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SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | DEC. 9, 2010 | GABRIEL JEWELL-VITALE | PRIMARY : ANDA FRENCH | SECONDARY: MARK ROBBINS
PRODUCTIVE BORDERS: CEUTA AND CRISIS
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1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1: TRANSNATIONALISM3-4: CONTENTION5-7: ONBORDER8: LEXICON9-13: FORTRESSEUROPE14-15: EXCLAVES16-23: STRAITOFGIBRALTAR:FIELDOFTERRITORIES24-29: EUMIGRATION:SUB-SAHARANMIGRATIONANDTERRITORIALBORDERIMPLICATIONS30-33: CEUTAASSPACEDEFININGTRANSITIONBETWEENCHRISTIANITYANDISLAM34-41: CEUTAASPHYSICALMANIFESTATIONOFFORTRESSEUROPE
42-45: CEUTA46-48: TANGERMED-PORT:EMERGINGWORLDMARKET49-60: FLOWSANDECONOMIES58-61: CEUTAASMOROCCAN?62-71: BORDERASFIELD72-78: APPENDIX
1
1
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TRANSNATIONAL DISCOURSE INSISTS
ON THE CONTINUING SIGNIFICANCE
OF STATE BORDERS, STATE POLICIES
AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES EVEN AS
THESE ARE OFTEN TRANSGRESSEDBY TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
CIRCUITS AND SOCIAL PRACTICES.2
2
3
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Aboundaryisnotthatatwhichsomethingstops,
but as the Greeks recognized, the boundary isthatfromwhichsomethingbeginsitspresencing.4
MartinHeidegger
“ “
3
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Theeffectsoftransnationalpoliticalsituations
areradicallychangingthewaywelive.Therealities
of cross-border conicts and political disputes of
autonomy have created strife within cities leading
tocrises ofidentity, place,and hate within culture.
I contend that transnational borders are
places where conict and identity crises have
manifestedinthemostcogentandattainableform.
By investigating transnational border crises, one
can study its effects at a local and transnational
condition, enabling geophysical forces to manifest
in a productive border for the crises at hand.
Atransnationalborderconditionattheedgeof
theEuropeanUnion,intheSpanishexclaveofCeuta,is the site of the project. The exclave, which was
seizedbyPortugalin1415,andSpainin1560,became
anautonomouscityin1995,asapartofSpain.For
over600years,ithasbeenastrongholdofEuropean
presence in North Africa and the Mediterranean.
In 1985, the same year Spain joined the
EU (then the EEC), the Shenghen Agreement
was signed, creating the abolishment of internal
boundaries inside the EU, emphasizing theexternal boundary for movement within. Once
inside, a traveler has unrestricted access to all
countries under the Shenghen Agreement. In
1995, the EU funded a $320 million border fence
in Ceuta under EU’s motto, “Fortress Europe.”
Ceuta’s border has become a siphon for the
emergent Sub-Saharan migratory phenomenon.5
Ceuta is one of three Sub-Saharan migratory
destinationsinordertocrossintomainlandEurope,
the Canary Islands, Ceutaand Melilla,andMalta. As
theStraitofGibraltaristheoneoftheclosestpoints
between two continentsin the world, ithas become
a deathtrap for migrants, as 1,200 people die each
yeareithercrossingthestraitorattemptingtojump
fences.6 Thus, Ceuta has become the physical
manifestationofthemotto,“FortressEurope.”
Additionally,theconditionthatexistspresents
acrisisofidentity.Morocco,whichdoesnotrecognize
Ceuta’s as autonomous entity, is rooted in MuslimNorthAfricaculturalideologies. ThisforcesMorocco
to play “host” to Spanish-Christian Ceuta creating
conicting spheres of identities within an existing
sphereof conictinggeopolitics.Thebinarydialectic
emerges at the moment of difference—the border.
Iproposethere-imaginingoftheCeutaborderas
aspaceofproductivedifference.Border,constructed
inthisway, will act asa eld condition bridgingrst
worldwithdevelopingworldsphere’sofinuence.Theresultant hybrid amalgamation will be programmed,
producing a space that is intimately tied to it’s
surroundingcontextbutcognizantofthelargerforces
atplay,re-conceptualizingwhat“border”constitutes
inanageofincreasingtransnationalandglobalows.
4
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EU
EU as legally constructed EU as resultant border EU Border?
5
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ON BORDER
Geographically, we are in a space of transition:
between Africa and Europe, the Mediterranean and the
Atlantic; a space that separates and connects, and hasalways been permeable to the continuous ows of life.
Today this place fullls a strategic function by acting as
a barrier, both physical and mental, separating the legal
from illegal, like a folding line that splits our world in two.
But borders are habitable territories that can’t be
reduced to lines on a map. They are environments that
encourage interchange and hybridity, highly dynamic
territories that generate a gradation of shared spaces,
where the character of “crossing” prevails over that of
“barrier.” To cross their thresholds means to physicallymove from one place to another, but, even more, it implies
the start of a transformation, to becoming-others.
Spaces for movement and mobile spaces;
capitalist modernity accelerates this quality even as it
expands, bounding over mobile borders. Like the Far
West, destruction and colonization, but also a horizon
for creative exodus. There is a single substance,
that of capitalism and of those who escape from its
chaings to create (and create themselves as) freeterritory; even if people who want to stake it out and
privatize it follow close behind. Our modernity has its
own mobile borders, which, as always , are in search
of the other: the external other that we call nature,
and the internal other-subjectivity, ourselves, in plural.
Against sterile, immutable linear abstraction
stand ideas that spreak like contagious viruses; from
here springs Madiaq territory. Here, at the dense crux
where seas, lands and multitudes convege, over themoat they have made deadly, we are building a multiple
territory, both geographic and infographic, social and
technological, that extens innitely in four directions:
toward the South and toward the North; towards the depths
of carnal bodies and toward the immaterial noosphere
that grows in the ferile land of words without owners.
Maps report existing territories, but
they also construct them; thus territory lives
in the mind and is constructed as knowledge.7
Territory is always shifting in the
mind of the person who crosses it.
6
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Thus, the project will produce an architecture that does not
attempt to solve the the conicting conditions that exist at the
Ceuta border: religious conicts, identity crises, and a high
number of migratory deaths.
Rather, the archItecture will be a vehicle to spatialize these
forces, bridging the gap between what is a jarring reality,
and an “architectural reality” that suspends judgement
in order to juxtapose and highlight conict, producing a
reconceptualization of the current EU border as a space of
productive difference.
7
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GLOSSARY
Border: A spatial dierence between outside and inside
simultaneously creating dierence (a new outside o both
meaning and space). A flter or the gathering o dierences.
Territory: a feld or sphere o action, thought, etc.; domain orprovince o a controlling body.
Sovereignty:
Supreme and independent power or authority in government
as possessed or claimed by a state or community. 8
Transnational space:
Space that is simultaneously anchored in “nation state,” while
transcending one or more “nation state,” through the people
that inhabit it.
Exclave:
Territory legally or politically attached to another territory withwhich it is not physically contiguous. 9
Enclave:
Territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the
boundaries o another territory. 10
Transit Spaces:
Space that exists at the point o tension between new
technologies, which open up access and migration control
simultaneously attempting to close it. 11
Peripherality:
Denotes margins that are not problematic to sovereignty andare subordinate to the authority and governance o the state.12
Marginality:
Denotes margins as problematic and necessary to be
eradicated by the sovereign state’s control. 13
Hybridity:
Denotes the ambiguity o margin as not threatening, but
embraced as a resource. 14
Immigration interface:
Sum o the paths that lead in the direction o long-term legal
residence in Europe. 14
Remote Control: The control over territorial boundaries by extra-territorial locations,
such as embassies and overseas airports. 15
S.I.V.E:
Integrated System o External Vigilance. First developed on
the northern coast o the Strait o Gibraltar in 2002. It is a
technologically advanced structure to detect and intercept
pateras and other small vessels. It measures the approximate
distance and number o people in boats, relating this inormation
to a central agency where urther deployment o helicopters or
boats can be utilized.
Clandestine Migrants:
Migrants who deliberately avoid all orms o border control. They
must be avoid being present in the same space-time as border
control agents i they are to evade detection. 16
Undocumented Migrants:
Migrants who are not able to be traced.
Human migration:
Physical movement by humans rom one area to another,
sometimes over long distances or in large groups. 17
FRONTEX:
European Border Controls Agency established in 2005.18
Territorially Based Control: Establishes proxy control o entire
territories outside o the border itsel, attempting to prevent
migrants rom even reaching the border. 19
Pateras: wooden boats used or small-scale smuggling
8
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9
22
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10
The problem of immigration is not actually on each
state independently, but rather of the EU in general,
as the adoption of the Schenghen Agreement in
1985 (with the progressive dissolution of interior
or ers rom 1993) allowe or ree movement
between its signatory member states...” 20
“
“
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1957
G e r m a n yF r a n c eI t a l y U n i t e dK i n g d o mLuxembourgNetherlands
TREATY OF ROME
The Treaty o Rome established
a coopertative trade agreement
to allow the “ree fow o goods,
services, and peoples,” within
the member state’s borders.21
The countries under this treaty
created an “economic border” that
can be read as seperate rom the
traditional notion o nation state
territorial boundaries. This border
was an economically devised
transnational border, creating
new fows through politically
connected territories. The rsttreaty within Treaty o Rome
established the EEC |European
Economic Community|, which
would later become the EU. The
border that was created connected
two continents, as Algeria was still
under France’s sovereignty in 1957.
6
11
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1985
13
WestGermanyF
ranceItalyUnite
dKingdomSpai
nNetherlandsL
uxdmbourgBel
g i u m G r e e c e
PortugalAustri
a D e n m a r k I
r e l a n d
ACT OF ACCESSION |SPAIN|
SHENGHEN AGREEMENT
Spain and Portugal joined the
EEC in 1985, and with the merger
o these countries, the EEC’s
boundary established a greater
presence in the Mediterranean
and in Arica. The Single European
Act signed in 1986, gradually
turned the EEC as a Customs
Union into a Common Market
over a seven year period with the
ormation o the EU in 1993.22 The Schenghen Agreement
created a territory where the
ree movement o persons isguaranteed. The internal border
o countries were “abolished”
in avor o on external border.
This agreement maniests
in the EU moto, “Fortress
Europe,” and simultaneously
created a strong desire or
12
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“FORTRESS EUROPE”
CURRENT STATE OF EU
The EU IS now a unied bodyo 27 countries. The Shenghen
Agreement, critical or the EU to
position itsel advantageously
in the ree world market has put
tremendous strain on the ringes o
the EU as it has become a desirable
place or immigration. Immigration
has led to militarization and
increased surveillance at the
border o the EU, in an attempt
to maintain it’s internal reedom.
Thus, the moto “Fortress
Europe,” has maniested
most visibly at the border as
these spaces are otentimes
radically dierent geoeconomic
or geopolitical situations.
2007
13
27
GermanyFranc
eI ta lyUnited
KingdomSpain
PolandRomani
aNetherlandsB
elgiumCzech
RepublicGreec
eHungaryPort
ugalSwedenAu
striaBulgaria
FinlandDenmar
kSlovakiaIrelan
dLithuaniaLatv
iaSloveniaCypr
usEstoniaLuxe
mbourgMalta
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EXCLAVES
Territory legally or politically
attached to another territory withwhich it is not physically contiguous.
A true exclave needs to be both anenclave and an exclave, where the
territory needs to be completely
surrounded within another alienterritory. There can be many
variations on exclaves and manydo not ully match the defnition o
a true exclave such as pene, quasi,
virtual, or temporary exclaves.
Pene-exclaves are territories thatcan still be accessed to politicallyattached subordinate such as by
transportation route, or are exclaves
but one side o the territory shares aboundary with water.
Quasi exclaves hold certainexceptions such as a country that
is physically not contiguous but
may hold allegiance to anotherpolitical body simultaneously.
Virtual exclaves can be defned asembassies, or spaces that are not
quite territories.
Temporary exclaves are territories
that may have been in a territory
that has since, dissolved theirboundaries, such as West Berlin.
The frst concentration o exclaves
occurred during the Middle Ages
where a series o territories were
decentralized due to eudal rule.
These spaces were sel-sufcient
but still held allegiance to their
eudal lord. The disparate nature
o territories in the Middle Ages
created a eld o territories, that
made a patch-like environment.
The negotiation between these
dierentiated spaces was beore
the Treaty o Westphalia in 1668,
which can be considered the
modern ounding o territorial
states and boundaries. 24
Territorial discontinuity: MiddleAges and the original notion o
exclaves.
STRETCH BOUNDARYEXCLAVE:
HISTORY
EXCLAVE CLASSIFICATION
Nation intact Exclave stretches territorial boundary
True exclave
Pene- exclave
Pene- exclave
Quasi-exclave
1
4
2
3
14
1 2
3 4
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CABINDA |ANGOLA|
POLITICAL DISPUTE
FRENCH GUIANA | FRANCE |
TIERRA DEL FUEGO ISLAND | ARGENTINA |
TEMBURONG DISTRICT | BRUNEI |
CYPRUS | TURKEY |
OECUSSI-AMBENO | EAST TIMOR |
ALASKA | USA |
IRELAND | UK |
LLIVIA | SP |
KALININGRAD OBLAST | RUSSIA |
MUSANDAM | OMAN |
GIBRALTAR | UK |
CUETA | SPAIN
MELILLA | SPAIN
PENON DE VÉLEZ DE LA GOMEZ | SPAIN
PENON DE ALHUCÉMAS | SPAIN
CHAFARINAS ISLANDS| SPAIN
DISPUTED EXCLAVES
15
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STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR: FIELD OF TERRITORIES
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1717
The Strait of Gibraltar is a unique moment in the boundary between the
Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Not only is it a geopolitcal
sphere of complex boundaries with 5 areas of disputed territory, but the
strait’s geographric properties form another kind of spatial boundary.
While the strait is a meeting point between the Atlantic Ocean and theMediterranean Sea, it is also a meeting point of a top layer of warm fresh
water owing eastward into the Mediterranean and a bottom layer of colder
and salty layer ow westward into the Atlantic. Through this process,
solitons are formed, which are underwater waves maintaining shape while
traveling at a constant speed. A density boundary separates the layers at
a 330 foot depth. The Camarine Sill, at the very westward end of the Strait,
is the shallowest seaoor pass between the Iberian Peninsula and Africa, at
-918 feet, causing the waters from the Atlantic to rise to the Sill, then force
its way into the Strait. The Strait’s current, depending on the winds ows
between 2 - 4 knots (2.3 - 4.6 mi/hr), making the strait dangerous to cross.25
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FIELD OF INVISIBLE BOUNDARIES
-200
-200-400
-400
-400
200
00
-600-200
-200
-600
-600
-600
-600
-600
-200
-200
-800
ALGECIRAS
UK
SPAIN
GIBRALTAR
TARIFA
CEUTA
TANGIER
14KM
10 km
3 6 ° 0 0 ’
3 5 ° 4 5 ’
3
6 ° 1 5 ’
18
Sea oor topography |in Meters|
Territorial waters boundary
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10 km
-200
-200-400
-400
-400
-200
-200
-600-200
-200
-600
-600
-600
-600
-600
-200
-200
-800
ALGECIRAS
UK
SPAIN
GIBRALTAR
TARIFA
CEUTA
TANGIER
14KM
24KM
29KM
29KM
-569
CAMARINAL SILL
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DISPUTED TERRITORIES IN STRAIT
Penon de Velez de la GomeraPenon de Alhucemas
Melilla
Gibraltar
Ceuta
Chafarinas Islands
0 40km
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C e u t a
P O P U L A T I O N
7 7 , 2 8 9
7 1 , 4 4 8
2 9 , 4 3 1
6 0
1 9 0
> 5 0
3 km
M e l i l l a
G i b r a l t a r
P e n o
n d e A l h u c é m a s
C h a f a r i n a s I s l a n d s
P e n o n D e V e
l e z d e l a G o m e r a
RELATIVE SIZES OF DISPUTED TERRITORIES
C e d e d b y P o r t u g a l
O c c u p i e d
i n
r e f e r e n c e
t o
T r e a t y o f T o r d e s i l l a s
C e d e d b y t h e S u l t a n
P e a c e f u l l y o c c u p i e d
C e d e d b y f o r c e
C e d e d b y S p a i n
21
Both Spain and Morocco claim over
sovereignty over ve territories in
the Strait of Gibraltar: Ceuta, Me-
lilla, Penon de Alhucémas, Penon
Velez de la Gomera, and the Cha-
farinas Islands in North Africa. The
most important of these is Ceuta.
Spain claims these territories based
mainly on historical terms: right ofconquest, terra nullis principles and
longevity of occupation. 26Spain also
argues that the territories are im-
portant for military security. All but
two territories, Ceuta and Melilla, are
under 1 sq miles in area and are only
military garrisons. As a composite of
Spanish hegemony near the Strait of
Gibraltar, these exclaves stretch the
boundary of Spain, creating a eld of
hegemony over the Strait of Gibral-
tar, “pulling” Moroccan land into the
Strait, and consequently into the EU.
Morocco’s argument maintains that
Spain claims the right to Gibraltar
from the UK, therefore nullifying their
own actions against the disputes
over the 5 exclaves with Morocco.
VS.
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Strait territorySpain | Morocco | Strait of Gibraltar
Madrid
Spain’s exclaves
stretch boundary
Spain’s sovereignty creates
eld over Strait of Gibraltar
OVERLAP
STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR AND RESULTANT SPATIAL FIELDS
22
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“ “
23
Because of its geostrategic importance, Ceuta
remains at the epicentre of the dispute [between
Morocco and Spain]; the future of the other four
plazas is directly contingent of that of Ceuta.27
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EU MIGRATION: SUB-SAHARAN MIGRATION
AND TERRITORIAL BORDER IMPLICATIONS
24
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Since 1993, There have been 13,621
documented refugee deaths in Fortress
Europe. These deaths constantly re-structure
the relationship between inside and outsideof the EU, increasingly evolving the nature
of the EU’s transnational border-sphere.
25
30026
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Drowning |shipwreck, river or lake|
Suicide
Lack of care |racist act|
Other|hypothermia, exhaustion, minefield
Policing
0
100
300
550
850
300
4002000 600 800 1000km
26
EU MIGRANT DEATHS
27
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27
MIGRANT DEATHS AS FIELD INTENSITIES
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28
INTERNAL|SUICIDE| VS. EXTERNAL |WATER CROSSING |DEATHS
29
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INTERCONNECTED FIELD INTENSITIES | DEATHS AS EU BORDER RE-CONSTRUCTION
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CEUTA AS SPACE DEFINING TRANSITION
BETWEEN ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY
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RELIGION IN AFRICA
Areas of Islam
%
-
Areas of Christianity
% 0 2 5 10 4 0 6 0 7 5 85 9 0 9 5 100 -90-100
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SUB-SAHARAN MIGRANT ROUTES IN RELATION TO RELIGIOUS SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
2
1
3
1. The coast of Western Africa where pateras can access the Canary Islands.
2. Travel through Libya to reach the coast of Malta and Italy.
3. Travel through Saharan dessert, Morocco, and into Ceuta or Melilla.
The extreme dialectic between Christianity and Muslim territories is
physically manifested at the borders of Ceuta and Melilla, where literally the
Muslim territory of Morocco plays ‘host” to the Christian exclaves.
Sub-Saharan migrant routes Concentration of routes in relation to Christian-Spain
33
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The distances migrants travel, as indicated by the furtherst points Kampala and
Mogadishu are nearly 2,570 km from the Strait of Gibraltar.
Michael Collyer describes the
“fragmented journey” that
migrants undergo as a result of
the “mismatch between policy
response to transit migration and
the social organization engaged in
these fragmented journeys.”28
2,570 kmKampala
Mogadishu
Ceuta
This mismatch is a result of thespatial morphology in response toterritorially based border controlimplementation as well as thegeographic difculties of the NorthAfrican region. The paradoxicalnature of this type of bordercontrol methodology fragmentsthe journeys of migrants moreincreasingly. Surprisingly, this hasnot mitigated migration arrivals.
Thus, border control may start as faraway from the actual border itself.The border in Ceuta, for instance,has become as symbolic as it isphysical even though it still a siphonfor the emergent Sub-Saharanmigration.
26
RELATIVE DISTANCES BETWEEN DEPARTURE CITIES
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CEUTA AS PHYSICAL EMBODIMENT OF FORTRESS EUROPE
31
35
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Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta
Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta
Migrants reach Ceuta
Migrants held in Ceuta for avg. 2-4 yrs. New “border” established at Strait of Gibraltar Migrant passes away in Strait| or reaches EU Boundary extends, cycle repeats
Migrants wait outside border for 1-2 yrs. Migrants breach boundary, filters through Boundary “accepts difference”
BORDER CROSSING SCNEARIO
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REASONS FOR IMMIGRANTS TO GO THROUGH CEUTA
Family reasonsQuality of life
Lack of a job
Other reasons
Job reassignment
Cost of Life
Education or training
ClimateReligious reasons
Retirement
Political reasons
Search for better employement
0% 0% 0% 0%
3.6%
5.5% 5.4%
0.6%
6.2%
41.7%
13.4%
22.7%
0.8%
Temporary stay in country of transit
2007 data Fuente: INE. Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes, 2007, elab. prop.
37
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There is a paradox inherent within
the pattern of spatial morphology
associated with migration in North
Africa. While greater systems of
territoriality based control have
increased due to ineffectual linear
border control measures, they
have succeeded in increasing the
travel time of migrants. Due to this,
a greater impetus to nish one’s
journey because of social and
monetary pressure is the norm. In
territorially based migration control,
the more the journey becomes
fragmented within various social
networks. Most paradoxically,
perhaps, is the fact that while more
control is established, the migrant
arrivals have are not hindered.29
PARADOXICAL MORPHOLOGY OF MIGRANTS
TERRITORIALLY
BASED MIGRATION
CONTROL
FRAGMENTED
JOURNEY
TIME OF
MIGRATION
CHANCE OFRETURN
SOCIAL
NETWORKS
MIGRATION
ARRIVALS
= + Time
= - Time
29
Data distributed according to place of arrival (Nr. of boats)
2003 2004 until 31/8/2005
Cádiz 130 75 -42% 36 -28%
Málaga 25 32 28% 21 -5%
Almería 101 89 -12% 28 -59%
Granada 99 103 4% 40 -46%
Melilla 1 2 100% 16 1500%
Murcia 1 1 - - -
Gran Canaria 32 36 13% 44 132%
Lanzarote 145 17 -88% 9 -18%
Fuerteventura 390 239 -39% 38 -74%
Tenerife 13 2 -85% 5 150%
Ibiza 0 1 100% 0 -100%
http://extranjeros.mtas.es/es/general/NoticiasActualidad7aeb0b3823d6ac9f28d12e30dd2d19b4.html http://
extranjeros.mtas.es/es/general/PATERAS_2003_Y_2004.pdf
: Ministerio deTrabajo y Asuntos Sociales.GabinetedeComunicaciónSource
5 143 2760% 42 180%Ceuta
Irregular immigration through small boats
38
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TIMELINE OF BORDER CONTROL METHODS IN CEUTA
<1999
1999
2005
2010
*
*
39
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1999
2000 2001 2003 2004
2005
2006 2007 2008 2009
20102002 2004
“First, the patterns of migrations to Europe are constantly changing; thus we can identify even ‘newer’ geographies of
European migration.” 30
In 1999, double
fences were
constucted in
Ceuta and Melilla.
The high tensionsteel fence had a
barbed wire top. 31
Caused migrants to
move southward,such as the Canary
islands to try
and enter the EU
there. Emphasis is
spread from wall to
territorial elds.
Caused migration
shift back to Straitof Gibraltar. There
is an Increase in
migrants to Ceuta
and Melilla to cross
Strait.
The migrant camp
Bel Younes, outsideCeuta becomes
b o m b a r d e d
with migrants.
Estimates of 3,000
migrants in the
summer of 2004. 32
The Moroccan gov-
ernment agrees
to place controlson the Mediterra-
nean coast . SIVE
|Integrated Sys-
tem of External
Vigilance| is intro-
duced.
Entire North coast
of Africa named
“zone rouge.”
This zone had
zero tolerance of
u n d o c u m e n t e d
migrants. Territorial
based migration
control is in full
operation.
Territorially based
migration control
places emphasis
on the hinterlands
of Ceuta. The line,
as in the case of
the wall, acts more
symbolically, than it
did a decade ago.
Frontex established
as ofcial border
control agency of
the EU.
?
*
*
40
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In Spain, persons who are arrested on
the basis of illegal entry or residence can
be detained for a maximum of 3 days.
*?If their national origin can be deter-
mined, an expulsion process is initi-
ated and can be detained at an in-
ternment center for up to 40 days.
BORDER PROCESS
“A recent survey
in Morocco has
revealed thattheir average duration of
stay in the country is 2.5
years, with 25 percent
of them having arrived
between 4 and 12
years ago, 65 percent
between 1 and 3 years,
and only 10 percent
less than a year ago.33”
Pending Expulsion
Grant of asylum or other permit
BORDER BORDER
Overstay
Border rejection
Return Unathorized entry Authorized Entry
Border rejection
RegularizationNon-Return
Illegal Residence Legal Residence
41
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MIGRANTS SPEND ON
AVERAGE: 2-4 YEARS IN CEUTAThe migrants are subsequently
issued an expulsion order but by
Spanish law, but cannot enforce
the actual removal of people.
42
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CEUTA
43
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“
“
The contour o the Ceuta morocco border
region is not static; Although it is fxed and
well defned at the Spanish side, it is elastic on
the Moroccan side. The border region contour
varies depending on how Ceuta’s hinterland is
conceptualised and spatially demarcated. 34
44
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What You See
45
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What “Others” see
46
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What “others” See
T ANGER-MED PORT : EMERGING WORLD MARK ET
TANGIER MED PORT AND PROXIMITY TO EU
47
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+150,000 JOBS
Morocco's trade with the EU is booming: exports
rose from $7.11 in 2001 to $11.3 billion in 2006,
while imports jumped from $11 billion to $22.4
billion. Trade between Africa and Europe is also
increasing: Arican exports to the EU doubled
between 1999 and 2006 to $113 billion.34
TANGIER MED-PORT AND PROXIMITY TO EU
The Tanger-Med port is on course to reach
8 million containers, 7 million passengers,
700,000 trucks, 2 million vehicles, and 10
million MT of oil products by 2015. This willmake the Tanger-Med region a economic
force in the Mediterranean and in the world.
240 Vessels a day
150 vessels a day >
1,000 gross tonnage
73,000 a year
Free Zone of
Oued Negro
T a n g i e r
Tanger-Med Port
1 in 5 container ships in the worldpass through the Strait o Gibraltar
2015 2015+2010
Ceuta
As a result o the increase o goods
between Morocco and the EU, Ceuta
is bombarded with material ows. In Ceuta, the goods predominantly
maniest in smuggled goods, and a
large black market is present. The
border, in an economic sense, is
constantly accepting these ows,
while acting as a blocker or others.
13 km
H i g h w a yRa i l roa d
Free Trade zones
48
CEUTA PORT AND BORDER TRADE
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Border Crossings
CEUTA PORT AND BORDER TRADE
49
Ceuta was a free port from 1863-
€>1863 1863-1956 >1956
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Morocco does not allow legal cross-border trade.
However, Moroccan authorities allow it to happen
anyway. As documented by the Shenghen Agreement
of 14 June, 1985, Moroccans registered in the province
of Tetouan are allowed access into Ceuta without a visa
requirement for up to 24 hours. 37 This law is the loophole
to not only bring citizens in, but to smuggle goods across
the border.
The nearby city o Fnideq, 4 km south, hassurged rom this agreement with Ceuta.Ceutans ock to Fnideq to purchase lowerpriced goods and Moroccans ock to Ceutato sell goods on the street. The border allowsthis cross-border exchange.
t w p t
1986 until joined the EU. Now,
it has a low-tax system within
the European Monetary System.
Items within Ceuta sell duty-free
and therefore increases tourism.
Additionally the exclave has a 50%
VAT reduction, which has prompted
industries to station themselves
near the border, in an industrial
complex called Polygonal Tarajal. 35
€1863 1863 1956 1956
“We are a port city, but we really liveoff the military barracks and the
stuff we smuggle into Morocco.”36
50
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38N-352 highway to Fnideq
FLOWS AND ECONOMIES
51
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Ofcial border crossing into Ceuta 39
52
nNO. OF PEOPLE CROSSING BORDER DAILY
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*“If Ceuta is a part of Spain, then
it is intrinsically conjoined toMorocco, both through current
social and cultural practices and
through a history of interrelation.
As such, Ceuta is also a bridge
between First World and Third.”40
= 500 people
Spain
Morocco
13, 000 3 0, 000 77, 589
C e u t a
p o p u l a t i o n
C e u t a n s
M o r o c c a n s
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Polygonal Tarajal | industrial complex |
Principle Alfonso |All Muslim slum| pop. 12,000
GDP
GDP
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SPAIN
MOROCCO$145.6billion
$1.362
trillion
POPULATION VS. GDP
55
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SPAIN
MOROCCO
$1.362
trillionPop:
31.6million
Pop:
46.5
Million
$145.6billion
56
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But the winds o change seem to be blowing
across the border landscape. The pattern o cross-
border trade [in Ceuta] is rapidly evolving due
to a number o actors. Mainly: gradual
commercial debordering between EU and
Morocco; ree-trade agreements signed byMorocco with the US and China; substantial
investment and inrastructural transormations
taking place in the north o Morocco.” 41
57
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42
58
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CEUTA AS MOROCCAN?
CEUTA TIMELINEE
DM
O U S
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CARTHAGINIANS
CHRISTIAN
ISLAM
CHRISTIAN
ROMANS
VANDALS
BYZANTINES
OMEYYADS
ALMORAVIDS
INDEPENDENT
MARINIDS
HAFSIDS
MOROCCO
PORTUGUESE
C E U T A F O U N D E
C E U T A I S A U T O N O
T R E A T Y O F L I S O N
YEARS OF RULE
42 AD600 BC
1031 AD
1415
1668
1995
SPAIN
279
389
105
175
352
149
3
23
6
7
88
12
165
430
948
550
595
INDEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT
CARTHEGINIANS
ROMANS
ANDALS
BYZANTINES
OMEYYADS
LMORAVIDS
INDEPENDENT
MARINIDS
HAFSIDS
MOROCCO
PORTUGUESE
SPAIN
279
389
94
175
352
149
3
23
5
7
88
12
INDEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT
POPULATIONS OF MUSLIMS IN CEUTA PER DISTRICT
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POPULATIONS OF MUSLIMS IN CEUTA PER DISTRICT
>50
51-200
51-200
51-200
51-200
12,000 (2010)
1986
Fuente: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. 1986.
There are presently approximately
27,000 Muslims living in Ceuta, which
is 40% o Ceuta’s population. 12,000
live in the slum, Principe Alonso,
which is half of the total population of
Ceuta’s Muslim population.43It is the
rst residential area one sees when
crossing from Morocco into Spain.
MUSLIM POPULATION AS ENCLAVES
MOROCCAN PROJECTIONS
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The marker of this holiday
signals a slow but improving
acceptance of the Muslim
citizens in Ceuta. The
signicance of this event is a
critical step in Ceuta garnering
a supportive partnership
between the two countries,
and as a rapidly developing
economic sphere, Ceuta may
be poised to allow the exchange
of culture in a denitive way.
Dec 2_2010 2050
By 2050, Morocco’spopulation will be 60%larger than Spain’s.
1950
28 million
Spanish | Morocco population projections
Source: World population Prospects: 2000 Revision (United Nations Population Division, 2001.)
39.9 million 31.2 million8.9 million 29.8million 50.3 million
20002050
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BOUNDARY AS FIELD
44
63
“Paradoxically together with gains salience and it suggests
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How can architecture utilize theemergent territorial dynamicsbetween Ceuta and Morocco asa catalyst to propose a spaceof ltering that dematerializesthe border but simultaneouslyallows for it’s presence?
Paradoxically, together with
the selective militarization of
Ceuta’s perimeter, the evolution
of territorial dynamics in the
border region suggests the
gradual socio-economic
amalgamation betweenthe two sides o the border.
...The new confguration o
power relations between Ceuta
and Morocco (understood as the
new distribution of geopolitical
and geoeconomic inuence
capacity between the two sides
of the border) might require
the reconcezptualization
o cross-border politicalinteraction in the region.
...In this mileu, dialogue and
co-operation between the two
main local political institutions
(ciudad Autonoma de Ceuta and
Municipalite de Fnideq) could
be depicted as a potentially
constructive management tool of
current border territorial dynamics.
...co-operation potentialities
cannot be detached from the
extraordinary urban development
in the border region. Urban
continuity across the border
gains salience and it suggeststhe prospective forging of across-border metropolitanamalgamation betweenCeuta and its hinterland. In
this context, the room, as well as theneed for cross-border management
initiatives is presumably growing.”4 5
Ceuta is at the crossroads of not
only Third world and First, but
exists as a place of limbo for the
temporary inhabitants of the
city. The surrounding territory
is poised to have a larger say in
international economics, as the
Tanger-Med Port will become amajor international player in port
handling. This catalyst , along with
the gradual acceptance of Muslim
tradition in Ceuta makes the border
reconceptualization critical in the
our current transnational world.
EXISTING SITUATION IN CEUTA: ISLAND WITHIN ISLANDS
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?
65
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CONNECT TO FNIDEQ WITH A FIELDUTILIZE THE CONDITIONS THAT EXIST
66
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Existing situation Ceuta | Fnideq proximity
F n i d e q
Ceuta
2 km
67
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Extend eld | dissolve boundary Cross-program
68
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Build eld Allow for islands to settle
69
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Dissolve maritime border Re-connect built program with local conditions
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HYBRID ZONE CREATED WHERE BOUNDARY IS DISSOLVED. FLOWS COME FROM ANY DIRECTION
71
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FIELD CONDITIONS TREATS CONSTRAINTS AS OPPORTUNITY AND
MOVES AWAY FROM A MODERNIST ETHIC- AND AESTHETICS-
OF TRANSGRESSION. WORKING WITH AND NOT AGAINST SITE,
SOMETHING NEW IS PRODUCED BY REGISTERING THE COMPLEXITY
OF THE GIVEN....FIELD CONDITIONS ARE BOTTOM-UP PHENOMENA:
DEFINED NOT BY OVERARCHING GEOMETRICAL SCHEMAS BUT BYTHE INTRICATE LOCAL CONNECTIONS. FORM MATTERS, BUT NOT SO
MUCH THE FORMS OF THINGS AS THE FORMS BETWEEN THINGS. 46
“
“
APPENDIX
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1. Holmes, Brian, Charles Heller, and Ursula Biemann. Maghreb Connection. Barcelona: Actar, 2006.
2. Smith, Michael P. Transnational Urbanism: Locating Globalization. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001.3. Balilty, Oded. “Power of One.” Digital image. Accessed October 28, 2010. http://static.wix.com/media/85265415b72feebd854137
a40a1ff616.wix_mp.
4. Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.5. Souare, Issaka K. The Perilous Journey of Sub-Saharan African Emigrants to Europe: Why Take the Risk? Report. Institute for
Security Studies.6. Souare. Perilous Journey. 3.7. Holmes, Brian, Charles Heller, and Ursula Biemann. Maghreb Connection. Barcelona: Actar, 2006.8. “Sovereignty - Denition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary.” Merriam-Webster Online. Accessed November 03,
2010. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sovereignty9. “Exclave - Denition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary.” Merriam-Webster Online. Accessed November 02,
2010. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exclave. “Enclave - Denition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictio nary.”Merriam-Webster Online. Accessed November 02, 2010. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enclave.
10. Collyer. In-Between Places. 670.11. Parker, Noel. The Geopolitics of Europe’s Identity: Centers, Boundaries and Margins. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
12. Parker. Geopolitics of Europe’s Identity. 143.13. Parker. Geopolitics of Europe’s Identity. 144.14. “Migration Control and Migrant Fatalities at the Spanish-African Borders.” International Migration Review 41, no. 2
(2007): 316-43. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00070.x.15. Collyer, Michael.“In-Between Places: Trans-Saharan Transit Migrants in Morocco and the Fragmented Journey to Europe.”
Antipode 34, no. 4 (2007): 668-90.16. Collyer. In-Between Places. 670.17. “Human Migration.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed November 03, 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_
migration.18. Collyer. In-Between Places. 672.19. Carling. Migration Control. 325.20.
Cimadomo, Guido, and Pilar Martinez Ponce. Ceuta and Melilla: A Defensive System? Rep. Sarai Reader. Web. 10 Oct. 2010. <http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/06-turbulence/10_guido.pdf>.21. “Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, EEC Treaty - Original Text (non-consolidated Version).” EUROPA –The Ofcial
Website of the European Union. July 10, 2007. Accessed November 03, 2010. http://europa.eu/legislation_ummaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/treaties_eec_en.htm.The Schengen Area and Cooperation.” EUROPAl33020_en.htm.”
22. “Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, EEC Treaty - Original Text (non-consolidated Version).” EUROPA –The Ofcial
73
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Website of the European Union. July 10, 2007. Accessed November 03, 2010. http://europa.eu/legislation_ummaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/treaties_eec_en.htm.The Schengen Area and Cooperation.” EUROPAl33020_en.htm.”
23. Houtum, Henk Van, and Roos Pijpers. “Eurozine - Towards a Gated Community - Henk Van Houtum, Roos Pijpers.” Eurozine -Headlines. October 27, 2010. Accessed October 28, 2010. http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2005-01-12-houtumpijpers-
en.html24. Catudal, Honore M. Exclaves. Rep. Www.eurodit.com. Web. 1 Dec. 2010. <http://www.erudit.org/revue/cgq/1974/v18/n43/021178ar.pdf>.s25. “U-Boats, Density Currents, and the Strait of Gibraltar.” Web. 23 Nov. 2010. <http://formontana.net/uboats.html>.26. O’Reilly, Gerry. Gibraltar: Sovereignty Disputes and Territorial Waters. Rep. Durham University/International Boundaries Research Unit.
Web. 2 Oct. 2010. <http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/publications/full/bsb7-1_oreilly.pdf>.27. O’Reilly. Gibraltar: Sovereignty Disputes. 2428. Collyer. In-Between Places. 687.29. Collyer. In-Between Places. 684.30. Collyer, Michael, Franck Duvell, and Hein De Haas. Critical Approaches to Transit Migration. Rep. Wiley Online Libary, 2010. Wiley Online
Library. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/psp.630/pdf>.31. Collyer. In-Between Places. 684.
32. Collyer. In-Between Places. 684.33. Fargues, Phillipe. “Work, Refuge, Transit: An Emerging Pattern of Irregular Immigration South and East of the Mediterranean.”International Migration Review 43.3 (2009): 544-77. Wiley Online Library. Web. 20 Nov. 2010. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00777.x/abstract>
34. “Special Report: North Africa - Tangiers’ Global Bid.” TangerMed Port. Web. 09 Dec. 2010. <http://tangermed.blogspot.com/2008/10/special-report-north-africa-tangiers.html>.
35. Harbers, Arjan, and Kristin Jensen. Reciprocal Developments. Rep. Topotronic. Web. 5 Dec. 2010. <http://www.topotronic.nl/reciprocal_developments_harbers_jensen.pdf>.
36. Losa, Alvaro Largas. “Ceuta’s Scream.” The Independent Institute, December 9, 2009. http://http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=2676.
37. Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier. Territorial Discontinuity. 7.38. Loose, Ronaldinho. “To Fnideq.” Digital image. Panoramio. February 17, 2007. Accessed November 3, 2010. http://
commondatastorage.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/19100380.jpg.39. Loose, Ronaldinho. “Border.” Digital image. Panoramio. February 17, 2009. Accessed November 3, 2010. http://
commondatastorage.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/19100218.jpg.40. Sampedro, Benita, and Simon R. Doubleday. Border Interrogations: Questioning Spanish Frontiers. New York: Berghahn, 2008. Print.41. Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier. Territorial Discontinuity. 7.42. Siebert, Moritz. Grenzzaun Berge. Digital image. Flickr.com. Yahoo! Inc., 26 Mar. 2006. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. <http://www.ickr.com/photos/
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su_mo/145614915/in/set-72057594134561901/>.43. Jordan, Javier, and Humberto Trujillo. “Favourable Situations for the Jihadist Recruitment: The Neighborhood of Principe Alfonso (Ceuta,
Spain).” Jihad Monitor (2006): 1-7. JihadMonitor.org, 27 Nov. 2006. Web. 25 Oct. 2010.44. Gerster, Georg, and Ch Trümpler. The past from Above: Aerial Photographs of Archaeological Sites. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty
Museum, 2005.
45. Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier. Territorial Discontinuity. 12.46. Allen, Stan. “From Object to Field.” Architectural Design67 N. 5-6 May-June 1997: 24-31. Print.
1. Aguilera, Antonio. “Miseria.” Digital image. Panoramio. January 9, 2010. Accessed October 27, 2010. http://www.panoramio.com/
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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g , g g y , , p // p /photo/17840180.
2. Aguileria, Antonio. “Portaderas.” Digital image. Panoramio. January 14, 2009. Accessed November 3, 2010. http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/17840109.jpg.
3. Allen, Stan. “From Object to Field.” Architectural Design67 N. 5-6, May/June 1997.4.
Andres, Carlos De. “Arket of Clothes in Ceuta Clothes Market Stands in a Square of Ceuta.” Digital image. Getty Images. April 26, 2006.Accessed December 4, 2010. http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/89660298/Hulton-Archive.5. Balilty, Oded. “Power of One.” Digital image. Accessed October 28, 2010. http://static.wix.com/media/85265415b72feebd854137a40a1
ff616.wix_mp.6. Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.7. Bittner, Regina, Wilfried Hackenbroich, and Kai Vöckler. Transnationale Räume = Transnational Spaces. Berlin: Jovis, 2007.8. “Border Trouble Europe’s New Wall.” Digital image. June 04, 2006. Accessed October 18, 2010. http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,
grossbild-524370-410178,00.html.9. Borjaventura. “Valla Fronteriza En Benzú, Ceuta.” Digital image. Flickr.com. November 23, 2007. Accessed December 4, 2010. http://www.
ickr.com/photos/24154220@N05/2326741117/.10. Carling, Jørgen. “Migration Control and Migrant Fatalities at the Spanish-African Borders.” International Migration Review 41, no. 2 (2007):
316-43. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00070.x.
11. Catudal, Honore M. Exclaves. Report. Accessed December 1, 2010. http://www.erudit.org/revue/cgq/1974/v18/n43/021178ar.pdf.12. Cimadomo, Guido, and Pilar Martinez Ponce. Ceuta and Melilla: A Defensive System? Report. Accessed October 10, 2010. http://www.sarai.
net/publications/readers/06-turbulence/10_guido.pdf.13. Collyer, Michael, Franck Duvell, and Hein De Haas. Critical Approaches to Transit Migration. Report. Wiley Online Libary, 2010. Accessed
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