre for Aerospace Automation British Metals Castings Association

Aluminium Stockholders Association Australian Shipbuilders Association British Metals Federation

AMA Research Australian Stock Market and Historical Data Page British Non-Ferrous Metals Federation

American Fisheries Society Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Products Association British Plastics Federation

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Aviation International British Precast Concrete Federation

American Society of Naval Engineers Aviation Week British Pump Manufacturers Association

AMRC Avitop British Quality foundation

Anakonda AVMARK British Rigid Urethane Foam Manufacturers Association

Anchin, Block & Anchin LLP BAA British Security Industry Association

Annual Report Gallery BAC Marketing Equities Research Page British Stainless Steel Association

Arboricultural Association BAE Systems British Steel Strip Products

Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture Bank Rate Monitor British Wood Preserving & Damp Proofing Association

Architectural Cladding Association Barnes Reports BSRIA The Building Services Research and Information Association

Aruvian Research BARRA Bureau of International Recycling

Association for Environment Conscious Building BART International Business & Commercial Aviation

Association for Project Management Bathroom Manufacturers Association Buttonw ood Financial Resources

Association for Specialist Fire Protection BLT Financial Group Cadvantage

Association for the Conservation of Energy Boardroom Insider Canadian Marine Manufacturers Association Canada

Association of Average Adjusters Bond Basics CANNEX

Association of Builders' Hardw are Manufacturers Bondtrac Financial Information Caribbean Marine Association

Association of Building Component Manufacturers Ltd Brain Wave Cast Metals Development

Association of Building Engineers BRE Building Research Establishment Cavity Foam Bureau

Association of Consulting Engineers Brick Development Association CBOT

Association of Facilities Engineers Bridge Information Systems CCN New sNet

Association of Interior Specialists Briefing by Charter Media Cement Admixtures Association

Association of Loading & Elevating Equipment Manufacturers British Airport Services and Equipment Association Census Department (US)

Association of Manufacturers of Domestic Appliances British Blind & Shutter Association Central Statistical Office (UK)

Association of Marine Products & Services British Board of Agrement Centre for Alternative Technology



Centre for Window & Cladding Technology Cornhill EMEC, the European Marine Equipment Council

CERAM Research Council for the Protection of Rural England (CPRE) Empire State Marine Trades Association

Chartered Institute of Building Council for the Protection of Rural Wales (CPRW) Energy Industries Council

Chartered Institute of Environmental Health Council of Forest Industries Engineering Construction Industry Association

Chartered Institute of Housing Country by Country registered data sources Engineering Employers Federation

Chartered Institute of Purchasing & Supply CRSP (Center for Research in Security Prices) Engineering Industries Association

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers CSA Engineering Manufacturers Association

Chartered Society of Designers CSC EPRO European Association of Plastics Recycling

Chicago Board of Trade CSI ESPIN Stock Charts

Chicago Mercantile Exchange CU Time Series Repository ESRC Data Archive

Chinese Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers Currency Management, Inc. Eurisol (UK) Ltd

CIA Daily Stocks Euro Monitor

CIRIA Daiw a's Information Bank Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC

CISCO - Futures research and data Danaher Corporation European Federation for Spec. Prods & Applications in Structures

CITB-ConstructionSkills Data and Program Library Services at Wisconsin European Liquid Roofing Association

Citibase Data Monitor European Organisation for Packaging and the Environment

Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Data Used in Research Papers at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. European Regions Airline Association

Civil engineering contractors Association DataMerge Financing Resources for Entrepreneurs European Small Business Alliance

Clay Pipe Development Association Datastream International European Space Agency

Clay Roof Tile Council Defense Manufacturers Association European Space Agency

Cliometric Society Defense New s Eurotrader Strategies

CNNfn Deloitte & Touche Peerscape Expanded Polystyrene Cavity Insulation Association

Coastal Resources Center Design & Industries Association External Wall Insulation Association

Commodity Resource Corp. Deutsche Bank List of the Prices of 60 German Stocks Faciva

CommodityTrader.Net Dialog FACTIVA

Concrete Society Ltd Disclosure Federal Filings Business New s

Concrete Tile Manufacturers Association Dow Jones Business Directory Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis

Confederation of Aerial Industries Dun & Bradstreet Federal Reserve Bank of New York

Confederation of British Industry EADS Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia

Confederation of British Metal forming EADS Federation for the Repair & Protection of Structures

Confederation of Construction Specialists Ecological Design Association (EDA) Federation of British Hand Tool Manufacturers

Confederation of European Aerospace Societies (CEAS) Ed Yardeni's Chart Room Federation of Finnish Technology Industries

Connecticut Marine Trades Association Edgar Online.Com from Cybernet Data Systems Federation of Master Builders

Construct UK E-Investor Federation of Piling Specialists

Construction Confederation Electrical Contractors Association Federation Of The Electronics Industry

Construction Employers Federation Electrical Installation Equipment Manufacturers Asssociation Fibre Cement Manufacturers Association

Construction Products Association Electrical Insulation Association Finance Online

Consumers Association Electronic Data Interchange (Construction) Ltd Financial Post

Contract Flooring Association E-Line Financials Financial Technologies International



Financial Times IBC Data Institutor Logic

Fire Protection Association Icomia : International Council of Marine Industry Associations Inter-American Development Bank

Fire Resistant Glass & Glazed Systems Association Icon Group International, Inc. Interior Decorators & Designers Association

FISH IDD Intermediate Technology Development Group

Flat Glass Manufacturers Association IFAInformation International Air Transport Association (IATA)

Flat Roofing Alliance IMCA - International Marine Contractors Association International Association of Dredging Companies

Flight International IMPA International Marine Purchasing Association International Association of Producers of Insurance and Reinsurance

Florida Aquatic Plant Management Society Independent Defense Media Association International Council of Marine Industry Associations (ICOMIA)

Forecast International Indian Space Research Organisation International Economics Information

Forests Forever Industry Research group International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations

Fortitude INFO-MINE International Institute of Marine Surveyors

Fortune Magazine Online Information Echo International institutes of technology

Freedonia Group ING Bank International International Marine Certif ication Institute Belgium

Freight Transport Association Institute for Defense & Government Advancement (IDGA) International Monetary Fund

Frost & Sullivan Institute for Naval Automation Italy International Ship Electric Service Association (Ises) Ltd

Futures Guide Institute for the Study of Naval Architecture Italy International Universities

Futures Price Data Institute of Architectural Ironmongers International Waterproofing Association

GBQ/Nesser Consulting Group Institute of Builders Merchants Internet Securities, Inc.

General Electric Company Institute of Building Control Internet Securities.

Glass and Glazing Federation Institute of Civil Engineers InterQuote - Continuous Quotes

Global Financial Data Institute of Clerks of Works of Great Britain Intex Solutions - CMO data

Global Industry Analysts Institute Of Corrosion InvestorGuide

Global Recycling Netw ork Institute of electrical & Mechanical engineers Investor's Diary

Glued Laminated Timber Association Institute of Management consultants Investors Free Forum

GMID Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology (Small Ships) InvestorSquare

Gold Coast Marine Industry Association Institute Of Marine Engineers InvestorSquare

Grow th Stock Gazette Institute Of Metal Finishing IQPC Defence

Guild of Architectural Ironmongers Institute Of Petroleum IRIN

Gypsum Products Development Association Institute of Plumbing JAL Trading

Health Estate Facilities Management Association Institute of Recycling Jane's Information Group Ltd

Heating & Ventilating Contractors Association Institution of Civil Engineers Jane's International

Helaba Trust Institution of Electrical Engineers Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Holt's Daily Stock Market Report Institution of Fire Engineers Japan Marine Engineers' Association

Honeyw ell International Inc. Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (IGEM) Japan Naval Architecture Institute

Hoovers Online Institution of Highw ays & Transportation Journal of Applied Econometric Data Archive

Hot Water Association (HWA) Institution of Incorporated Engineers JP Morgan

Houseboat Association of America Institution of Lighting Engineers Kansai Society of Naval Architects

I/B/E/S Analyst Earnings Forecasts Institution of Mechanical Engineers Kensington Management Company

Ibbotson Associates Institution of Structural Engineers Key Note Publications Ltd



Key Publishing McGladrey & Pullen LLP National Marine Representatives Association

Knight Capital Mead Data Central Lexis/Nexis National Master Tile Fixers Association

Koku Shimbun Sha Mechanical and Metal Trades Confederation National Oil Recyclers Association

Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) Media Logic Economic Indicators National Physical Laboratory

LCCS Merrill Lynch OnLine NATO Undersea Research Centre Italy

L. T. Institute of Finance Metal Cladding & Roofing Manufacturers Association Ltd NCS

L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. Micropal NDIA’s National DefenseLandscape Institute Midas Online Neptune Association Netherlands

Leading Edge Management Consultancy Ltd. Ministry of Economy and Public Works and Services of Argentina NETw orth by Quicken

Lehman Brothers Mintel New York Stock Exchange

LIFFE MIT Stock Price Data Nihon Marinenjiniaringu Gakkai

Lind-Waldock & Co. Money Magazine Online Nikko Securities

Lloyd's Register Money Manager Performance Data Northern Offshore Federation

Lockheed Martin Corporation Moneyline Northrop Grumman Corporation

Marina Operators Association of America Moore's Database of Financial Criminals nycetc

Marine Aggregates Producers Association (BMAPA) Morgan Stanley OAG

Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom MORST New Zealand OECD

Marine Clerks Associations Motorola, Inc. Ontario Marine Operators Association

Marine Engine & Equipment Manufacturers Association MTC&D - Marine Technical Consultancy & Design OSPAR

Marine Industries Association Mutual Fund Magazine Database of Fund Performance Paint Research Association

Marine Industries Association of South Florida Mutual Funds Central Parker Hannif in Corporation

Marine Industries Association of St. Lucia (MIASL), Mutual Funds Interactive PC Trader

Marine Preservation Association (USA) NASA Perfect Information

Marine Queensland NASC (National Access and Scaffolding Confederation) Pipeline Industries Guild

Marine Studies and Environmental Research Centre Plymouth NASDAQ Piper Jaffray

Marine Trades Association National Association of Marine Surveyors (NAMS) Plastic Bag Association

Marine Trades Association of Maryland National Association of Marine Surveyors, Inc. U.S.A. Plastic Pipe Manufacturers Society

Maritime Law Association of Australia and New Zealand National Bureau of Economic Research Plastics Window Federation

Market and Business Development National Defense Industry Association Plimsoll Publishing Ltd.

Market and Business Development National Federation of Building Trade Employees PMpublishing's Daily Option Summary

Market Guide National Federation of Roofing Contractors Ltd Polyethylene Foam Insulation Association

Market Paradigm National Federation of Terrazzo, Marble & Mosaic Specialists Ports & Terminals Group

MarketEdge National GRP Cladding Federation Pow der Actuated Systems Association

MarketPlayer National House-Building Council NHBC Prestressed Concrete Association

MarketTrak National Housing Federation Price Waterhouse

Massachusetts Marine Trades Association National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting Primark

MATIF National Insulation Association Pristine Day Trader

MBD National Marine Electronics Association Professional Naval Engineering Council Argentina

MBD National Marine Manufacturers Association Public Register's Annual Report Service (PRARS)



QBL Shipping Australia Limited Temple Group United Technologies Corporation

QSRMC (The Quality Scheme for Ready Mixed Concrete) Short Term Stock Selector TFC Financial Charts University of Waterloo

Queensland Seafood Industry Association Silicon Investor Thales Value Investing

Quote.com SilverPlatter The Aerospace Research Institute Venture Capital Resource Library

Quoteline Snapdata International Group The Boeing Company Venture Capital World Online

Recruitment & Employment Confederation Ltd Society For Underw ater Technology The British Marine Federation Vortex Volatility Chart Library

Recyclers w orld Society of Accredited Marine Surveyors (SAMS) The European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC) Wall Street Directory

Reed Business Information Society of British Aerospace Companies The Housing Corporation Wall Street Discount Corporation

Reed Construction Data Society of British Gas Industries The Institute Of Diesel & Gas Turbine Engineers Wall Street Net

Relevant Aerospace and Engineering University Centres Society of Chief Electrical & Mechanical Engineers The Institute Of Logistics & Transport WallStreeter.Com

Remade Netw ork UK Society of Consulting Marine Engineers and Ship Surveyors The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers Waste Watch

ResearchandMarkets Society Of Maritime Industries The International Union of Marine Insurance (IUMI) Wilcoxon Research

Researchmag Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers The Mining Company WOQATS

Rhode Island Marine Trades Association Solar Energy Society (Uk Section) The Motley Fool World Bank

RICS Solar Trade Association Ltd The National Building Specif ication (NBS) World Ship Trust

RNCOS Stainless Steel Advisory Service (SSAS) The National Marine Educators Association World Wide Quote

ROUSSIN Standard & Poors The Nautical Institute WRAP

Royal Aeronautical Society Standard & Poors Compustat The Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) Write Partnership

Royal Air Force Standard & Poors Equity Investor Services The Royal Institution Of Naval Architects XCOR Aerospace Inc

Royal Bank of Canada Statistics Canada The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) Zacks Investment Research

Royal Incorporation of Architects Steel Lintel Manufacturers Association The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) Zinc Information Centre

Royal Institute of British Architects Stock Advisory New sletter The Shephard Press

Rye, Man & Gor Securities Stock Commando The Steel Construction Institute

Salomon Brothers Stock Data Corporation Thermal Insulation Contractors Association

San Diego Daily Transcript. Stock Investors' Fraud Resource Thermal Insulation Manufacturers and Suppliers Association

Scottish Building Employers Federation Stock Research (From Spain) TheStreet.com

Scottish Ecological Design Association (SEDA) Stock Smart Thomson Reuters

Scottish Homes StockMaster Timber & Brick Information Council

Scripps Institution of Oceanography Stockpicks.com Timber Trade Federation

Scuba Industries Trade Association StockSense Tow n & Country Planning Association

SEC Database StockSite TRADA Technology Ltd

Securities Data Corporation Stock-Talk.com Transport Research Laboratory

SecurityAPL Current Quote Server Stockw arrants.com TRINET America

SELECT - Electrical Contractors Association of Scotland Stone Federation TurboMachinery International

Shephard Group Structural Precast Association UK Marine & Coastguard Agency

Ship Builders & Ship Repairers Association Surfrat Quotes UK Steel Association

Ship Research Institute Suspended Access Equipment Manufacturers Association UNECE

Shipbuilders' Association of Japan Sw imming Pools & Allied Trades Association Ltd Union of Construction, Allied Trades & Technicians

Shipbuilding Engineering Society Russia Telescan United States Naval Institute



Appendix D

Confidence Levels

The following charts map confidence levels for each of the core measures - activity value,

transaction and growth - by country and by industry for Climate Services. The core measure appears

on the vertical axis and the confidence level appears on the horizontal axis. The size of the bubble

reflects the relative value of the activity.

D1: Growth by Industry

D2: Value by Industry



D3: Volume by Industry

D4: Growth by Country



D5: Value by Country

D6: Volume by Country



Appendix E

Global Industry Analysis for Climate Services

E1a: Agriculture



E1b: Agriculture



E2a: Biotech



E2b: Biotech



E3a: Built Environment



E3b: Built Environment



E4a: Business Services



E4b: Business Services



E5a: Civil Engineering Sector Not Elsewhere Classified



E5b: Civil Engineering Sector Not Elsewhere Classified



E6a: Communications



E6b: Communications



E7a: Defence



E7b: Defence



E8a: Education and Training



E8b: Education and Training



E9a: Exploration, Mines and Quarries



E9b: Exploration, Mines and Quarries



E10a: Food and Drink



E10b: Food and Drink



E11a: Forestry and Timber



E11b: Forestry and Timber



E12a: Health Care and Hospitals



E12b: Health Care and Hospitals



E13a: Hospitality



E13b: Hospitality



E14a: Legal and Financial



E14b: Legal and Financial



E15a: Logistics



E15b: Logistics



E16a: Manufacturing



E16b: Manufacturing



E17a: News, Publishing and Journalism



E17b: News, Publishing and Journalism



E18a: Not Elsewhere Classified



E18b: Not Elsewhere Classified



E19a: Operational Services



E19b: Operational Services



E20a: Pharmaceuticals



E20b: Pharmaceuticals



E21a: Processing Industry Not Elsewhere Classified



E21b: Processing Industry Not Elsewhere Classified



E22a: Public and Charitable Bodies



E22b: Public and Charitable Bodies



E23a: Renewable Energy



E23b: Renewable Energy



E24a: Research and Development



E24b: Research and Development



E25a: Retailing and Wholesale



E25b: Retailing and Wholesale



E26a: Tourism and Leisure



E26b: Tourism and Leisure



E27a: Utilities



E27b: Utilities



Global Market Values by Industry and NACE Code Appendix F F1: Industry



F2: NACE Code



Appendix G

Global NACE Code Analysis for Climate Services

G1a: Accommodation and Food



G1b: Accommodation and Food



G2a: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing



G2b: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing



G3a: Arts, Entertainment and Recreation



G3b: Arts, Entertainment and Recreation



G4a: Construction



G4b: Construction



G5a: Education



G5b: Education



G6a: Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning



G6b: Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning



G7a: Financial and Insurance



G7b: Financial and Insurance



G8a: Human Health



G8b: Human Health



G9a: Information and Communication



G9b: Information and Communication



G10a: Manufacturing



G10b: Manufacturing



G11a: Mining and Quarrying



G11b: Mining and Quarrying



G12a: Other Services



G12b: Other Services



G13a: Professional, Scientific and Technical



G13b: Professional, Scientific and Technical



G14a: Public Administration and Defence



G14b: Public Administration and Defence



G15a: Transport and Storage



G15b: Transport and Storage



G16a: Water Supply, Sewerage and Waste Management



G16b: Water Supply, Sewerage and Waste Management



G17a: Wholesale and Retail



G17b: Wholesale and Retail



Appendix H

All Industries and NACE Codes by Platform & Service for Global Climate Services

H1: Industry split by Platform



H2: Industry split by Service



H3: NACE Code split by Platform



H3: NACE Code split by Service



Appendix I

Global Country Analysis for Climates Services

Country W&C Total €mWeather

Services €mClimate

Services €m

Climate

Services

Imports €m

Climate

Services

Exports €m

Climate

Available

Exports €mAfghanistan 25.0 10.9 14.5 4.3 3.6 1.8

Albania 20.5 8.9 11.8 3.5 2.8 1.4

Algeria 213.7 94.1 121.8 36.2 30.5 15.3

American Samoa 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0

Andorra 2.2 1.0 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.2

Angola 50.6 22.1 29.1 9.0 7.1 3.5

Anguilla 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Antigua and Barbuda 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1

Argentina 598.2 264.0 340.1 99.4 85.3 42.7

Armenia 17.4 7.6 10.0 2.9 2.5 1.2

Aruba 2.0 0.9 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.1

Australia 631.8 274.9 365.2 108.9 90.4 45.0

Austria 303.7 133.3 174.0 51.4 44.0 22.0

Azerbaijan 44.0 19.0 25.7 7.7 6.5 3.2

Bahamas 6.9 3.0 4.0 1.2 1.0 0.5

Bahrain 19.8 8.5 11.5 3.4 2.9 1.4

Bangladesh 378.4 163.5 220.6 67.4 55.5 27.9

Barbados 6.2 2.7 3.6 1.1 0.9 0.4

Belarus 100.0 43.7 57.4 17.3 14.7 7.3

Belgium 424.5 184.0 246.4 72.6 62.3 31.0

Belize 2.4 1.0 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.2

Benin 8.5 3.7 4.9 1.5 1.2 0.6

Bermuda 5.9 2.6 3.4 1.0 0.8 0.4

Bhutan 3.9 1.7 2.2 0.7 0.6 0.3

Bolivia 24.4 10.6 14.1 4.2 3.5 1.7

Bosnia and Herzegovina 32.0 14.0 18.4 5.6 4.6 2.3

Botswana 19.5 8.5 11.2 3.4 2.7 1.3

Brazil 1,833.6 792.8 1,066.6 329.2 265.0 132.3

British Virgin Isles 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1

Brunei 8.8 3.8 5.1 1.5 1.3 0.7

Bulgaria 74.1 32.1 43.0 13.0 10.5 5.3

Burkina Faso 21.1 9.3 12.1 3.7 3.0 1.5

Burundi 4.9 2.1 2.8 0.9 0.7 0.4

Cambodia 37.0 16.2 21.2 6.4 5.2 2.6

Cameroon 40.3 17.6 23.2 7.1 5.7 2.8

Canada 1,131.0 497.1 645.9 191.0 159.1 80.1

Cape Verde 3.0 1.3 1.7 0.5 0.4 0.2

Cayman Islands 1.9 0.8 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.1

Central African Republic 5.4 2.4 3.2 1.0 0.8 0.4

Chad 20.9 9.1 12.1 3.6 3.0 1.5

Chile 250.3 108.4 145.6 44.5 36.4 18.1

China 10,537.2 4,602.5 6,064.0 1,853.0 1,523.4 762.5

Colombia 474.0 204.2 277.7 79.5 68.4 34.2

Comoros 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0

Congo 3.2 1.4 1.8 0.6 0.5 0.2

Congo, Democratic Republic of 51.1 22.3 29.5 8.9 7.5 3.7

Cook Islands 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Costa Rica 48.5 21.2 27.9 8.4 7.0 3.5

Croatia 44.8 19.7 25.6 7.6 6.5 3.2





Services €m

Climate

Services

Imports €m

Climate

Services

Exports €m

Climate

Available

Exports €mCuba 44.4 19.6 25.2 7.4 6.4 3.2

Cyprus 24.2 10.6 13.8 4.1 3.5 1.7

Czechia 190.8 83.3 109.8 33.3 27.0 13.6

Denmark 211.2 92.1 121.8 36.4 30.5 15.2

Djibouti 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0

Dominica 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0

Dominican Republic 54.5 23.7 31.6 9.2 8.1 4.0

East Timor 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0

Ecuador 67.1 29.1 39.1 11.6 9.8 4.9

Egypt 425.3 184.3 247.2 75.8 60.5 30.4

El Salvador 33.4 14.7 19.0 5.7 4.8 2.4

Equatorial Guinea 27.5 11.9 16.0 4.8 3.8 1.9

Eritrea 5.1 2.3 2.9 0.9 0.8 0.4

Estonia 30.2 13.2 17.4 5.1 4.3 2.2

Ethiopia 65.3 28.7 37.2 11.2 9.2 4.6

Falkland Islands 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Faroe Islands 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1

Fiji 7.3 3.1 4.3 1.3 1.1 0.5

Finland 221.4 96.7 127.5 40.1 31.5 15.9

France 2,127.8 924.1 1,233.8 360.1 306.7 153.2

French Guiana 1.9 0.8 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.1

French Polynesia 6.1 2.6 3.5 1.0 0.9 0.4

Gabon 9.2 4.0 5.3 1.6 1.3 0.7

Gambia 3.7 1.6 2.1 0.6 0.5 0.3

Gaza Strip 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1

Georgia 20.4 8.8 11.9 3.7 3.1 1.5

Germany 2,539.1 1,101.5 1,474.4 436.3 370.5 184.7

Ghana 55.2 23.9 32.1 9.9 8.0 4.0

Gibraltar 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1

Greece 241.1 106.1 137.5 41.1 35.0 17.6

Greenland 1.4 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1

Grenada 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0

Guadeloupe 4.2 1.8 2.4 0.7 0.6 0.3

Guam 3.4 1.5 2.0 0.6 0.5 0.2

Guatemala 63.6 27.8 36.5 11.1 9.3 4.7

Guernsey 2.8 1.2 1.7 0.5 0.4 0.2

Guinea-Bissau 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1

Guyana 3.6 1.6 2.1 0.6 0.5 0.3

Haiti 13.7 6.0 7.9 2.4 2.0 1.0

Honduras 26.5 11.5 15.4 4.7 3.9 1.9

Hong Kong 311.3 136.2 178.8 53.3 45.8 23.0

Hungary 198.7 86.4 115.1 34.2 28.3 14.3

Iceland 12.2 5.3 7.1 2.1 1.8 0.9

India 5,151.5 2,253.6 2,960.0 893.4 763.3 379.3

Indonesia 864.5 381.8 490.5 146.2 122.3 61.3

Iran 368.0 276.6 371.1 108.9 93.8 47.0

Iraq 106.1 46.3 61.2 18.4 15.4 7.7

Ireland 171.0 75.0 98.1 30.2 23.9 11.9

Isle of Man 2.8 1.2 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.2

Israel 192.1 83.5 111.2 33.8 27.6 13.8





Services €m

Climate

Services

Imports €m

Climate

Services

Exports €m

Climate

Available

Exports €mItaly 1,353.7 590.2 780.4 232.9 190.1 95.0

Ivory Coast 27.8 12.1 16.0 4.9 4.0 2.0

Jamaica 16.9 7.4 9.7 2.9 2.5 1.2

Japan 4,354.7 1,889.9 2,525.6 772.6 640.1 323.5

Jersey 4.7 2.1 2.7 0.8 0.7 0.3

Jordan 33.8 14.6 19.6 5.9 4.9 2.4

Kazakstan 140.0 61.4 80.1 24.4 20.0 10.0

Kenya 45.9 20.1 26.4 8.0 6.4 3.2

Kiribati 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kuwait 64.2 27.7 37.5 11.4 9.3 4.7

Kyrgyzstan 9.3 4.1 5.4 1.6 1.3 0.7

Laos 13.5 5.9 7.8 2.3 1.9 1.0

Latvia 36.8 15.9 21.4 6.5 5.5 2.7

Lebanon 20.3 8.8 11.7 3.5 2.9 1.4

Lesotho 6.6 2.9 3.8 1.2 1.0 0.5

Liberia 2.9 1.3 1.7 0.5 0.4 0.2

Libya 57.6 25.0 33.4 10.2 8.4 4.2

Liechtenstein 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1

Lithuania 60.3 26.0 35.1 10.6 8.8 4.4

Luxembourg 32.7 14.4 18.8 5.7 4.7 2.3

Macau 12.4 5.5 7.0 2.1 1.7 0.9

Macedonia 18.8 8.2 10.8 3.3 2.7 1.4

Madagascar 17.5 7.5 10.3 3.1 2.5 1.3

Malawi 10.0 4.3 5.8 1.7 1.5 0.7

Malaysia 325.0 139.9 190.3 56.2 47.4 23.7

Maldives 1.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.1

Mali 15.1 6.6 8.7 2.6 2.2 1.1

Malta 7.9 3.4 4.6 1.4 1.1 0.6

Marshall Islands 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Martinique 8.1 3.5 4.7 1.4 1.2 0.6

Mauritania 6.8 3.0 3.9 1.2 1.0 0.5

Mauritius 18.5 8.0 10.7 3.2 2.7 1.3

Mayotte 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0

Mexico 1,292.3 558.6 753.6 229.0 187.4 93.5

Moldova 9.2 4.0 5.3 1.6 1.4 0.7

Monaco 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1

Mongolia 8.6 3.8 4.9 1.4 1.2 0.6

Montserrat 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Morocco 147.3 64.5 84.7 25.1 21.5 10.8

Mozambique 27.0 11.8 15.5 4.7 3.9 1.9

Myanmar 93.1 40.5 53.9 16.3 13.5 6.8

Namibia 17.0 7.5 9.8 2.9 2.4 1.2

Nauru 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nepal 52.3 22.6 30.5 9.0 7.5 3.7

Netherlands 609.1 264.1 353.6 106.4 90.0 45.1

Netherlands Antilles 3.2 1.4 1.9 0.6 0.5 0.2

New Caledonia 3.7 1.6 2.2 0.7 0.5 0.3

New Zealand 99.6 43.8 56.9 17.3 14.0 7.0

Nicaragua 17.3 7.6 10.0 2.9 2.5 1.3

Niger 10.8 4.8 6.2 1.8 1.5 0.8





Services €m

Climate

Services

Imports €m

Climate

Services

Exports €m

Climate

Available

Exports €mNigeria 152.3 66.0 88.6 27.1 22.1 11.1

Niue 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

North Korea 48.5 21.3 27.8 8.3 6.8 3.4

Northern Marina Islands 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1

Norway 201.5 88.0 115.9 33.8 28.9 14.5

Oman 35.4 15.4 20.5 6.3 5.1 2.5

Pakistan 485.3 209.9 283.4 87.1 70.9 35.7

Palau 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Panama 28.3 12.4 16.3 4.9 4.0 2.0

Papua New Guinea 12.7 5.5 7.4 2.1 1.9 0.9

Paraguay 33.1 14.5 19.0 5.5 4.8 2.4

Peru 192.1 83.6 111.1 33.8 27.8 13.9

Philippines 540.4 235.0 312.9 97.4 79.5 40.0

Poland 589.4 257.6 339.3 102.3 86.1 43.2

Portugal 239.2 104.7 137.5 41.2 33.9 17.0

Puerto Rico 105.7 45.8 61.5 18.7 15.3 7.7

Qatar 31.3 13.7 18.0 5.5 4.4 2.2

Reunion 5.3 2.3 3.1 0.9 0.8 0.4

Romania 209.2 91.4 120.5 36.6 30.4 15.1

Russian Federation 1,495.1 654.7 858.6 260.8 215.0 107.4

Rwanda 12.1 5.3 7.0 2.1 1.7 0.9

Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0

Saint Lucia 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0

Samoa 1.2 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1

San Marino 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1

Sao Tome and Principe 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Saudi Arabia 294.3 129.4 168.2 51.3 41.6 21.0

Senegal 19.8 8.7 11.3 3.4 2.8 1.4

Serbia 32.2 14.0 18.7 5.7 4.7 2.3

Seychelles 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1

Sierra Leone 6.2 2.7 3.6 1.1 0.9 0.5

Singapore 152.6 67.1 87.2 25.3 22.5 11.2

Slovakia 102.2 44.6 58.8 17.5 14.9 7.4

Slovenia 46.0 20.0 26.5 8.1 6.8 3.4

Solomon Islands 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1

Somalia 5.5 2.4 3.2 1.0 0.8 0.4

South Africa 563.1 245.0 325.5 98.4 83.7 41.7

South Korea 1,113.5 486.7 640.9 196.7 161.4 80.3

Spain 1,409.9 611.4 819.7 243.1 198.7 99.4

Sri Lanka 94.4 41.1 54.5 16.2 13.8 7.0

St Helena 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

St Pierre and Miquelon 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sudan 79.0 34.6 45.3 13.4 11.2 5.5

Suriname 2.9 1.3 1.7 0.5 0.4 0.2

Swaziland 6.9 3.0 4.0 1.2 1.0 0.5

Sweden 357.0 154.5 208.0 61.6 52.7 26.2

Switzerland 328.3 143.1 189.5 57.6 47.7 23.9

Syria 67.4 29.3 39.0 11.7 9.5 4.7

Taiwan 721.7 312.5 420.0 128.8 106.8 53.3





Services €m

Climate

Services

Imports €m

Climate

Services

Exports €m

Climate

Available

Exports €mTajikistan 10.3 4.5 6.0 1.8 1.5 0.8

Tanzania 30.2 13.2 17.5 5.2 4.5 2.2

Thailand 657.3 285.0 381.9 114.5 93.4 47.0

Togo 10.5 4.6 6.1 1.9 1.5 0.8

Tokelau 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tonga 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0

Trinidad and Tobago 12.0 5.2 6.9 2.1 1.7 0.9

Tunisia 94.5 41.2 54.6 15.8 13.6 6.8

Turkey 578.2 253.3 331.5 96.6 81.9 41.3

Turkmenistan 33.6 14.7 19.3 5.6 4.8 2.4

Turks and Caicos Island 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tuvalu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Uganda 52.5 22.7 30.6 9.1 7.6 3.8

UK 2,228.1 1,162.6 1,285.9 389.2 319.0 160.2

Ukraine 358.2 156.0 206.6 62.7 52.2 26.0

United Arab Emirates 87.2 37.8 50.6 15.6 12.8 6.3

United States 13,237.4 5,763.2 7,645.7 2,236.1 1,885.4 950.3

Uruguay 65.1 28.3 37.7 11.2 9.3 4.7

Uzbekistan 49.3 21.7 28.2 8.5 6.9 3.4

Vanuatu 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0

Venezuela 206.0 89.6 119.2 36.4 29.8 15.0

Vietnam 291.3 128.1 166.2 49.8 41.6 20.7

Virgin Islands 3.2 1.4 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.2

Wallis and Futuna 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0

Yemen 18.7 8.1 10.8 3.3 2.7 1.4

Zambia 14.5 6.3 8.5 2.5 2.1 1.1

Zimbabwe 31.5 13.6 18.4 5.5 4.6 2.3



European Union Country Dashboards for Climate Services Appendix J

J1a: Austria



J1b: Austria



J1c: Austria



J1d: Austria



J1e: Austria



J2a: Belgium



J2b: Belgium



J2c: Belgium



J2d: Belgium



J2e: Belgium



J3a: Bulgaria



J3b: Bulgaria



J3c: Bulgaria



J3d: Bulgaria



J3e: Bulgaria



J4a: Croatia



J4b: Croatia



J4c: Croatia



J4d: Croatia



J4e: Croatia



J5a: Cyprus



J5b: Cyprus



J5c: Cyprus



J5d: Cyprus



J5e: Cyprus



J6a: Czech Republic



J6b: Czech Republic



J6c: Czech Republic



J6d: Czech Republic



J6e: Czech Republic



J7a: Denmark



J7b: Denmark



J7c: Denmark



J7d: Denmark



J7e: Denmark



J8a: Estonia



J8b: Estonia



J8c: Estonia



J8d: Estonia



J8e: Estonia



J9a: Finland



J9b: Finland



J9c: Finland



J9d: Finland



J9e: Finland



J10a: France



J10b: France



J10c: France



J10d: France



J10e: France



J11a: Germany



J11b: Germany



J11c: Germany



J11d: Germany



J11e: Germany



J12a: Greece



J12b: Greece



J12c: Greece



J12d: Greece



J12e: Greece



J13a: Hungary



J13b: Hungary



J13c: Hungary



J13d: Hungary



J13e: Hungary



J14a: Ireland



J14b: Ireland



J14c: Ireland



J14d: Ireland



J14e: Ireland



J15a: Italy



J15b: Italy



J15c: Italy



J15d: Italy



J15e: Italy



J16a: Latvia



J16b: Latvia



J16c: Latvia



J16d: Latvia



J16e: Latvia



J17a: Lithuania



J17b: Lithuania



J17c: Lithuania



J17d: Lithuania



J17e: Lithuania



J18a: Luxembourg



J18b: Luxembourg



J18c: Luxembourg



J18d: Luxembourg



J18e: Luxembourg



HJ19a: Malta



J19b: Malta



J19c: Malta



J19d: Malta



J19e: Malta



J20a: Netherlands



J20b: Netherlands



J20c: Netherlands



J20d: Netherlands



J20e: Netherlands



J21a: Poland



J21b: Poland



J21c: Poland



J21d: Poland



J21e: Poland



J22a: Portugal



JH22b: Portugal



J22c: Portugal



J22d: Portugal



J22e: Portugal



J23a: Romania



J23b: Romania



J23c: Romania



J23d: Romania



J23e: Romania



J24a: Slovakia



J24b: Slovakia



J24c: Slovakia



J24d: Slovakia



J24e: Slovakia



J25a: Slovenia



J25b: Slovenia



J25c: Slovenia



J25d: Slovenia



J25e: Slovenia



J26a: Spain



J26b: Spain



J26c: Spain



J26d: Spain



J26e: Spain



J27a: Sweden



J27b: Sweden



J27c: Sweden



J27d: Sweden



J27e: Sweden



J28a: UK



J28b: UK



J28c: UK



J28d:UK



J28e: UK



Appendix K

European Union Country Tables for Climate Services K1a: Austria



K1b: Austria



K2a: Belgium



K2b: Belgium



K3a: Bulgaria



K3b: Bulgaria



K4a: Croatia



K4b: Croatia



K5a: Cyprus



K5b: Cyprus



K6a: Czech Republic



K6b: Czech Republic



K7a: Denmark



K7b: Denmark



K8a: Estonia



K8b: Estonia



K9a: Finland



K9b: Finland



K10a: France



K10b: France



K11a: Germany



K11b: Germany



K12a: Greece



K12b: Greece



K13a: Hungary



K13b: Hungary



K14a: Ireland



K14b: Ireland



K15a: Italy



K15b: Italy



K16a: Latvia



K16b: Latvia



K17a: Lithuania



K17b: Lithuania



K18a: Luxembourg



K18b: Luxembourg



K19a: Malta



K19b: Malta



K20a: Netherlands



K20b: Netherlands



K21a: Poland



K21b: Poland



K22a: Portugal



K22b: Portugal



K23a: Romania



K23b: Romania



K24a: Slovakia



K24b: Slovakia



K25a: Slovenia



K25b: Slovenia



K26a: Spain



K26b: Spain



K27a: Sweden



K27b: Sweden



K28a: UK



K28b: UK

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