final complete report to adobeThe report presents the findings of the UNODC project “Land use...

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MMaarrcchh 22000033

Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43 1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43 1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org

Printed in Bolivia

BOLIVIA

Coca survey in the Yungas of La Paz in 2002

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Abbreviations DIRECO Bolivian National Direction of Agricultural Re-conversion GIS Geographical Information Systems GPS Global Positioning System ICMP UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Acknowledgements The following institutions and individuals contributed to the 2002 coca survey in the Yungas of La Paz and the preparation of the present report: Bolivian Government • Vice-Ministry for Alternative Development • DIRECO UNODC • José Manuel Martinez-Morales – UNODC Representative (field office) • José Rocabado – UNODC National Programme Officer (field office) • Iván Alfaro – Chief Technical Advisor (Project BOLF57) • Ramiro Cartagena – Remote Sensing Specialist (Project BOLF57) • Enrique Cruz – GIS Specialist (until August 2002 - Project BOLF57) • Robert Szucs – GIS Specialist (since October 2002 - Project BOLF57) • Ximena Alipaz – Secretary (Project BOLF57) • Thibault le Pichon, Manager of UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme

(Research Section) • Denis Destrebecq, Technical supervision of UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring

Programme (Research Section) • Steffen Schillinger, Regional Illicit Crop Monitoring Expert, UNODC Illicit Crop

Monitoring Programme The implementation of UNODC’s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme in the Andean countries, and of the Bolivian survey in 2002, was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the governments of the United Kingdom, France and Italy. The CICAD GLEAM Project provided a large share of the Ikonos imagery used for the Survey. Pictures: UNODC BOL/F57


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Table of content 1. Summary ................................................................................................................4 2. Background.............................................................................................................5 3. Methodology ...........................................................................................................9 4. Findings ................................................................................................................24

4.1. Coca Cultivation ............................................................................................24 4.2. Coca Production............................................................................................29 4.3. Coca Price.....................................................................................................29 4.4. Eradication ....................................................................................................32

5. Annexes................................................................................................................34 Maps Map 1: Bolivia administrative boundaries and main coca cultivation areas...........6 Map 2: Traditional coca growing area as defined by law 1008 ..............................7 Map 3: Satellite coverage of the project area .......................................................13 Map 4: Location of ground control points ..............................................................21 Map 5: Coca cultivation for 2002 in the Yungas of La Paz by municipality..........31 Map6: Coca density and unsatisfied basic needs index (NBI) ……………..……35


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1. Summary The report presents the findings of the UNODC project “Land use management and monitoring system in the Yungas of La Paz” for the year 2002. This project is part of UNODC’s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme and was launched at the end of 2001, as a pilot phase, over one of the two main coca growing areas in Bolivia. A project extension is being prepared to develop a system that will produce annual national estimates of coca cultivation in Bolivia. The first survey identified about 13,800 hectares of coca bush cultivated in the Yungas of La Paz in 2002. In the traditional coca growing area, as defined under the Bolivian law 1008 which authorises up to 12,000 ha of coca cultivation within its limits, the survey identified 11,300 hectares, while about 2,500 hectares were found outside the area. The methodology relied on the interpretation of satellite images, complemented with extensive ground truthing. It enabled the identification of every coca field in the survey area. In the traditional area, coca cultivation is the main crop, and coca cultivation generally covers 30% of the land, with an average density of 30 hectares per km². In the non-traditional area, the density varied from 10 to 30 ha per km². The cost of developing and maintaining one hectare of coca bush in 2002 was estimated at US$ 2,000. The average price of a kilogram of dry coca leaf was estimated at about US$ 5.7 in 2002. The Bolivian Government reported the eradication of 11,848 ha of coca throughout the country in 2002.


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2. Background

The objectives of UNODC’s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP) are toestablish methodologies for the collection and analysis of data on illicit crops and toincrease governments’ capacity to monitor illicit crops in the context of the eliminationstrategy adopted by the member-states at the General Assembly Special Session onDrugs in June 2008. ICMP is currently active in six countries: Colombia, Peru,Bolivia, Afghanistan, Myanmar and Laos.

According to US government surveys, the sole source of national estimates so far,Bolivia is placed third in worldwide coca production, far behind Colombia and Peru.Coca cultivation in Bolivia is concentrated in the two departments of La Paz (regionof Yungas) and Cochabamba (region of Chapare). Coca cultivation has also beenreported in a few other isolated regions but at marginal levels only.

Table 1: Cultivation of coca bush in hectaresCountry 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Colombia 101,800 160,100 163,300 144,800 102,000Peru 51,000 38,700 43,400 46,200 46,700Bolivia 38,000 21,800 14,600 19,900 24,400Source “UNODC - Global Illicit Drug Trends, 2002”

UNODC and the Bolivian government launched the project “Land use managementand monitoring system in the Yungas of La Paz” in October 2001. As a start, theproject focused only on the Yungas of La Paz, but will now be extended to providenational estimates on coca cultivation. This report presents the project’s findings sofar.

The project is implemented in cooperation with the National Direction of AgriculturalRe-conversion (DIRECO), Vice-Ministry of Alternative Development (VDA), Ministryof Agriculture. DIRECO provides logistical support during the implementation ofground activities and is a primary end-user of the results generated by the project.

Bolivian Law 1008 (“Regimen of Coca and controlled substances”) authorizes up to12,000 ha of traditional coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz. The definition of thetraditional area used in this report is based on the decree 26203 (see map). Cocacultivation that extends beyond the limits of this traditional area is considered illegal.

The production authorized by the Bolivian Government in traditional areas is meantto be used for traditional leaf chewing, medicinal preparations and coca teas.


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Map 1: Bolivia administrative boundaries and main coca cultivation areas.


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Map 2: Traditional coca growing area as defined by law 1008


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Picture 1: Yungas of La Paz landscape

Picture 2: Miguillas river reaching La Paz river, at the southern part of the survey

area

Picture 3: Various states of coca cultivation at the traditional area


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3. Methodology The UNODC survey team is composed of a chief technical advisor, a remote sensing specialist and a GIS specialist and is supported by an ICMP Regional Illicit Crop Monitoring Expert. From the Government personnel, a GIS specialist served information interchange with DIRECO and provided logistical support. Local DIRECO personnel, of topographic and agricultural background, provided assistance during the activities in the field. They provided valuable information to organize the missions, and to locate coca fields in isolated areas. The CICAD GLEAM Project provided a large share of the Ikonos imagery used for the Survey. In the traditional coca growing area of the Yungas of La Paz, coca cultivation takes mainly place on terraces. The size of the terraces depends on the slope of the terrain. Coca bushes cultivated on terraces can be harvested for as long as 15 years. Some farmers rely on artificial irrigation, natural fertilizers and pest control methods. In certain areas outside the traditional coca growing area, coca is cultivated on flatter, non-terraced land. The rainy season, from December to February, is the most favourable period for seeding coca bushes. However, the Yungas of La Paz is a diverse region with a complex topography that includes very steep slopes, turbulent rivers and elevations varying from 500 to 2,200 meters. Significant climatic variations are observed even over short distances. Coca fields at different stages of growth can therefore be found at any time of the year. Those stages include: - Soil prepared for coca cultivation - Very Young Coca (transplanted seedlings) - Young Coca - Matured crop, (pre-harvest stage) - Post-harvest crop, (only the stems are visible) - Regenerating crop, (after pruning, stems and sprouts are visible) - Recently abandoned crop, (up to several months) - Abandoned crop for more than a year, (mixed with shrubs) - Mixed crops, associated with permanent, licit crops . The estimates established by the monitoring system and presented in this report combine all stages, without distinction. After the harvest, farmers in the Yungas dry the coca leaves in the sun. Only the dry leaves are traded.


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Picture 4: Coca field including unfinished terraces, older crops, seedlings and

cornfield to be transformed in coca field, traditional area.

Older coca crops Cornfields to be replaced by coca

Seedling Terraces construction

Picture 5: Various aspects of coca fields, traditional area

Sun-drying coca Artificial irrigation

Mature coca New terraces Harvested coca Young coca


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Picture 6: Coca surrounded by banana plantation, illicit area Coca Banana

Picture 7: Coca leaves being dried in the middle of a small town at the illicit region Coca packing is visible at the right side of the picture


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Coca Cultivation The methodology to estimate coca cultivation relied on the interpretation of satellite imagery, supported by extensive field verification and GIS tools. Different satellite imagery products were tested during this pilot phase: low resolution Landsat7 images (30 m multi-spectral and 15 m panchromatic resolution), multi-spectral and pan-chromatic high resolution images (from 4 to 0.8 m resolution). The methodology used with each type of imagery is described below. Table 2: Satellite images used

Images Source Total coverage

(ha)

Number of

scenes

Acquisition dates

Pixel resolution

IKONOS (multi-spectral and pan-chromatic)

GLEAM 400,000 28 Feb 2002 4 m (MS) 1 m (pan)

Landsat7 ETM+ UNODC 200,000 2 Jan 1999 Jan 2000

30m (MS) 15 m (pan)

IKONOS multi-spectral UNODC 300,000 12 Aug to Sep 2002

4 m

QuickBird multi-spectral UNODC 61,000 3 Sep to Oct 2002

2.5 m

Total 961,000 MS: multi-spectral, Pan: panchromatic


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Map 3: Satellite coverage of the project area


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Methodology for IKONOS panchromatic images The IKONOS panchromatic images have a pixel resolution of 1 meter. The images were acquired in ortho-rectified format, which provides precise coordinates. The IKONOS images covered the traditional and densest area of coca cultivation. There, coca is the dominant crop, grown on terraced slopes, with an average density of more than 30 Ha per Km2. The large size of parcels and the relative absence of other crops that could create confusion, make the identification of coca fields by visual interpretation of enhanced and geometrically corrected images relatively easy. The steps for processing these images are as follows:

1. Composition and geometric correction checking, pre-classification for the determination of spectral signatures, application of Fuzzy and Fourier algorithms.

2. Spectral enhancement to 1 meter, application of Brovey and Kernel filters. 3. Re-classification and visual coca crop identification

The process is supported by ground control and verification.


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Figure 1: IKONOS pan-chromatic processing Step 1 Pre-classification

4m Composition 1 m enhanced image Step 2 Spectral enhancement

Spectral signature determination – Using remote sensing techniques, is possible to determine the response of the coca crops to the satellite sensor. Step 3 Coca identification Ground control points in the area:

• Points in red represent baren soil, a land slide and a football field • Points in dark green are small coca fields • Point in cyan represents prepared land for other crops Coca polygons in light green

•

Coca polygons in green


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Methodology for IKONOS and QUICKBIRD multi-spectral images The IKONOS multi-spectral images have a pixel resolution of 4 meters in four bands in the red, green, blue and near infrared. The QUICKBIRD images have a spatial resolution of 2.5 meter for the same bands. These images were acquired in geographically referenced and geometrically corrected format. The IKONOS multi-spectral images covered the North West of the study area, outside the traditional coca cultivation area. The region covers the municipalities of Caranavi and Palos Blancos, crossed by the Alto Beni River. In these areas, several crops are cultivated next to the coca fields: banana, coffee, citrus, cacao, corn, papaya and others. Unlike in the traditional coca growing area, farmers seldom build terraces in these municipalities. The QUICKBIRD images covered partially the municipalities of La Asunta, also located outside the traditional coca cultivation area. In this municipality, coca fields and other crops are mostly grown on terraces. This municipality was first studied with Landsat images from 1999 and 2000, with subsequent update based on more recent Quick Bird images from November 2002. In the area covered by IKONOS and QUICKBIRD images, coca fields are usually surrounded or interspersed with licit crops. This creates a risk of land use confusion during the image classification and crop identification. It is therefore necessary to obtain detailed ground control information, sometime from very remote areas. The images were processed through the following steps:

1. Spatial, Radiometric and spectral enhancement, (LUTs, haze reduction) Cubic convolution and Kernel application.

2. Reference data introduction, towns, Ground Control Points (GCPs) and spectral signature values

3. Mask application, filtering, Fourier transformation 4. New GCPs measurement, confusion values identification, interpretation and

visual relation between the in situ data and the image 5. Spectral signature determination, parametric and non-parametric. 6. Signature separability determination, contingency matrix, statistical verification 7. Individual class value analysis, histogram checking 8. Polygon creation, map production


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Figure 2: IKONOS and QUICKBIRD multi-spectral processing

Steps 1and 2 image enhancement and pre-classification

Steps 3 and 4 mask Application and visual relation, ground control points introduced

GCPs are visible in red at the picture on left Steps 5 and 6 Spectral signature and contingency matrix

Step 7 Polygon generation - coca polygons are visible in red


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Methodology for the Landsat TM multi-spectral imagery Landsat7 TM images from January 1999 and 2000 were used over the municipality of La Asunta. The results were updated with more recent QUICKBIRD images from November 2002 that covered part of the area. The Landsat7 images have seven spectral bands compared to only four spectral bands for the IKONOS and QUIKBIRD images. The larger number of bands enables the use of Landsat7 images for coca identification, even though the Landsat7 pixel resolution is lower than in other images (30-meter resolution fro the Landsat7 images compared to 4-meter resolution for the IKONOS and 2.5 meter for QUICKBIRD). The processing of the Landsat7 images was supported by the use of a sub-pixel classifier tool, improving the spatial resolution and enhancing the identification of coca crops. The steps for processing the Landsat images are as follows:

1. Image composition, spectral resolution enhancement 2. Image pre-classification, sub-pixel application and crop identification according

to the least distance method. 3. Detailed ground control and verification 4. Assisted re-classification, grouping and polygon creation.


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Figure 3: Landsat7 processing Steps 1 and 2 Image enhancement and pre-classification

Steps 3 and 4 Ground control, re-classification and polygon creation

The picture on left shows the coca extension identified and vectorized over the satellite image on right. Control points for coca crops are visible in red


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Ground Control A reconnaissance mission, covering a large area of the Yungas region, took place at the end of 2001, prior to any image classification process. The mission enabled the remote sensing team to familiarise itself with the terrain conditions and to determine the spectral characteristics of different features like coca field, cross roads and small towns. It is important to note that no detailed cartography of the Yungas area existed at the beginning of the project. Since then, maps partially covering the area and including contouring, roads and other features, have been produced by the government. After the acquisition and pre-processing of the images, additional field missions were organised to reduce crop confusion in areas where coca field could not easily be distinguished from other crops.

Ground control is implemented prior to image classification, in order to help in the determination of spectral signatures

The image is classified using previous control points; confusion is generated between similar classes

A second ground control is performed again in specific places where confusion is high, in order to help to eliminate confusion

The image is re-classified again using the results of ground control. Confusion is now diminished, and may be handled using remote sensing techniques at office.

A ground control template has been designed and improved across the missions (see annex). The team performed a total of 8 missions in 2002, visiting the entire area covered with satellite imagery. In total, 1,153 Ground Control Points (GCP) were collected. They covered coca fields in every stage of growth, in order to establish their respective spectral signatures.

Image Pre-classification

Ground control

Ground control

Image Re-classification


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Map 4: Location of ground control points


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Picture 8: Collection of GPS points over coca field in non-traditional coca growing area.

Picture 9: Collection of GPS point over coca field in traditional coca growing area.


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Accuracy As the results of the Survey are based on remote sensing techniques, the Survey’s accuracy can be measured through the comparison of the image classification and the field Ground Control Points (GCPs). The following table shows a sample of the results of this comparison for pre-classification and the re-classification. Table 3: Accuracy of classification results, sample table:

Point GPC PRE R W FINAL R W

CLASS CLASS500-1 COCA COCA X COCA X500-2 HERBACEOUS VEG. HERBACEOUS VEG. X X500-3 HERBACEOUS VEG. PASTURES X COCA X500-4 COCA COCA X COCA X500-5 HERBACEOUS VEG. PASTURES X X500-6 COCA COCA X COCA X500-7 SOIL SOIL X X500-8 COCA ALL COCA X COCA X500-9 SOIL SOIL X X

500-10 SOIL FOR COCA SOIL X COCA X500-11 BARE SOIL BURNT SOIL X COCA X500-12 COCA BOTH WAYS COCA X COCA X500-13 COCA COCA X COCA X500-14 COCA COCA X COCA X500-15 COCA COCA X COCA X500-16 PREPARED SOIL SOIL X COCA X500-17 COCA COCA X COCA X500-18 COCA COCA X COCA X500-19 COCA COCA X COCA X500-20 SOIL WITH OTHER CROPS SOIL X X500-21 SOIL WITH OTHER CROPS HERBACEOUS VEG. X COCA X500-22 COCA COCA X COCA X

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Overall

TOTAL 1153 936 217 1153 1039 114Percentage 100.00 81.18 18.82 100.00 90.11 9.89

R = Right, W = Wrong

The accuracy of the pre-classification, after the first ground control missions, was about 80% for coca identification. After the second ground control mission and the following re-classification of the imagery, the accuracy was increased to about 90% which is acceptable for this kind of survey.

3.1.1. Coca Yield To establish its annual estimate of coca leaf and cocaine production, UNODC so far relies on information available from other sources. The most comprehensive work on the subject has been done by the US government during the operation Breakthrough that started in Bolivia in 1993.

3.1.2. Coca Price Prices of coca dry leaf were collected by DIRECO on a monthly basis throughout 2002.


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4. 3. Findings

4.1. Coca Cultivation The survey found about 13,800 hectares of coca bushes through the Yungas of La Paz in 2002. In the traditional coca growing area, as defined by the Bolivian law 1008, the survey found 11,300 hectares, while about 2,500 hectares were found outside this area. Table 4: Coca cultivation estimate in the Yungas of La Paz for 2002

Region Coca cultivation (in ha) Traditional coca growing area (law 1008) 11,300 Outside the traditional coca growing area 2,452 Total 13,752 The methodology used enabled the identification of every coca field within the survey area. Figure 4: Sample of a map locating coca fields with IKONOS multi-spectral image in

the background Trend As this was the first survey organized under the project, the identification of a multi-year trend based on its results alone is not possible. However, anecdotal information collected during the field missions seem to indicate that coca cultivation is on the increase in the traditional growing area as well as in the non-traditional area. Coca cultivation by province and municipality The municipality with the largest coca cultivation area was Coripata, which represented 30% of the total coca cultivation in the survey area. The second ranking municipality was Chulumani, with 20%. In fourth place came the municipality of La Asunta, located outside the traditional growing area, and which represented 11% of the coca cultivation in the survey area.


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Table 5: Coca cultivation by province and municipalities in the Yungas of La Paz, 2002

Province Municipalities 2002 Coca Cultivation (ha)

Caranavi Caranavi 491

Sub-total 491 North Yungas Coripata 4,032

Coroico 1,155

Sub-total 5,187 South Yungas Chulumani 2,678

Irupana 2,253 La Asunta 1,771 Palos Blancos 59 Yanacachi 421

Sub-total 7,182 Inquisivi Cajuata 602

Sub-total 602

Loayza Cairoma 139

Sub-total 139

Murillo La Paz 151

Sub-total 151

TOTAL 13,752


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Figure 5: Coca cultivation (in ha) by municipality

4.032

2.6782.253

1.771

1.155602 421

151 139 59 491

-500

1.0001.5002.0002.5003.0003.5004.0004.500

Coripa

ta

Chulum

ani

Irupa

na

La Asu

nta

Coroico

Cajuata

Carana

vi

Yana

cach

i

La Pa

z

Cairoma

Palos

Blan

cos

ha


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Map 5: Coca cultivation for 2002 in the Yungas of La Paz by municipality


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Coca cultivation density In the traditional area, coca cultivation is the main crop, and coca cultivation generally covers 30% of the land, with an average density of 30 hectares per km². In La Asunta municipality, outside the traditional area, coca cultivation was also found to be the main crop, with a similar density of 30 ha per km²). In the municipalities of Caranavi and Palos Blancos, also located outside the traditional area, densities of coca cultivation ranging between 10 and 15 hectares per km2 were found. Coca cultivation by household Based on available national population statistics, there are about 139,000 inhabitants and 45,000 households in the municipalities covered by the survey. With a total of 13,400 hectares of coca cultivation, the average coca cultivation area by household is estimated at 0.38 ha. An analysis at municipality level showed that the highest average of coca cultivation per household was found in the municipalities of Coripata (1.66 ha) and La Asunta (1.52 ha). Table 6: Coca cultivation by household

Province Municipalities Population Household

2002 coca cultivation

(ha)

Average household

coca cultivation

(ha) Caranavi Caranavi 39,070 11,287 491 0.04

North Yungas Coripata 9,239 2,424 4,032 1.66

North Yungas Coroico 10,040 2,696 1,155 0.43

South Yungas Chulumani 10,480 2,982 2,678 0.90

South Yungas Irupana 11,383 3,624 2,253 0.62

South Yungas La Asunta 18,016 1,164 1,771 1.52

South Yungas Palos Blancos 13,730 3,522 59 0.02

South Yungas Yanacachi 4,250 1,188 421 0.35

Inquisivi Cajuata 7,601 1,925 602 0.31

Loayza Cairoma 11,338 2,936 139 0.05

Murillo La Paz 3,708 1,164 151 0.13

TOTAL 138,855 34,912 13,752 0.39

Population and household data: Bolivian National Institute of statistics, census 2001


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Another observation made by the survey is that new coca fields are often planted on cornfields around the month of December, just after the corn harvest and when the climate is more humid.

4.2. Coca Production The present survey did not collect any data on coca leaf yield or cocaine production in Bolivia. The most comprehensive data available today on the subject was collected by the US government, through the Breakthrough study, started in Bolivia in the early nineties. The 1993 US survey revealed that coca was harvested three times in the traditional growing area, but four to five times in the non-traditional area. The coca leaf yield per harvest was also found to be lower in the traditional area than in the non-traditional area. On an annual basis, twice as much coca leaves were harvested in the non-traditional area than in the traditional area. Table 7: 1993 US government dry coca leaf yield (kg/ha)

Period Traditional Illicit Feb - Apr 380 549 May - Jun - 336 Aug - Oct 216 436 Nov - Jan 340 477 Yield Kg/Ha/year 936 1,798 According to DIRECO, the average plant density in Bolivia (including Chapare region) was 250,000 plant/ha in 2002.

4.3. Coca Price Prices of dry coca leaf are collected on a monthly basis by DIRECO. They remained stable throughout 2002, at an average of US$ 5.7 per kilogram. Table 8: Monthly coca dry leaf price for 2002

Month US$/kg January 6.18 February 5.82

March 5.70 April 5.77 May 5.69 June 5.70 July 5.77

August 5.78 September 5.49

October 5.49 November 5.53 December 5.54

2002 Average 5.70


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Figure 6: Price of coca dry leaf throughout 2002

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

Janua

ry

Febru

aryMarc

hAp

rilMay

June

July

Augu

st

Septe

mber

Octobe

r

Novembe

r

Decembe

r

US

D/k

g

The coca leaf price remained relatively unchanged since 2000 as highlighted in the following figure: Table 9: Coca dry leaf price (US$/kg) since 1997

1.54 1.51

3.06

5.58 5.56 5.7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Year

US

$ / k

g


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DIRECO also estimated at about US$ 2,000 the cost of developing and maintaining one hectare of coca bush in 2002. Table 10: Costs to develop and take care of one ha of coca, 2002 Activity Cost (US$)

Initial cost Felling of trees and brushes (burning) 150

Cleaning 40

Terraces building 925

Transport 300

Planting of seedlings 25

Drainage Construction 75

Manual wedding 115

Other costs 15

SUBTOTAL 1,645

Plants - 250,000 250

Insecticide - Herbicide – fertilizer 24

SUBTOTAL 274

Tools Cane Knife 12

Axe 10

Shovel 10

Peak Point 6

Manual Irrigator 5

Bags 20

SUBTOTAL 63

Tools depreciation 19

TOTAL COST 2,001


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4.4. Eradication The Bolivian government reported the following national figures for eradication since 1997: Table 11: Eradication of coca fields at the national level, 1997 - 2002 (in ha)

Year Coca eradicated (ha) Coca plants eradicated 1997 7,026 16,843 1998 11,621 67,519 1999 15,353 62,865 2000 7,653 39,279 2001 9,435 39,566 2002 11,848 55,661

Figure 7: Eradication of coca fields at the national level, 1997 - 2002 (in ha)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

ha


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In 2002, the following monthly eradication data was reported by the Bolivian Government: Table 12: Monthly eradication data at the national level for 2002 (in ha)

659886

1,1021,263

1,366

1,624

1,195

715 659867 877

635

-

200400

600

8001,000

1,200

1,4001,600

1,800

Janu

ary

Febru

aryMarc

hAp

rilMay Ju

nJu

ly

Augu

st

Septe

mber

Octobe

r

Novembe

r

Decembe

r

ha


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5. Annexes Annex 1 Form used for ground control

GROUND CONTROL TEMPLATE Mission

AD/BOL/F57 Date HOJA DE

Responsable

ID Point East North Elev Crop Desc.

Boundaries

Notes

North East South west

Map 6: Coca density map by NBI Notes about the Unsatisfied Basic Needs Index (NBI), The NBI is an aggregated indicator used to measure the satisfaction of the basic human needs, based in the adequacy of dwelling space, housing material, sanitary conditions, and the school attendance of children 6-12 years old. NBI has been used widely in Latin-American countries as a measurement of poverty at regional levels. Since NBI is an expression of a percentage of unsatisfied, needs, high values of NBI represent high levels of poverty. Overlapping the coca density map with the NBI map. By overlapping the map of coca density with the NBI data at municipality level, is possible to visualize the effect of coca production and poverty.


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final complete report to adobeThe report presents the findings of the UNODC project “Land use...

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