Final 4X06 Report

Integrated Capstone Design Project

Hamilton West Harbour Re-development

Prepared by

Triple A Ultimate Design Group

Group Members:

Marco Morcos (0746967)

Jeffrey Nie (0755306)

Yi Liu (0847832)

Duo Huang (0864908)

Jun Xing (0744657)

Date: March 12, 2012

McMaster University

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Letter of Transmittal

Dr. Brian Baetz

Professor and Chair, Civil Engineering

Dr. Michael Tait

Associate Professor, Civil Engineering

McMaster University

1280 Main Street West,

Hamilton, Ontario

L8S 4L8

Dear Dr. Baetz, and Dr. Tait,

Attached to this letter you will find Triple A's capstone project. Over the course of two

terms we have learned about the various aspects of creating a truly sustainable development. We

have applied a significant amount of knowledge acquired through current and past courses,

combined with new knowledge gained through research and 4X06 lectures to create this project.

Practical experience and methodology have become clearer for our group, and

sharpened our minds towards sustainability. We feel that sustainable development is critical in

the path of human development, and many of the required techniques are readily available.

In closing, we believe that sustainable development techniques used in this report

should be implemented and improved more often. The benefits of sustainable development will

become more evident as resource depletion and environmental issues increase.

Sincerely,

Jeffrey Nie Roy Xing Yi Liu Duo Huang Marco Morcos

0755306 0744657 0847832 0864908 0746967

McMaster University

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Executive Summary

This report contains the results of a two term planning process for a sustainable

development located in Hamilton's West Harbour area. The development consists of three

sections: low-density neighbourhood, high-density condo complex, and a public buildings

division. The entire development area is designed to be environmentally sustainable and great

amount of effort is put to enhance the living quality of residents. Pedestrian friendliness and

automobiles minimization are key features to all three areas. The three storey building uses

locally available material and is designed to comply with all local codes.

The existing area consists of mostly aged industrial sites; the proposed development plan

completely transforms that into a modern, thriving, and sustainable development area. Material

chosen as building materials are selected with various aspects and constraints. Energy and

resource conservation are key features of the entire development and they are demonstrated

through the material selection process, green roof, rainwater capture system, solar panels, porous

pavement, and LEED designs.

The public buildings area, much like the entire development is focused on offering a

pedestrian friendly environment. A recreation centre, a library, a central park, and a large

shopping mall are located within walking distance of a nearby office and low/high density areas.

The low density area promotes a strong bond between neighbours with wide sidewalks and trails

that run through the entire neighbourhood area. The high density area consists of low rise condos

that offer a healthy community while providing beautiful views of the lake.

The three storey building is designed in detail with every aspect taken into deep

considerations. It is a mixed use building and is located on the southeast side of the development

area. First storey is commercial; the second and third storeys are used for office and residential

purposes respectively. The building is designed carefully while using the required building

codes.

This development will sustain a healthy population and will have the capacity to

accommodate future adaptations such as population expansion and global warming. The

development plan brings the entire community alive and is hopeful to transmit its spirit

throughout the world

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 8

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... 10

1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ....................................................................... 13

1.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 13

1.2 SCOPE AND LIMIT ......................................................................................................... 13

1.3 ADJOINING DEVELOPABLE AREAS .......................................................................... 14

1.4 VISION FOR THE PROJECT .......................................................................................... 15

1.5 DESIGN OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 16

1.6 PRELIMINARY PATTERN LANGUAGE ...................................................................... 16

2 MATERIAL SELECTION ................................................................................................. 18

2.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 18

2.2 PROPOSED CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION ........................... 18

2.3 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS – WOOD, STEEL OR REINFORCED CONCRETE ........ 19

2.4 EXTERIOR CLADDING AND ROOF MATERIALS ..................................................... 21

2.4.1 Exterior Cladding ............................................................................................... 21

2.4.2 Roof.................................................................................................................... 23

2.5 COVERINGS – WALL, CEILING AND FLOOR ............................................................ 25

2.6 WINDOWS AND DOORS ............................................................................................... 27

2.6.1 Windows ............................................................................................................ 27

2.6.2 Doors .................................................................................................................. 28

2.6 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 29

3 PUBLIC BUILDINGS COMPONENT ............................................................................. 32

3.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 32

3.2 DEFINITION OF MAJOR BUILDINGS ......................................................................... 33

3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF LAYOUT FOR PUBLIC SPACE HULLS .................................... 35

3.4 REFINEMENT OF PATTERN LANGUAGE .................................................................. 35

3.5 RINTERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SITE MODEL(1:500 SCALE) ........................... 36

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3.6 KEY ELEMENTS FOR OUTDOOR FEATURES AND CONSIDERATION OF GREEN

ROOF ELEMENTS ................................................................................................................... 37

4 ADJOINING NEIGHBOURHOOD COMPONENT ....................................................... 40

4.1 DESIRED COMPONENT PERCENTAGES ................................................................... 40

4.2 INSIGHTS......................................................................................................................... 42


5 HIGHER DENSITY COMPONENT................................................................................. 45

5.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 45

5.2 PROPOSED BUILDING MASSING AND OPEN SPACE ............................................. 45


5.4 KEY DESIGN DETAILS .................................................................................................. 46

5.5 LAYOUT FOR DAYLIGHT ORIENTATION ................................................................ 48

5.6 LANDSCAPE ................................................................................................................... 48

5.7 GREEN ROOF .................................................................................................................. 49

6 DESIGN FOR MOBILITY................................................................................................. 51

6.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 51

6.2 PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT IN ALL THREE ZONES ................................................. 51

6.3 CYCLIST MOVEMENT IN ALL THREE ZONES ......................................................... 53

6.4 TRANSIT ACCESS FROM ALL THREE ZONES .......................................................... 54

6.5 TRAFFIC CALMING AND PARKING PROVISION ..................................................... 55

7 ECONOMICS, SAFETY, HEALTH, ACCESS, RESILIENCE ..................................... 57

7.1 SAFETY OF VISITORS AND RESIDENTS ................................................................... 57

7.2 HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE ASPECTS FOR VISITORS AND RESIDENTS .. 58

7.3 CONSIDERATIONS TO MAXIMIZE ACCESS FOR DISABLED PERSONS ............. 58

7.4 CONSIDERATIONS TO MAXIMIZE RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, POWER

AVAILABILITY FLUCTUATIONS, PEAK OIL EFFECTS .................................................. 61

7.5 ECONOMICS ................................................................................................................... 62

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8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN ................................................................................................... 67

8.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................. 67

8.2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SELECTION ......................................................................... 68

8.2.1 Preliminary Structural Design............................................................................ 68

8.2.2 Final Structural Design ...................................................................................... 69

8.3 DESIGN CRITERIA SUMMARY ................................................................................... 71

8.4 FIRE PROTECTION ........................................................................................................ 74

8.5 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR GRAVITY LOADS ...................................................... 74

8.5.1 Design Of Slab ................................................................................................... 75

8.5.2 Roof System ....................................................................................................... 76

8.5.3 Residential Floor Framing Plan ......................................................................... 78

8.5.4 Office Floor Framing Plan ................................................................................. 80

8.6 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR LATERAL LOAD ........................................................ 83

8.6.1 Derivation of Wind Load ................................................................................... 84

8.6.2 Mass of each floor .............................................................................................. 86

8.6.3 Derivation of Seismic Load ............................................................................... 88

8.6.4 Lateral Bracing System Design ......................................................................... 89

8.7 CONNECTIONS DETAIL ............................................................................................... 93

8.7.1 Beam to Girder Connection ............................................................................... 93

8.7.2 Beam to Column Connection ............................................................................. 94

8.7.3 Girder to Column Connection ............................................................................ 94

8.7.4 Slab to Beam Connection................................................................................... 95

8.7.5 Column to Column Connection ......................................................................... 95

8.7.6 Connections to Braced Frame ............................................................................ 96

8.8 FOUNDATION DESIGN ................................................................................................. 96

8.8 GREEN BUILDING ELEMENTS .................................................................................... 98

8.8.1 Integrated Green Roof System ........................................................................... 98

8.8.2 Exterior Insulation And Finish Systems (EIFS) ................................................ 99

8.8.3 Double Glazed, Low Emissivity Glass Windows .............................................. 99

8.8.4 Light-Emitting Diodes (LED Lights) and Occupancy Sensors ....................... 100

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8.8.5 Solar Wall ........................................................................................................ 100

8.8.6 Vestibule at the main Entrance ........................................................................ 102

8.9 BUILDING ENVELOPE ................................................................................................ 103

8.9.1 Windows .......................................................................................................... 104

8.9.2 Exterior Doors .................................................................................................. 104

8.9.3 Exterior walls ................................................................................................... 105

8.9.4 Roof.................................................................................................................. 106

8.10 PHYSICAL MODELING ............................................................................................. 107

8.10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 107

8.10.2 Procedure ....................................................................................................... 107

8.10.3 Northridge Earthquake Results ...................................................................... 109

8.10.4 Lemo Pirate Earthquake Results .................................................................... 111

8.10.5 EI Centro Earthquake Results ........................................................................ 113

8.10.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 115

9 MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENT DESIGN .......................................... 117

9.1 GREEN ROOF WITH SOLAR PANELS AND RAINWATER CAPTURE .................. 117

9.1.1 Green Roof ....................................................................................................... 118

9.1.2 Rainwater Capture System ............................................................................... 119

9.1.4 Solar Panel Design ........................................................................................... 122

9.1.5 Savings ............................................................................................................. 122

9.1.6 Implementations ............................................................................................... 123

9.2 POROUS PAVEMENT .................................................................................................. 123

9.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 123

9.2.2 Definition ......................................................................................................... 123

9.2.3 Porous pavement selection ............................................................................... 124

9.2.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 126

9.3 LEED GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM ............................................................ 126

9.3.1 Sustainable Sites .............................................................................................. 127

9.3.2 Energy And Atmosphere.................................................................................. 128

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10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................ 133

10.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES SUMMARY .......................................................................... 133

10.2 SUMMARY OF KEY DESIGN FEATURES ............................................................... 134

10.3 DEVELOPED PATTERN LANGUAGE ..................................................................... 135

10.4 ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE NEXT DESIGN STAGE ......................... 136

10.5 LESSONS LEARNED .................................................................................................. 137

10.5.1 Jun Xing ......................................................................................................... 137

10.5.2 Jeffrey Nie ...................................................................................................... 138

10.5.3 Duo Huang ..................................................................................................... 140

10.1.4 Marco Morcos................................................................................................ 141

10.5.5 Yi Liu ............................................................................................................. 142

REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................ 144

APPENDIX A: SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

APPENDIX B: ARCHITECTURE DRAWINGS

APPENDIX C: STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Development Limit..................................................................................................... 13

Figure 1.2: Existing Land Use ...................................................................................................... 14

Figure 3.1: Public Building Sector Layout ................................................................................... 32

Figure 3.2: Public Building Sector Site Model-1.......................................................................... 36

Figure 3.3: Public Building Sector Site Model-2.......................................................................... 36

Figure 3.4: Public Building Component Landuse Percentage ...................................................... 37

Figure 4.1: Neighbourhood Development Design (Google Sketchup Model-1) .......................... 42

Figure 4.2: Neighbourhood Development Design (Google Sketchup Model-2) .......................... 43

Figure 5.1: Higher Density Component (Sketchup Model-1) ...................................................... 46

Figure 5.2: Higher Density Component Section A-A view (Sketchup Model-2)......................... 47

Figure 5.3: Typical Floor Layout of Apartment in Higher Density Sector .................................. 47

Figure 6.1: Mobility design........................................................................................................... 51

Figure 6.2: Sidewalk ramp for wheelchairs .................................................................................. 52

Figure 6.3: Sidewalks for NB,PB and HD sectors ........................................................................ 52

Figure 6.4: Pedestrian walking sightlines ..................................................................................... 53

Figure 6.5: Bike racks design........................................................................................................ 54

Figure 7.1: Sidewalk elevation difference requirement ................................................................ 59

Figure 7.2: Light cut-of angle requirement for visibility .............................................................. 60

Figure 7.3: Cash Flow Diagram .................................................................................................... 63

Figure 8.1: Architecture Model of Multi-use Building ................................................................. 67

Figure 8.2: Preliminary Structural Design .................................................................................... 68

Figure 8.3: Typical Floor of Final Structural Design ................................................................... 69

Figure 8.4: Elevation View between Grid M and P (Dimensions: mm) ....................................... 71

Figure 8.5: Slab Cross Section (Dimension: mm) ........................................................................ 75

Figure 8.6: Load Distribution on Roof Slab (Dimension: mm) .................................................... 76

Figure 8.7: Load Distribution on Residential Floor Slab (Dimension: mm) ................................ 78

Figure 8.8: Load Distribution on Office Floor Slab (Dimension: mm) ........................................ 80

Figure 8.9: Lateral-Load-Resisting System Plan View (dimension: mm) .................................... 83

Figure 8.10: Seismic Weights at Each Level According to NBCC2010 ...................................... 87

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Figure 8.11: BF1 and BF4 Member Sizes and Case 5 Load (SAP2000) ...................................... 90

Figure 8.12: BF1 and BF4 Axial Force Diagram (SAP2000) ...................................................... 90

Figure 8.13: BF2 and BF3 Member Sizes and Case 5 Load (SAP2000) ...................................... 91

Figure 8.14: BF2 and BF3 Axial Force Diagram ......................................................................... 91

Figure 8.15: Drift Due to Seismic Load........................................................................................ 92

Figure 8.16: Slab to Beam Connection ......................................................................................... 95

Figure 8.17: Bracing Frames Support Reactions .......................................................................... 97

Figure 8.18: Exterior Insulation and Finish System ..................................................................... 99

Figure 8.19: Low –E Glass Windows ......................................................................................... 100

Figure 8.20: The Mechanism of Solar System (Conserval Engineering,2010) .......................... 101

Figure 8.21: Floor layout of office floor ..................................................................................... 102

Figure 8.22: Acceleration Response Diagram of 1 Bar Diameter Test ...................................... 108

Figure 8.23: Excitation of Rigid Bar (Northridge) ..................................................................... 109

Figure 8.24: Excitation of Earthquake (Northridge) ................................................................... 110

Figure 8.25: Excitation of (Ss – Sg) (Northridge) ....................................................................... 110

Figure 8.26: Northridge Response Spectrum .............................................................................. 111

Figure 8.27: Excitation of Rigid Bar (Lemo Pirate Earthquake ) ............................................... 111

Figure 8.28: Excitation of Earthquake (Lemo Pirate Earthquake ) ............................................ 112

Figure 8.29: Excitation of (Ss - Sg) (Lemo Pirate Earthquake) .................................................. 112

Figure 8.30: Lome Pireta Response Spectrum ............................................................................ 113

Figure 8.31: Excitation of Rigid Bar (EI Centro Earthquake) .................................................... 113

Figure 8.32: Excitation of Earthquake (EI Centro Earthquake) ................................................. 114

Figure 8.33: Excitation of (Ss - Sg) (EI Centro Earthquake) ...................................................... 114

Figure 8.34: El Centro Earthquake Response Spectrum ............................................................. 115

Figure 9.1: Green Roof Element Design (Top View) dimension: mm ....................................... 117

Figure 9.2: Detailed Green Roof Cross Section A-A View (City Of Toronto, 2011) ................ 118

Figure 9.3: Example Of A Green Roof. (ESRI Canada Ltd, 2010) ............................................ 118

Figure 9.4: Section View of ground level between Grid F and K (Dimensions: mm) ............... 121

Figure 9.5: Typical Porous Pavement.(Drake. J, 2011) .............................................................. 124

Figure 9.6: Pervious Pavement Locations .................................................................................. 125

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Decision Criteria .......................................................................................................... 18

Table 2.2: Decision Matrix for Structural Members Selection ..................................................... 19

Table 2.3: Decision Matrix for Exterior Cladding Selection ........................................................ 22

Table 2.4: Decision Matrix for Roof Material Selection .............................................................. 24

Table 2.5: Decision Matrix for Wall Coverings Selection ........................................................... 26

Table 2.6: Decision Matrix for Ceiling Coverings Selection ....................................................... 26

Table 2.7: Decision Matrix for Floor Coverings Selection ........................................................... 27

Table 2.8: Decision Matrix for Window Selection ....................................................................... 28

Table 2.9: Decision Matrix for Door Selection ............................................................................ 29

Table 2.10: Summary of material selection .................................................................................. 30

Table 3.1: Landuse and building heights of major buildings in PB sector ................................... 33

Table 3.2: Key components of PB sector...................................................................................... 37

Table 4.1: Neighbourhood Area Density ...................................................................................... 40

Table 4.2: Component Summary for Neighbourhood Area.......................................................... 42

Table 7.1: Initial Costs .................................................................................................................. 62

Table 7.2: Financial Statement of Annual Revenues .................................................................... 63

Table 7.3: Cost of Development ................................................................................................... 64

Table 7.4: Revenue of Development ............................................................................................ 65

Table 8.1: Material Selection Summary ....................................................................................... 70

Table 8.2: Floor Heights Summary ............................................................................................... 71

Table 8.3: Specified Dead Loads on Roof .................................................................................... 72

Table 8.4: Specified Dead Load on Office and Residential Floor ................................................ 72

Table 8.5: Specified Live Loads Summary ................................................................................... 73

Table 8.6: Beam Sizing Summary of Roof System ...................................................................... 77

Table 8.7: Girder Sizing Summary of Roof System ..................................................................... 77

Table 8.8: Beam Sizing Summary of Residential Floor ............................................................... 79

Table 8.9: Girder Sizing Summary of Residential Floor .............................................................. 79

Table 8.10: Beam Sizing Summary of Office Floor ..................................................................... 81

Table 8.11: Girder Sizing Summary of Office Floor .................................................................... 81

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Table 8.12: Column Sizing Summary ........................................................................................... 82

Table 8.13: Wind Load Summary ................................................................................................. 84

Table 8.14: Design Forces Due to Wind Torsion ......................................................................... 84

Table 8.15: South North Wind Load Distribution ........................................................................ 85

Table 8.16: West East Wind Load Distribution ............................................................................ 86

Table 8.17: Mass of Each Floor Summary ................................................................................... 87

Table 8.18: Seismic Load Summary ............................................................................................. 88

Table 8.19: Accidental Torsion Due to Seismic Load .................................................................. 88

Table 8.20: Design Forces Due to Seismic Torsion ..................................................................... 89

Table 8.21: Drift Limit Check ...................................................................................................... 92

Table 8.22: Beam to Girder Connection Detail ............................................................................ 93

Table 8.23: Beam to Column Connection Detail .......................................................................... 94

Table 8.24: Girder to Column Connection Detail ......................................................................... 94

Table 8.25: Bracing Connections Detail ....................................................................................... 96

Table 8.26: Material selection summary for building envelope ................................................. 103

Table 9.1: Annual Green Roof Rainwater Capture ..................................................................... 120

Table 9.2: Toilet/Urinal Annual Consumption ........................................................................... 121

Table 9.3: Three Storey Building Toilet/Urinal Counts ............................................................. 122

Table 9.4: Porous Pavements Comparison Chart ....................................................................... 124

Table 9.5: LEED Certification Scale .......................................................................................... 127

Table 9.6: LEED Criteria, Points, Explanation ........................................................................... 128

Table 10.1: Areas Summary For Each Section ........................................................................... 134

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Chapter 1

Introduction and Background


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1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The West Hamilton Harbour area mainly consists of remnant industrial buildings,

brownfield sites, and some stable neighbourhoods. Public access to Hamilton Harbour has been

limited due to safety and security purposes. However, the gradual increase in demand of

waterfront lands in recent years compels the City of Hamilton to redevelop the West Hamilton

Harbour waterfront area. The aim of this redevelopment plan is to improve the ecological,

environmental and the recreational activities of the West Harbour area, enhance Hamilton’s

economy and further enrich social activities in the surrounding communities. The neighbourhood

is to be carefully planned such that each area will satisfy the projected population density in

various ways.

The main components of this redevelopment project are the development of a

higher-density residential area, an intermediate density residential neighbourhood, and a public

area as shown in Figure 1.1. Furthermore, the project will encourage investors to start small

businesses in all the different areas and will drive the city to improve public amenities.

1.2 SCOPE AND LIMIT

Figure 1.1: Development Limit


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Figure 1.2: Existing Land Use

According to observation during site visits, the current land uses in the proposed area

consist of vacant land, green space, warehouses, residential houses and industrial facilities as

shown in Figure 1.2. Due to the changes in economy, many industrial buildings are abandoned.

Therefore, this area should no longer be used for industrial purposes. However, Hamilton Metal

works Inc which is indicated as “Existing Industrial Building” in Figure 1.2 is still in operation,

so negotiation about relocation need to be conducted in early stage of the project.

1.3 ADJOINING DEVELOPABLE AREAS

In order to redevelop a vibrant, green and sustainable community in the West Harbour

area, the City of Hamilton proposed the re-development. It is bound by the Canadian National

Railway yard, Barton Street and Bay Street. The area is split up into three sections; the sections’

areas are estimated using Google Maps and they are the following: higher density residential

development with approximate area of 6.97 hectares, neighbourhood development with

approximate area of 6.7 hectares, and the public buildings development with approximate area of

12.2 hectares.


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After the site visit, opportunities for further development of each section were discovered.

For the public buildings area, the industrial facilities which are still serviceable or functional can

be saved and re-used, otherwise, they will be taken down. Additionally, commercial buildings,

office buildings and shopping malls will be built in this section. For the neighbourhood and high

density residential areas, large green spaces, various types of residential buildings, walk-able

commutes to the workplace and waterfront will be considered in the design. On the north side,

partial rail yard will be replaced with a modern Go station. It will not only ease the transportation

to other cities, but will also encourage visitors to come to the West Hamilton Harbour. In order

to promote a healthy and sustainable way of transportation in the proposed area, dedicated lanes

for bicycles on the main roads and larger sidewalks around residential buildings and the

neighbourhood will be added.

1.4 VISION FOR THE PROJECT

In Hamilton, most waterfronts are occupied by various industries. Public access to

Hamilton West Harbour has been limited for a long period. The vision for Hamilton West

Harbour re-development project is to have an urban area or a central park for the people to enjoy

the waterfront. The people who will live in the West Harbour will enjoy a sustainable lifestyle

and an amazing view of the waterfront. The people who will access the public buildings area in

the West Harbour will find more modern elements and attractions; a completely new style of

Hamilton will be provided. It is expected that the Hamilton West Harbour project will attract

local residents and visitors from surrounding cities. Instead of viewing Hamilton as the industry

city, Hamilton West Harbour re-development project will move Hamilton to be the sustainable

city.


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1.5 DESIGN OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this project is to develop the area that is sustainable and green:

Environment

Environmentally Friendly (no harmful waste deposit)

Low carbon footprint

Social

Mobility Easing and Pedestrian Friendly

Safety, healthy

Comfort (view of the lake, daylight, green spaces)

Productive

Economic

Cost feasible

Energy efficiency

Visitors and investors attraction

1.6 PRELIMINARY PATTERN LANGUAGE

The following pattern language will apply to the public buildings area, neighbourhood area

and higher density area.

As the buildings get closer to the lake, their story limit will diminish to allow a good

circulation of the lake breeze in the whole area. Maximum number of stories (3) will be used at

the borders of the area and 1 story buildings will be facing the lake. These limits will be

beneficial to the new areas as well as the existing areas in terms of sunlight, lake view and

overall harmony. Some buildings will be made up of circular shapes for several reasons. Firstly,

this design will allow the sunlight to reach all rooms of the buildings. Also, it is good for air

circulation. Additionally, it is aesthetically pleasing as there are no sharp edges limiting the eye.

All main entrances should be easily seen and identified. Preferably, they should be facing the

streets. The existence of small balconies is aesthetically pleasing and it gives residents the

opportunity to enjoy the fresh air and relaxing scenery. Also, it helps in the creation of a socially

active area. Each building should have its own private garden, which will increase the growth of

plants around buildings and create a welcoming street view. Roof gardens are extremely

important and have a greater impact than private gardens. Small public parks will create a very

social environment and help keep the sustainability of the new area. The existence of a variety of

family/single dwellers will create a balance in the area in terms of social interaction.


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Chapter 2

Material Selection


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2 MATERIAL SELECTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter two focuses on the selection of the materials for the three-storey building in the

public buildings component of the study area. Specific types of materials will be compared

throughout the chapter in order to find the appropriate materials for the mixed use commercial

building. Six criteria are chosen to evaluate all materials in all aspects. Initial and long term costs

are examined for the overall cost points. Aesthetics will take into account the appearance of the

material and how they integrate within the building. Local materials will be preferred then

materials that requires long distance shipping for the accessibility/availability section. Material

reuse and recycle is crucial in eliminating building waste and is evaluated. Energy efficiency of

materials will be compared for its insulation, electricity reduction, and carbon footprint

reduction.

2.2 PROPOSED CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION

The decision criteria that are used to describe what is preferred in a given material are

given below:

Table 2.1: Decision Criteria

Criteria Definition

1 Cost The price of the material

2 Aesthetics The visual appeal of the material

3 Accessibility/Availability How readily accessible a material is

4 Durability How long the material lasts and the

ease of maintenance

5 Recycle/Reuse The capability of the material to be

reused or recycled

6 Energy Efficiency Ability of the material to reduce

energy usage

7 Functionality How well does the material work in

different scenarios


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Each criteria is given a mark from 1 to 10, 1 being the worst and 10 being the best. In each

section, the criteria are weighted differently depending on the importance of the criteria relative

to the section. After assigning a rank to each criteria for each material, a total score is calculated

concluding which material will be selected.

2.3 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS – WOOD, STEEL OR REINFORCED CONCRETE

Table 2.2: Decision Matrix for Structural Members Selection

Decision Criteria

Material Selection for Structural Members

Weight Reinforced

Concrete Steel Masonry Wood

Cost (Short and long term) 5 8 7 4 2.5

Aesthetics 7 9 8 7 0.5

Accessibility/Availability 10 7 6 9 0.5

Durability 8 9 8.5 6 2

Functionality 7 8 9.5 4 2

Recycle/Reuse 7 8.5 5 6.5 1

Energy Efficiency 6 5 6 8.5 1.5

Total Score 67 81.5 74.5 57.3 10

Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced concrete is one of the most popular modern structural material. On average, its

cost as a structural frame is slightly higher than steel frames (Nielsen, 2008). On the other hand,

the total cost per meter square of a concrete frame is less than steel. First, concrete production

requires the mixing of raw materials. Second, transportation and curing during construction

requires an extra cost. Reinforced concrete has a reliable compressive strength, and its weakness

under tensile forces can be compensated with steel reinforcement. While compressive strength is

great feature, reinforced concrete is susceptible to corrosion and reaction with sulphates,

chlorides, alkali silica, etc. Maintenance of concrete is relatively low because it has no nutrition

for fungus and other organisms that feed on organic materials, but there could be occasional

maintenance cost on sealing of cracks. At the end of the building life, concrete can be grinded to

fill trails and pavements. Steel reinforcement can be easily reused for construction again. The


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production of cement impacts the environment as it emits large amounts of carbon dioxide; the

ratio of cement produced to carbon dioxide emitted is 1:2 (Rastra, 2007). Since concrete is such a

common material, it is very possible to find locally mixed concrete which means a reduction in

transportation costs and environmental impact. There are many concrete suppliers in the region

such as Hamilton Concrete Inc, SCP Stamped Concrete Pros Inc., etc.

Wood

Timber’s cost is very unstable as it depends on the demand and the availability of wood,

but it generally costs less than steel and reinforced concrete. Timber has a higher transportation

cost than concrete because it is not common to be produced locally; local concrete companies are

likely to waive off transportation cost as they are located in a short perimeter. In addition, the

cost of wood depends on its need to be treated to meet fire protection code and coated to disable

termites and fungus from feeding on it. Wood is easily cut and it is simple to work with; using

nails instead of screws speeds up construction time but reduces strength. Since sound insulation

is poor in between wood boards, extra sound insulation must be installed which will increase the

cost. The initial raw materials cost of wood is not large, but the accumulated cost over periods of

time due to required maintenance could be substantial. Wood also offers great opportunity for

creativity as it can be easily cut into any desired shape. It is also an abundant material in Canada.

The disadvantage is its organic material which attracts termites, moulds and rodents that can

significantly affect the durability of the structure. Another disadvantage of wood is that it has

very poor fire resistance. Wood has low ignition point and fire is easily spread to large areas in a

short amount of time. In the meantime, wood can be reused in other buildings, flooring, or

furniture. If it is not re-used, it is still biodegradable. Wood requires very insignificant amounts

of energy for production as most of the energy production comes from the sun. Finally, not all

lumber purchased is used for construction; there is always a small amount of leftover lumber

from cutting and shaping.

Steel

Steel is an expensive material requiring a high initial cost. After the steel is formed into the

desired specification and shape, it is very easily transported due to its size. Building with steel


21

leaves very minimal spare materials behind as everything is ordered in very specific dimensions

and quantities. Because of the high compressive and tensile strength offered by steel and its

ability to withstand harsh weather and temperature, it proves to be a very durable material, with

rusting as its primary problem. Due to a high melting point of steel, it has a very high fire rating.

Extra insulation is required with steel due to its high temperature conductivity. Steel is often

recycled to continue to be used in construction after demolition. The major disadvantage with a

steel frame is its ability to hold heat. Since steel has much higher heat conductivity than wood, it

requires extra insulation and energy to keep the warm air in.

Masonry

Masonry buildings are sturdy and long-lasting. Ordinary concrete blocks have very poor

insulation properties and they often require a wall of insulation to meet the building codes

standards. Construction of masonry is relatively simple but time consuming. A disadvantage of

masonry is that due to the relative heavy weight of the masonry structure, it would need a large

foundation to prevent settling and cracking. Masonry is available locally which minimizes

transportation costs. Masonry is usually crushed like concrete to be reused in paving, granular

fill, and aggregates, but it can also be reclaimed for other buildings. Masonry has very strong

weather and fire resistance, requiring very little cost on maintenance. Due to the long-lasting

feature of masonry buildings, it often has a high resale value because of the low maintenance

costs.

2.4 EXTERIOR CLADDING AND ROOF MATERIALS

2.4.1 Exterior Cladding

Exterior cladding materials form the skin of structures. The ideal wall cladding should be

inexpensive, economically maintained, aesthetically pleasing, durable and environmentally

friendly. Furthermore, the ideal wall cladding should be highly resistant to weather damage and

mechanical damage. However, since there is no perfect material for cladding, Table 2.3 gives a

comparison of several exterior-cladding materials using the criteria introduced in previous


22

sections, and the outcome of the comparison is that Exterior Insulation Finishing System (EIFS)

is the most suitable material for this project.

Table 2.3: Decision Matrix for Exterior Cladding Selection

Decision Criteria Material Selection for Exterior Cladding

Weight Glass Vinyl Siding Metal EIFS Stone Veneer

Cost 4 8 5 6 4 1.5

Aesthetics 9 7 8 8 8 3

Accessibility/Availability 5 7 8 8 6 0.5

Durability 7 8 8 7 9 2

Functionality 7 7 7 7 8 2

Recycle/Reuse 4 2 8 6 4 0.5

Energy Efficiency 8 2 7 9 7 0.5

Total Score 69.5 68.5 73 74 72.5 10

Glass Cladding

The major advantages of using glass cladding are good appearance and energy efficiency.

Glass cladding comes in a variety of different colors which can create nice patterns for the

surface of the structure. In addition, glass is good for thermal insulation, waterproof and energy

conservation. Since glass is not a good conductor of heat, it saves energy during air conditioning

of structure. However, glass is an expensive material (about $80 ~ $150 per square meter) and it

requires more maintenance costs than other materials. Finally, glass is dangerous in areas which

have higher chances of earthquakes.

Vinyl Siding

Vinyl siding is plastic exterior cladding for structures which is very durable and simple for

maintenance. The disadvantages of vinyl siding are its poor performance in protecting the

structure from extreme weather conditions (cold or heat), it is also not as recyclable as other

materials, and vinyl siding releases toxic fumes when burning which is harmful to humans,

animals, and the environment.


23

Metal Cladding

Metal cladding such as galvanized steel and aluminum provides a modern appearance of

structures. The metal cladding can protect structures well from weather changes and it requires

almost no maintenance. Another benefit of metal cladding is that it is easy to recycle and reuse,

but it will be of a lower quality. However, the metal cladding can be relatively expensive ($30 ~

$100 per square meter) and the corrosion of metal cladding may cause damage of structures.

EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems)

EIFS is a traditional cladding system. It provides great appearance as it is carved and

moulded into a variety of different shapes. EIFS may cost more initially ($100 ~ $200 per square

meter) but it requires very low maintenance costs. Since the system is an exterior insulation, it

reduces air infiltration and hence decreases energy consumptions. However, the installation of

EIFS can be technically challenging and professional skills are required when installing good

quality EIFS cladding systems. Furthermore, moisture is difficult to escape once it gets behind

the EIFS, which might cause failure of the EIFS and it is difficult to repair.

Stone Veneer

The major benefit of stone veneer is that it is guaranteed to last long over time. It is easy to

install and it can provide great appearance of the structure. Another benefit is that manufactured

stone veneer is less expensive than the natural stone. On the other hand, it can easily break and

scrape during manufacturing and construction processes due to its light and thin material.

2.4.2 Roof

A roof primarily protects the structure against different weather conditions such as rain,

sunlight, snow and wind. A roof should be insulated and should have good drainage to protect

people from climate changes and damages that may be caused by large areas of water on the

roof. In order to provide a relatively efficient roof system, there are some roof materials

comparisons in Table 2.4 done using the criteria introduced in previous sections, and it comes

out that Vegetation Blanket (Green Roof) is the best roof material for this project.


24

Table 2.4: Decision Matrix for Roof Material Selection

Decision Criteria

Material Selection for Roof

Weight Concrete

Tile

Vegetation

Blanket

Slate Metal

Roofing

Asphalt

Shingle

Cost 4 4 2 5 7 2


Accessibility/

Availability

9 7 6 7 8 1





Total Score 68.5 71 69 67 65 10

Concrete Tile

The advantages of concrete tile are its long lifespan, low maintenance cost, and good fire

protection. There is also a large selection of colours and styles of concrete tiles which will

provide good visual appearance for the structure. However, concrete is more expensive ($10 ~

$50 per square meter) than some other roofing materials. It is also relatively heavy, not good for

cold areas and generally not used in re-roofing due to repair difficulties.

Vegetation Blanket (Green Roof)

The major advantage of the vegetation blanket is that it provides substantial energy savings

and requires almost no maintenance. The vegetation blanket also provides attractive appearance

and it is simple to install. Furthermore, the vegetation blanket can uniformly drain and purify the

rainwater. However, the initial cost of a green roof is relatively high ($100 ~ $200 per square

meter). The vegetation blanket also has restrictions due to climate and weather conditions, and

the heavy weight of this kind of roof will need stronger roof supports.

Slate

Slate is a natural material which can be laid out in a variety of patterns to provide good

appearance for structures. It is very durable and has good fire resistance. It is also

environmentally friendly since it is recyclable and reusable. Slate is quite expensive compared to


25

other roof materials ($10 ~ $80 per square meter) and it can be costly if it is not installed

properly. Another disadvantage of slate is that slate is very heavy which will require a strong

roof supporting system.

Metal Roofing

Metal roofs are lightweight, durable and almost maintenance-free. They are energy

efficient since metal reflects sunlight; and they are made from 60 percent to 65 percent

recyclable materials which will offer environmental benefits. On the other hand, metal roof is

expensive ($10 ~ $30 per square meter) and may have objectionable noises caused by falling

rain. Furthermore, metal roof is not easy to install and it requires professional installation to

reduce the noise effect.

Asphalt Shingle

Asphalt shingle has a clean look at an affordable price ($1 ~ $10 per square meter), and it

can be used for a wide temperature range. Other benefits of asphalt shingle are low maintenance

and its high percentage of overlaps provides reliable waterproofing. It can also be easily recycled

and reused. On the negative side, asphalt shingle can blow off under extreme weather conditions,

such as high winds. It also may be damaged by heat. Another disadvantage of asphalt shingle is

its low durability which is relatively shorter than other materials.

2.5 COVERINGS – WALL, CEILING AND FLOOR

Coverings of wall, ceiling and floor are the skin of the internal space of a building, and

they are strongly related to the occupants’ visual sensation and emotions. Therefore, aesthetics

has the highest weight in this category, followed by material cost, durability and availability

Moreover, the primary goal of this project is to build a green and sustainable community, so

recycling, energy efficiency and carbon footprint are considered in this case. As shown inTable

2.5, masonry has the highest score among five regular alternatives because of its great

appearance as wall coating and it can be provided in various colours and textures upon

customers’ requests. Moreover, due to the varying use of the building, concrete and wood would


26

also be good choices as wall covering. Comparing both to masonry, concrete is cheaper and

easier to obtain, while wood is much more environmentally friendly and has a greater ability to

be reused. Furthermore, tiles can be used for the walls in the washroom and kitchen because tile

is less affected by ash, water, and fire.

Table 2.5: Decision Matrix for Wall Coverings Selection

Decision Criteria Material Selection for Interior Wall

Weight Concrete Masonry Tile Wood Drywall

Cost 8 7 5 8 9 2


Accessibility/Availability 10 7 8 9 10 1





Total Score 66 70 64.5 65.5 63.5 10

In order to provide a clean view and visual satisfaction, ventilation ducts and pipes under

floor slab must be covered, suspended ceiling which is one of the most common construction

techniques is strongly recommended. As shown inTable 2.6, vinyl plaster has the highest score

because of its great appearance and durability. Additionally, vinyl plaster panels can be easily

installed on the suspended frames. It needs much less maintenance than wood and tile, and the

surface can be treated to allow the ceiling to project some sheen which makes the room more

bright and inviting.

Table 2.6: Decision Matrix for Ceiling Coverings Selection

Decision Criteria Alternative Material Selections for Ceiling

Weight Wood vinyl plaster Metal Tile Drywall

Cost 8 8 6 5 9 2







Total Score 65.5 71 65.5 61.5 63.5 10


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In general, there are hard floor coverings and soft floor coverings. Typical hard floor

coverings are shown in Table 2.7; soft floor coverings such as carpet are more dependent on the

customer’s preference and are not considered in this case. As shown in Table 2.7, bamboo

flooring has the highest score. In comparison to other hard floor coverings, bamboo flooring is as

attractive as terrazzo and as durable as concrete. Moreover, according to the healthcare report by

US Environmental Protection Agency, bamboo flooring is actually very environmentally friendly

and it is ranked to be one of the most sustainable flooring materials. (EPA Publication

909-F-07-001)

Table 2.7: Decision Matrix for Floor Coverings Selection

Decision Criteria Alternative Material Selection for Floor

Weight Concrete Bamboo Vinyl Laminate Terrazzo

Cost 8 6 8 8 5 2







Total Score 65.5 72 71 65.5 65.5 10

2.6 WINDOWS AND DOORS

2.6.1 Windows

In the building design, windows play a significant role as they primarily maintain the

interior environment and provide residents with daylight. Additionally, two other important

aspects are added to windows’ design, energy efficiency contribution and building decoration.

Windows are available in a variety of materials including wood, aluminum, vinyl and fibreglass.

Each material has its advantages and disadvantages, and they are compared in Table 2.8.


28

Table 2.8: Decision Matrix for Window Selection

Decision Criteria Alternative Material Selections for Window

Weight Wood Aluminum Vinyl Fibreglass

Cost 2 6 10 2 2

Aesthetics 10 6 4 6 2


Durability/Maintenance 2 10 10 10 2

Functionality 6 10 2 8 1.5

Energy Efficiency 6 2 10 8 2

Total Score 54 68 76 66 10

Although wood needs periodical maintenance, wood windows are architecturally

appealing. Aluminum provides great strength, low maintenance cost and long term durability. In

contrast, aluminum increases heat loses. Aluminum will transfer heat when you are trying to

maintain cold in the summer and will lose heat when heat retention is needed during the winter.

Vinyl not only can it be easily made into different shapes and styles, but also it offers good

thermal protection. It requires low cost and low maintenance cost; however, the strength of vinyl

is not enough in some cases. Fibreglass is relatively new and not widely available yet, therefore,

it is more expensive. However, Fibreglass is excellent in insulation and they have an adequate

strength.

After the comparison of these materials, a combination of aluminum and vinyl windows

will be used for this three storey building. Vinyl will be applied whenever it is possible to lower

the cost, provide good quality and enhance energy efficiency. Aluminum must be used for very

large windows because of its rigidity.

2.6.2 Doors

When it comes to choosing doors for this three storey building, cost, durability and energy

efficiency will be the primary factors for selecting materials.


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Table 2.9: Decision Matrix for Door Selection

Decision Criteria Alternative Material Selection for Windows

Weight Wood Aluminum Steel Fiberglass

Cost 2 6 10 2 2

Aesthetics 10 8 2 8 2


Durability/Maintenance 8 10 8 10 2

Functionality 8 10 10 10 1.5

Energy Efficiency 6 2 8 8 2

Total Score 68 72 76 72 10

According to the assessment matrix above, the total scores for the four kinds of materials

are close to each other. Although wood doors will provide the authentic beauty of nature, good

quality always comes with expensive price. Exposure to moisture and harsh weather is the

biggest problem for exterior wood doors. Steel doors are the most common type in many cases.

They are also one of the least expensive options and nearly maintenance free under normal

conditions. Fiberglass doors are costly as they are not widely produced, but they have excellent

isolation property like steel. Doors made from aluminum are popular options for exterior

entrances because of the modern and beautiful appearance. A chemical process can strengthen

and harden the surface of aluminum that is exposed to the air.

In conclusion, aluminum doors will most likely be used for exterior entrances in this three

storey mix use building. For the interior doors, the other three materials are all exceptional

choices depending on the different demands. Special mineral core will be used to help meet

certain fire ratings for each door.

2.6 CONCLUSION

In order to obtain the most appropriate material selection for the development, a

research-based approach combined with a decision analysis scoring methodology is used in this

chapter. The matrix in each selection process was to look at all of the available alternatives

numerically, and therefore assist in making decisions where dilemmas are present. The matrices


30

were used as a reference to further provide reason for the choice of an alternative. A summary

table of results from material selection is shown in Table 2.10

Table 2.10: Summary of material selection

Selection Score(/100)

Structural members Steel 81.5

Exterior cladding EIFS 74

Roof Vegetation blanket 71

Wall covering Masonry 70

Ceiling covering Vinyl plaster 71

Floor covering Hardwood(bamboo) 72

Windows Vinyl 76

Doors Steel 76


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Chapter 3

Public Buildings Component


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3 PUBLIC BUILDINGS COMPONENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Since the public buildings area is a place to be occupied by the public, open space was a

great concern in the development of the overall layout. As it is also realized that public space is

the core of any development, public space was laid out first then the buildings surrounded it. The

redevelopment of Public Building Sector is to provide a positive working space where people

can work, study, shopping, relax, and play sports. The entire area is designed with the idea that

people will be traveling throughout this area on foot and will be able to achieve all necessary

tasks without having to leave the area. Green Parking Lots1are placed in places to ease

transportation as shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Public Building Sector Layout

1 Porous Pavement is used for all parking lots, more information about Porous Pavement is In section 9.2.3


33

3.2 DEFINITION OF MAJOR BUILDINGS

Table 3.1: Landuse and building heights of major buildings in PB sector

Landuse

Area (m2)

Building Height

(m)(# storey)

1 Community Center 5,245 9(2)

2 Basketball Field 840 NA

3 Football Field 4,679 NA

4 Tennis court 2,400 NA

5 Total Parking Area 14,823 NA

6 Gas Station 1,351 6(1)

7 Office Building A 1,629 12(3)

8 Office Building B 3,892 8(2)

9 Office Building C 1,205 5(1)

10 3-Storey Mixed Use Building 950 12(3)

11 Mega Plaza 14,831 9(1)

12 Fountain/Central Garden 12,867 NA

13 Outdoor Walkable Space 21,798 NA

14 Major Green Space 31,534 NA

15 Tim Hartons 396 6(1)

16 Restaurant & Hotel 3,430 12(3)

Mega Plaza

The Mega plaza is a plaza that is composed of a variety of stores directed to all ages of

people. Store categories include electronic and computer stores, book stores, fashion apparel and

footwear, restaurants, photography, and many more. It is a place for people to relax and enjoy

casual shopping.

Community Centre

The community centre consists of two levels. First floor is for recreational uses such as

swimming and playing hockey, while the second floor is the library. Its main purpose is to attract

people from high density, public, and neighbourhood areas to use the facility. People who are

tired of studying at the library can conveniently go downstairs for a swim or other sports or vice


34

versa. As it is beside our theme circular garden, it would encourage the people who are visiting

the garden to use the recreational facilities.

Office Building A, B, and C

The public area will consist of three office buildings. Office buildings B and C are placed

beside an area of restaurants for the convenience of people. All three office buildings are well

within walking distance to the theme garden. Building A is conveniently located beside the

community centre that would allow people to use the recreational facilities during breaks or after

work.

Three Story building

The three story building is located adjacent to the theme garden and the mega plaza. It is

also within walking distances to nearby office buildings. The retail level will include a coffee

shop/restaurant to compensate for people working and living upstairs, and the remaining space is

to be used as a laundry shop. For design of residential floor, windows and balconies are facing

towards south of the building to absorb maximum sunshine.

Parking Lots

All parking lots are designed according to Toronto Design Guidelines for 'Greening'

Surface Parking Lots (Toronto Urban Design, 2010), and Porous Pavement is used for all

parking lots.

Parking Lot A: 164 parking spaces available for the public

Parking Lot B: 26 parking spaces available, reserved by officers of community center

Parking Lot C: 60 parking spaces available, reserved by employee in Office Building C

Parking Lot D: 90 parking spaces available, reserved by resident and officers in 3-storey building

Parking Lot E: 206 parking spaces available for the public

Bicycle Parking: 200 parking spaces are provided to promote healthy transportation

http://www.toronto.ca/planning/urbdesign/pdf/greening_parking_lots_dg_update_16nov07.pdf

http://www.toronto.ca/planning/urbdesign/pdf/greening_parking_lots_dg_update_16nov07.pdf


35

3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF LAYOUT FOR PUBLIC SPACE HULLS

The central area containing the fountain will be of a great attraction to the plaza and

community centre users. It is an area that is crossed by all occupants. Occupants from office

buildings, plaza, parking lots, and community centre will have to cross the central public space

hull to get from one point to the other as shown in Figure 3.1. It is expected that during pleasant

weather, this area will be a main social area as it is shared between all users. In addition to the

central hull, it was realized that there is a need for other minor hulls for specific users. Minor

public space hulls were created adjacent to all of the buildings. Office buildings in the south have

a shared public space, the community centre has a hull shared between people outdoors and

indoors and the plaza has an additional public space connecting it to the higher density area.

Furthermore, all of these minor public space hulls are connected to the central hull giving a sense

of continuity to the area. The pleasantness of the seating, scenery and the social environment will

be of an enormous attraction to the public.

3.4 REFINEMENT OF PATTERN LANGUAGE

As the user enters the public buildings area, they will be attracted to the focal points

presented by the designer. Firstly, the circular public space hull centered in the area is a focal

point existing to attract all occupants to it. Another major focal point is the plaza with its

ultramodern shape inviting people from office buildings for a lunch, community centre users for

a break and occupants of the two other components of the project for shopping and

entertainment. The diminishing story limit gives the user a feeling of a limitless horizon and

allows the central hull to intake the sunlight and the breeze of the lake. In addition, the circularity

of the buildings gives a sense of continuity and flow to the area, allowing the air to circulate the

entire component. As one continues to walk the area, the connectedness of the buildings will be

felt, it is not a physical connection, but it is a connection created by the public space hulls.

Finally, the small public parks scattered throughout the area will be filled with a social

atmosphere capturing people coming out of the small dispersed parking lots and users exiting the

buildings.


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3.5 RINTERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SITE MODEL(1:500 SCALE)

Figure 3.2: Public Building Sector Site Model-1

Figure 3.3: Public Building Sector Site Model-2


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3.6 KEY ELEMENTS FOR OUTDOOR FEATURES AND CONSIDERATION OF

GREEN ROOF ELEMENTS

The goal of the development of the public area is to enable human-environment interaction

while enhancing entertainment, working environment, and other uses of the land. To further

emphasize on sustainability, unused land will be developed into gardens, green islands, green

spaces, parks, etc. With the development of such green spaces, it will promote a healthier

community both physically and mentally. Key components of Public Building sector are shown

in Table 3.2 and Figure 3.4.

Table 3.2: Key components of PB sector

Key components

Landuse

Area(m2)

1 Outdoor Playground 7,919

2 Total Parking Area 14,823

3 Gas Station 1,351

4 Fountain/central garden 12,867

5 Outdoor walkable space 21,798

6 Major Green Space 31,534

7 Buildings 31,578

Figure 3.4: Public Building Component Landuse Percentage


38

The centre of the public area consists of a large circular green space with a fountain at its

centre. To better encourage active living, the fountain will run from spring to fall, and be served

as an outdoor skating arena during the winter. The surrounding circular garden will have a

unique theme and name to attract tourists. To give an example, the theme could be designed as

“The Pacman”, where vegetations shaped in the respective shapes for the game. To add more

flavour to the theme, an opening signifying the mouth of the “Pacman” can be created at the

circular garden to provide area for community gathering.

Green spaces are a common sight within the public area as shown in the models. To uplift

the uses of these lands, benches and picnic tables are required within the green space. It allows

proper resting for visitors while providing them with a chance to calm their minds.

Advertisements containing environment protection messages and cartoons should be used on

benches around the space. It will not only educate citizens some environmental initiatives but it

also adds a modern look to the area. Green islands should be used on major roads, it would

provide both a safety and environment feature to the public area.

Green roofs provide numerous benefits to the city such as energy reduction, aesthetics,

heat island effect, storm water retention, Carbon Dioxide reduction, and air cleaning. It will be

incorporated into the four major buildings within the public area: Community centre, office

building A, B, and C. Intensive Green Roofs will be considered against Extensive Green Roof.

To support the decision: since all buildings are new so the extra load from intensive roofs will be

incorporated in building designs. Intensive green roof supports thicker vegetation and thus more

energy efficiency and storm water interception for the building.

As the aim of the project is to turn the development land into the heart of the city, it is

essential that the public area not only provide entertainment and commercial needs for citizens,

but also environment awareness education.


39

Chapter 4

Adjoining Neighbourhood Component


40

4 ADJOINING NEIGHBOURHOOD COMPONENT

4.1 DESIRED COMPONENT PERCENTAGES

The land use of urban neighbourhoods affects quality of life significantly. The urban

neighbourhood area mainly consists of five components: structures, green spaces, pedestrian

pathways, parking spaces and roads. The total area of this neighbourhood is about 18 acres, and

Table 4.1 illustrates types and sizes of houses in this area. Semidetached houses account for half

of the total units in the residential area because they provide a comfortable living space while

reducing the extra space between houses. Building excessive detached units would reduce the

population density and hinder the full potential use of many facilities nearby. Large amount of

townhouses not only provides the eye with a compacted neighbourhood but also increases traffic

flow and congestion problems. Thus having the mixed layout of the three types of house units

would significantly enhance visual, safety, and sustainability aspects.

Table 4.1: Neighbourhood Area Density

House Type Dimension (per

unit)

Units per

Structure

Total

Units

Persons

per Unit

Total

Residents

Semidetached 13 X 10 metres 2 96 3.22 309

Detached 16 X 9 metres 1 47 3.3 155

Townhouse 12.5 X 6 metres 2 38 3.1 117.8

Total area for structures (excluding parking spaces) is approximately 5.9 Acres. It accounts

for 30% of the neighbourhood area. The structures in this area are mainly houses. There is also a

church for residents living in or near this area. The minimum residential density requirement for

a bus service in every half hour is 7 units per acre (Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and

Housing, 2010). In order to satisfy this requirement, a structure density of 10 units per acre has

been assumed so that the residents living in this area could access bus services in close

proximity.


41

The green spaces in this area are composed of gardens and backyards for houses, trails, and

over 70 percent of existing trees would remain after the development. The designed layout shows

that every detached house and semidetached house has its own green space which can provide

residents with gardens or yards to enrich the lives of people. Large backyards are desired to

enable a healthy lifestyle while providing a stress free environment. There is also a large green

area surrounding the church that would provide plentiful space for people to enjoy picnics,

exercises, and gatherings. Total green space would total up to 40% of the area because most

existing trees would be kept for trails and natural fencing.

The parking spaces are designed as individual parking lot for every semidetached or

detached house and a large shared parking lot for residents living in townhouses. The purpose of

a shared parking lot is to save space. The average parking (in cars) per unit for the

neighbourhood area is expected to be 1.8, with semi and detached houses having two cars per

unit while one car for townhouses. Therefore, parking would account for 15% of the total area.

The streets in this area are primarily designed for the comfort of residents. As can be seen

in the layout, it is not very convenient to drive in this area since the area is bisected with the trail

that prevents vehicular traffics. As a result, this would provide a more suitable environment for

residents and pedestrians since there are not many vehicles moving on the street. Furthermore,

the brown diagonal trail on the layout would promote casual walking and biking habits as it is

very close to residents. It also goes through the entire area so that the residents are able to

commute to church in a safe and easy manner. Roads do not play a big role in this area and it

accounts for only 8% of the area.

Pedestrian pathways are highly valued in this design as the main purpose of the area is to

provide a friendly and safe neighbourhood. Each road is to have sidewalks on each side along

with green curbs to add more distance between pedestrians and vehicle traffic. The diagonal trail

provides an extra walkway for pedestrians to commute in between areas. The pedestrian

walkways account for 7% of total neighbourhood area.


42

Table 4.2: Component Summary for Neighbourhood Area

Feature Percentage (%)

Buildings 30

Green Spaces (including back and front yards) 40

Parking 15

Pedestrian Pathways 7

Roads 8

4.2 INSIGHTS

A site model is shown in Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2. The development area has a

descending slope from south to north at the south-west corner. In order to accommodate the deep

slope, the second row of townhouses from the south of the southern border would need to be

slightly higher so that the first row would not block substantial vision. The advantage of the

slope is that the forest and church located in the north part of the neighbourhood would become

more visible to the townhouses, and some of the houses. Rainwater capture tanks and its

respective system, or the potential to build them, is to be designed for every unit on the

neighbourhood property.

Figure 4.1: Neighbourhood Development Design (Google Sketchup Model-1)


43

Figure 4.2: Neighbourhood Development Design (Google Sketchup Model-2)


As one enters the neighbourhood area, he/she would experience the quietness and peace

offered by the unique layout of the residential properties. A layout allows cars to enter to park

only and not to drive around, encouraging residents to walk or bike in their neighbourhood. This

layout introduces safety into the neighbourhood allowing kids to use the roads for recreational

purposes. Moreover, all houses have private gardens creating a sustainable and attractive

neighbourhood, encouraging residents to spend more time outdoors socializing with their

neighbours. In addition, the existence of the small public parks in between sets of houses is a

great way to connect people together. Small balconies and main entrances facing the streets

allow residents to keep an eye on their neighbourhood increasing its safety. Also, the

connectedness of some of the residential properties gives the neighbourhood a sense of unity.

One of the most important aspects of the neighbourhood is the household mix. The types of

residential properties built into the area will allow the existence of a variety of family/single

dwellers creating a social balance in the area. Furthermore, as residents walk around their

neighbourhood, they will be fascinated by the number of trees scattered all over the area cleaning

the air and allowing different species to co-exist with the residents. Finally, the storey limit

established in the area will fill the neighbourhood with sunshine and a pleasant breeze from the

lake.


44

Chapter 5

HIGHER DENSITY COMPONENT


45

5 HIGHER DENSITY COMPONENT

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is the basic design of the higher density area (6.97 acres). The layout of

structures with detailed daylight orientation, landscaping, and proposed building massing are

discussed in this chapter.

5.2 PROPOSED BUILDING MASSING AND OPEN SPACE

Building massing has a significant impact on the quality of life as well as the appearance

of the area. The structures in the higher density area are low rise buildings (2.5 stories) and

mainly apartment buildings. High-rise buildings do not exist in this area. The low-rise structures

are neatly arranged along both sides of the trails. These buildings are distributed as one next to

each other along the Stuart St., and mainly face towards East and West which will keep the

apartments receiving daylights during the day, and further save energy. Every unit will have its

own garden at the back of the buildings so that the street will have better visual effect. Although

most of parking spaces will be underground, there will still have some sidewalk parking along

both sides of the streets.


Entering the higher density area, the resident will sense the presence of an open united

community. People will be filling the small public parks and private gardens available in the

neighbourhood, giving it a social, safe and welcoming atmosphere. Walking around, it will be

realized that the maximum height of a building is 2.5 stories, allowing the sun to shine through

each part of the area and permitting the breeze from the lake to refresh the neighbourhood. The

low story limit will also increase the sense of safety and security as people are closer to the

ground and aware of the street activity. To further ensure a secure neighbourhood, small

balconies will be facing the streets keeping an eye on the area. Some of the dwelling units will be


46

connected to each other to increase social interaction. If a person flies over the area, they will be

amazed by the presence of roof gardens over each building in the area. In addition to all of the

green space, the non-existence of streets intersecting the neighbourhood will create a very

sustainable society. All of the roads will be surrounding the area and cars will enter only to park

in the small parking lots available by their dwelling units with no opportunity to drive around.

Finally, the presence of people walking and biking around the area demanded the existence of

connected trails in the neighbourhood.

5.4 KEY DESIGN DETAILS

Figure 5.1: Higher Density Component (Sketchup Model-1)

A site model of Higher Density Component is shown in Figure 5.1, and a section A-A

view is shown in Figure 5.2. Moreover, a detailed floor layout of apartment is shown in Figure

5.3.


47

Figure 5.2: Higher Density Component Section A-A view (Sketchup Model-2)

Figure 5.3: Typical Floor Layout of Apartment in Higher Density Sector


48

5.5 LAYOUT FOR DAYLIGHT ORIENTATION

In the high density area, daylight orientation becomes one of the most important factors

which need to be considered carefully. Daylight consists of direct sunlight and diffuse skylight.

The diffuse skyline is almost the same from every direction, therefore, direct sunlight is the

crucial ingredient for daylight orientation. Firstly, in North America, all the sunlight comes from

south-east or south-west. This means the north side of houses barely gets any sunlight through

the year. To deal with this issue, thin houses with wide faces will be constructed in the

development area. Two wider walls facing east or west will provide the maximum sunlight

during the year. Moreover, thin house style will let sunlight go through rooms much easily.

Houses are relatively close to each other in the high density area, which might increase sunlight

obstruction. In order to avoid obstruction, there will be two houses in a row separated by

individual garden and rows are divided by streets. In this way, tremendous sunlight will be

enjoyed by the people living in this high density area.

5.6 LANDSCAPE

The high density area will enable a dense while clean and friendly living space for

residents. Increased density will not remove the "green" theme of the project. The high density

space is designed such that every household is provided with their own backyard/garden. Each of

the condos on the north side of the area will have multiple units each. Every unit has two floors,

with the balcony facing the lake and parking lot facing south. Each separate unit will be provided

with their own backyard.

Along the most north side of the area, an east west trail that runs parallel to the shoreline

will be constructed for both transportation and healthy lifestyles. It branches out in the middle

area and connects to the imposed trail in the neighbourhood area. This design greatly promotes

walking and exercising for both high density and neighbourhood areas as people can benefit

from outdoor living without having fears of vehicular traffic. The intersection of the main trail is

the heart of the high density area. It is essentially a gathering place for weddings and music


49

festivals. It will connect people together with magnificent view and style. Tall evergreen trees

will be planned along the lake trails to act as a wind shield from the lake. Shorter trees and

shrubs are more desired on the rest of the area.

5.7 GREEN ROOF

Green roofs are to be implemented on all condos in the high density area. Intensive green

roofs will reduce energy consumption and give a pleasant texture to the area. Since these condos

are one of the biggest buildings in the neighbourhood area, and placing green roofs on it would

reduce maintenance costs as it would be contracted to the same company. It would also add an

aesthetic feature to the high density area.

Note:

Detailed Integrated Green Roof System design is available in section 9.1 on page 117.


50

Chapter 6

Design for Mobility


51

6 DESIGN FOR MOBILITY

6.1 INTRODUCTION

As people’s mobility is of great importance in any neighbourhood, an overview of the

transportation system across all three areas in the development will be discussed in chapter 6. In

depth design will be presented for each mode of transportation and a general picture of the

impact of each mode on the others will be given. As Figure 6.1 shows, in order to promote a

healthy and sustainable way of transportation in the proposed area, dedicated lanes for bicycles

on the main roads and larger sidewalks around residential buildings and the neighbourhood will

be added.

Figure 6.1: Mobility design

6.2 PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT IN ALL THREE ZONES

Since sustainability is one of the top priorities in the Hamilton West Harbour

Re-development project, pedestrian movement will be encouraged through all three areas. Wide

sidewalks of width 1.7m will be implemented in all areas allowing 2 wheel chairs to pass each

other easily. Ramps as shown in Figure 6.2 will be provided to ease movement of wheel chairs,


52

disabled people, blind people with canes, kids in strollers … etc. Sufficient clearances between

sidewalks and roads will be part of all three areas as seen in Figure 6.3 for the protection of kids

playing around & pedestrians, incorporating green pavements and planting trees. In addition to

all of the details given for the ease of the pedestrian movement, a plan of the trails that connect

all three areas is given in the general layout drawing in Figure 6.1.Finally to promote healthy and

comfortable pedestrian walking sightlines will be taken into account as shown in Figure 6.4.

Figure 6.2: Sidewalk ramp for wheelchairs

Figure 6.3: Sidewalks for NB,PB and HD sectors


53

Figure 6.4: Pedestrian walking sightlines

6.3 CYCLIST MOVEMENT IN ALL THREE ZONES

In order to further encourage sustainable living, cyclist movement will be of great

significance in the design of the transportation system. Dedicated bike lanes will be implemented

on both sides of the street for collector roads as shown in the general layout given in the

appendix. Bike lanes will have a width of 1.8m in the public buildings area and 1.5m in the high

density area. No bike lanes will be provided in the neighbourhood area as roads are safe for

cyclists. In the meantime, the trail connecting all three areas will be designed to be used by

cyclists. Finally bike racks will be provided overall the development and they will be designed to

be accessed easily as shown in Figure 6.5


54

Figure 6.5: Bike racks design

6.4 TRANSIT ACCESS FROM ALL THREE ZONES

To speed transportation between all three areas and to connect the new development with

the rest of Hamilton, a transit route is given in the general layout drawing in the appendix. The

reason behind the “U” shape of the route is to compensate for the density. The route covers most

of the public buildings and high density areas and is of good proximity to the neighbourhood

area but not too close to protect its peacefulness and quietness. Transit shelters as shown in

Figure 6.5 are provided along the transit route with an incorporated bike shelter to encourage

residents to bike to bus stations and commute to their destinations.


55

6.5 TRAFFIC CALMING AND PARKING PROVISION

In order to facilitate cars’ movement in all of the three areas while keeping green

transportation a top priority, several traffic calming techniques will be implemented all around

the development. Speed humps will be minimized as it should not be placed on emergency,

transit and collector routes. All way stops will be minimized as well since drivers increase speed

in between stops. One of the main techniques that will be implemented is minor horizontal

deflection established by narrowing lanes. Also, appropriate signage will be available throughout

the development for the safety of all residents. Finally, street parking, raised medians, chicanes,

roundabouts, chockers and textured pavements will be part of the roads. They will be considered

in next stage of design.


56

Chapter 7

ECONOMICS, SAFETY, HEALTH, ACCESS,

RESILIENCE


57

7 ECONOMICS, SAFETY, HEALTH, ACCESS, RESILIENCE

7.1 SAFETY OF VISITORS AND RESIDENTS

The safety and security of all visitors and residents is the top priority in this new

development. A set of measures will be outlined in this section to address safety issues that could

arise in this diverse neighbourhood. Considering the safety and security of people on the streets

various issues could be tackled. As shown in previous chapters streets in the three areas usually

only outline the areas giving very minimal access to cars within each area. This aspect will

ensure the safety of people from any car accidents and minimize the pedestrian car interaction. In

addition, traffic calming techniques such as narrowing lanes and texturing pavements discussed

in chapter 6 will make sure that pedestrian car interaction is safe. Bike lanes provided on the

streets will ensure the safety of cyclists in addition to implementing bicycle traffic signals.

Furthermore, the existence of busy open green space facing the streets guarantees the security of

people from any acts of theft or harassment. Balconies and windows of buildings/houses, which

are facing the street, will also serve as a mean of securing people on the street. Solar paneled

light poles installed along the streets will encourage street occupancy and minimize crimes. In

terms of people’s safety on sidewalks, rough surfaced concrete sidewalks will be implemented to

prevent slippery conditions during snowfall. Moreover, most of the trails run through busy areas

to ensure the security of pedestrians. Additionally, since green space is a focal point in each of

the areas attracting pedestrians from different buildings to cross it or stay in it, the security of the

people is guaranteed through the busyness of the public space. Finally, all buildings will follow

the appropriate building and fire codes, providing sufficient fire exits and paths, installing

security cameras to ensure the safety and security of all residents and visitors.


58

7.2 HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE ASPECTS FOR VISITORS AND RESIDENTS

Since the number one attractive aspect of any community is the quality of life provided to

the residents and visitors, a variety of methods are implemented to ensure the existence of a

healthy balanced community. The major element affecting the quality of life in the development

is the existence of green space providing people with sufficient amount of oxygen. Green space

does not only affect the physical health of residents but it also affects the social health of this

community as it encourages social interaction. Green space is also very pleasing to the eye,

spreading a sense of happiness throughout the neighbourhood. In addition, the storey limit

implemented on buildings ensures sufficient sunlight will enter the development benefiting

plants and people. The existence of green roofs on many of the buildings is an additional

contributor to the physical and social health of residents. Another contributor to the elimination

of air and noise pollution is the discouragement of cars’ existence in the neighbourhood through

the layout of streets and the provided transit stops with a bike shelter. Walking and cycling will

encourage people to stop and have a talk with neighbours. Benches will also be scattered along

sidewalks to provide convenience for pedestrians who need to rest. Moreover, most of the

parking lots will include islands of green space slowing down cars and contributing to the air

quality. Finally, one of the main aspects that affect the quality of life in the development is the

layout of each area as it encourages healthy lifestyle through physical activities in the provided

facilities, walking to work and shopping using a bicycle.

7.3 CONSIDERATIONS TO MAXIMIZE ACCESS FOR DISABLED PERSONS

In order to provide a friendly and convenient neighbourhood to every person, accessibility

features are to be designed for disabled persons for maximum safety and quality of life.

Accessibility features to be considered include routes, signage and signals, texture surfaces,

waste bins, barriers, construction sites, ramps, and lighting.

Pedestrian routes are to be designed to provide safe, direct, and obstacle free access paths

for people who rely on wheel chairs and are also visually impaired. Routes to main entrances are

to be designed so they are easily accessible with wheelchairs. Ramps with smooth angle to


59

accommodate wheelchairs are to be constructed for all pedestrian crossings. Curbs are to be

constructed along the ramp to prevent wheel chair escape. As the design shown from previous

chapter, sidewalks are 1.7 metres wide to allow two wheel chairs to travel side by side in

opposite directions. To promote walking for elders and cane users, benches are to be set up along

sidewalks at spacing such that it would satisfy a 10 minutes slow-walking interval. Sidewalks

should be flat, rigid and free of large cracks. The maximum gradient should be 5% (Toronto

accessibility guidelines – 1.1.7). A maximum spacing of 6 mm (Toronto accessibility guidelines

– 1.1.7) between paving materials on sidewalks and a 13 mm grading difference should be used

according to Toronto accessibility guidelines – 1.1.7. Figure 7.1 clearly marks the requirements.

(Figure 2 of 1.1.7 of Toronto accessibility guidelines). Trees should be maintained regularly, any

obstruction branches that interfere with walking should be cut immediately. The lowest branch at

the pedestrian routes should be at least 2.1 metres from the ground.

Figure 7.1: Sidewalk elevation difference requirement

To aid visually impaired/weak persons, all pedestrian signals are to have both a flashing

and an audio signal. In order to provide a safe crossing for pedestrians, proper drainage and

maintenance should be implemented so that excessive rain and melting snow are cleared in time

to prevent accidents. Signal timing should be designed for a slow walking person. Proper signage

with appropriate colour contrast and colour such as bright yellow/orange are to be used to aid the

visually weak seniors. Signage from stores located at a close distance to the sidewalk should be

hanged above 2.1 metres to accommodate tall pedestrians.


60

Accessible parking spaces should be provided at a ratio of 1:25 (1.2 of Toronto

accessibility guidelines), with a dimension of 3660 mm by 5385 mm to allow access for a

wheelchair van.

As a warning to ramps, turns, or stairs, textured surface are to be installed in the area along

critical points listed above to assist visually impaired cane users. If sidewalk repairs and other

constructions are to occur, barriers should be placed such that it is cane detectable.

Waste and recycling bins should be secured such that it is easily accessible by physically

disabled people. Bins are to accommodate the appropriate garbage flow and should be low

enough for wheelchair and scooter users. They should be placed near benches, bus stops, and

places where people stop and rest.

Lightings are very important during night time walking, especially for seniors with weak

vision. Lighting posts should be high enough such that it would not create long shadows, which

could become a blind spot against weak vision. Lighting should also be designed to reduce glare,

and it should be placed such that it would not interfere with proper wheelchair and scooter

movement. Proper lighting should be provided at a minimum height of 2.1 metres as shown on

figure 7.2. (1.5 of Toronto accessibility guidelines.)

Figure 7.2: Light cut-of angle requirement for visibility


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7.4 CONSIDERATIONS TO MAXIMIZE RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE,

POWER AVAILABILITY FLUCTUATIONS, PEAK OIL EFFECTS

In order to maximize resilience to climate change, power availability fluctuations, and peak

oil effects, the strategy used by in this project is reducing dependence on cars, creating a more

vibrant city, and promoting mixing of housing and a diverse population. As global warming

becomes more visible, effects such as temperature rise, excessive rain and drought are taken into

consideration in the project.

According to U.S. Geological Survey (2000) data, U.S. buildings consume up to 40% of

total primary energy use, 72% of electricity consumption, 39% of Carbon Dioxide emissions,

and 13.6% potable water consumption. Therefore, green buildings play a very important role of

effective resilience against mentioned factors. Water usage could be reduced by installing

rain-water harvesting systems at all houses within the area. Each newly developed residential

unit should be equipped with low-flow faucet heads. All new buildings will be built with

high insulating materials as identified in chapter 2. To further decrease energy reliability, all new

buildings have been designed with the potential of using applicable green features such as solar

panels and passive solar. Large buildings will incorporate loads of intense green roofs. Modern

climate effects from global warming could lead to unexpected weather and thus proper storm

water diverting would become an issue for a fast growing area. Green roofs help reducing such

affects by intercepting rain. An energy store that sells green products such as reduced-flow

faucet/shower heads, incandescent light bulbs, rainwater harvesting systems, etc. located within

the high density neighbourhood area would greatly promote resource efficiency.

Transportation should be vibrant and not limited to cars only. All three neighbourhoods are

designed with bicycle lanes and wide sidewalks. The transit system goes through the majority of

the high density areas so there more options for travelling without driving. The neighbourhood is

designed such that walking and biking is much more convenient than driving due to the location

of roads and trails.


62

The development area is designed with a mixed use of buildings that are connected

together with convenient walk and bike paths. The main idea is to have buildings placed in such

way that ordinary necessities can be obtained without driving.

7.5 ECONOMICS

Economics is one of many important parts of a sustainable design. The primary content of

engineering economics is the evaluation of costs and benefits. In order to satisfy the revenue

neutral development for the project, cost and revenue details are introduced in this section.

Costs

There are three kinds of costs being considered in this section: fixed costs, variable costs,

and semi variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that remain the same, regardless of the volume

index. Variable costs are costs that change depending on the volume index. And semi-variable

costs are a combination of fixed costs and variable costs.

Table 7.1 is the estimation of initial costs based on Local Government Policy and

Regulatory Environment including materials, labour, and construction costs. The residential area

in this table includes all the houses, townhouses, and low-rise buildings; the commercial area is

mainly in the public building area of the project which consist of shopping malls, convenient

stores, hospital, schools, office buildings, and so on; and the institutional area includes all public

spaces such as streets, parking lots, and public green spaces. The total initial cost is calculated as

470 million dollars from this table. The initial cost will be spent only on the first year. The

annual renovation cost changes with time and assumed as increasing linearly with a rate of 0.5%.

The annual renovation is shown in Table 7.3.

Table 7.1: Initial Costs

Usage Area (ft2) Cost ($/ft

2)

Residential 765,285 100

Commercial 791,680 170

Institutional 1,335,085 195


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Revenues

Revenues are mainly from component percentages discussed in previous chapters and the

development charges which are given in City of Hamilton Development Charge Information. The

total annual revenue is estimated as 44.5 million dollars from Table 7.2. This revenue value is

assumed increasing with a rate 0.5% annually.

Table 7.2: Financial Statement of Annual Revenues

Usage

Residential Charges ($) Non-

Residential

(per ft2) Houses

(per unit)

Apartments 2+

bedrooms

(per unit)

Apartments

Bachelor & 1

bedroom (per unit)

Town

houses

(per unit)

City 26,927 16,626 11,094 19,300 15.19

Transit 215 133 89 154

Education 610 610 610 610 0.18

Total charge

(without tax) 27,752 17,369 11,793 20,064 15.37

Tax rate (%) 1.479 1.479 1.479 1.479 3.231

Total charge

(with tax) 28,163 17,626 11,968 20,360 N.A

Final Cash Flow

From Table 7.3 and Table 7.4, the total cost of 20 years is 1.68 billion dollars while the

total revenue is 1.56 billion. This result is close to a revenue neutral development.

Figure 7.3: Cash Flow Diagram


64

Table 7.3: Cost of Development

Year (n) Initial ($) Renovation ($) N (=20-n) Convert to Future value

($)

0 471,455,675 0 20 1,033,017,440

1 0 2,357,278 19 4,966,430

2 0 4,714,557 18 9,550,827

3 0 7,071,835 17 13,775,231

4 0 9,429,114 16 17,660,553

5 0 11,786,392 15 21,226,626

6 0 14,143,670 14 24,492,261

7 0 16,500,949 13 27,475,292

8 0 18,858,227 12 30,192,629

9 0 21,215,505 11 32,660,296

10 0 23,572,784 10 34,893,478

11 0 25,930,062 9 36,906,564

12 0 28,287,341 8 38,713,179

13 0 30,644,619 7 40,326,228

14 0 33,001,897 6 41,757,928

15 0 35,359,176 5 43,019,844

16 0 37,716,454 4 44,122,917

17 0 40,073,732 3 45,077,499

18 0 42,431,011 2 45,893,381

19 0 44,788,289 1 46,579,821

20 0 47,145,568 0 47,145,568

Total (in billion dollars) 1.68


65

Table 7.4: Revenue of Development

Year

(n)

Annual Revenue ($) N (=20-n) Convert to Future

value ($)

0 46,782,621 20 102,506,484

1 47,016,534 19 99,056,746

2 47,250,447 18 95,720,736

3 47,484,360 17 92,494,809

4 47,718,273 16 89,375,431

5 47,952,186 15 86,359,179

6 48,186,099 14 83,442,734

7 48,420,012 13 80,622,880

8 48,653,925 12 77,896,503

9 48,887,838 11 75,260,582

10 49,121,752 10 72,712,193

11 49,355,665 9 70,248,501

12 49,589,578 8 67,866,762

13 49,823,491 7 65,564,316

14 50,057,404 6 63,338,586

15 50,291,317 5 61,187,077

16 50,525,230 4 59,107,374

17 50,759,143 3 57,097,134

18 50,993,056 2 55,154,090

19 51,226,970 1 53,276,049

20 51,460,883 0 51,460,883

Total (in billion dollars) 1.56


66

Chapter 8

STRUCTURAL DESIGN


67

8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

8.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

As part of the redevelopment in the Hamilton West Harbour area, the project consists of

the structural design of a 3 storey mixed use building. Its location is chosen at the intersection of

Barton Street and Bay Street based on the LEED rating system (Canada Green Building

Council2). The ground floor will be used as retail, second floor will be offices, and third floor

will be residential apartments. Total floor area is 2850m2 and 950m

2 for each floor with

dimension N-S×E-W of 48m×19.8m. Figure 8.1 shows an architecture model of the mixed use

building. The design of the building consists of derivation of gravity loads, derivation of wind

and seismic loads, and structure member sizing for critical beams, girders, columns, braced

frames and connections according to the National Building Code of Canada 2010, CISC Steel

Handbook 10th

edition and CISC Limit States Design in Structural Steel 10th

edition. Moreover,

green building elements, building envelope, foundation design and physical modeling are also

included in this chapter.

Figure 8.1: Architecture Model of Multi-use Building

2 Score evolution and explanation available in Section 9.3.1 Sustainable Sites on page 125


68

8.2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SELECTION

8.2.1 Preliminary Structural Design

Figure 8.2: Preliminary Structural Design

Originally, the building and all of its elements was to be designed using reinforced

concrete. As shown in Figure 8.2, columns are spaced at 3.6m vertically, and 4m horizontally.

The main rationale behind this kind of building shape and position of line of symmetry is to have

the maximum daylight by maximizing south facing wall area. Moreover, the building is designed

to be narrow to allow daylight to penetrate through the building which then reduces the energy

demand once the building is in operation. Concrete is chosen because it is easy to obtain and a

variety of shapes can be formed using it. Also, steel would act as thermal bridge whereas

concrete is less thermal conductive. Therefore, concrete is better than steel regarding the heat

loss and energy efficiency of the building. However, due to the complexity of structure design

related to non-symmetric building shape, this preliminary design is further discussed among the

group and decided to be replaced by the following design.


69

8.2.2 Final Structural Design

Nowadays, structural solution for low rise buildings is often obtained by integrating two

different load resisting systems in the same structure. Both systems are connected together by

means of floor structures, which provide a rigid diaphragm at each storey level. Since the first

floor of multi-use building is used as retail, large open space is preferred. Comparing wood,

masonry, concrete and steel, steel offers more usable space because of the longer spans and

larger column spacing can be used. Most importantly, Steel is almost hundred percent recyclable

without any loss of quality, whereas concrete is not completely recyclable. As a result, steel is

chosen to be the material for the structural members. To ease construction and procurement

process, shear wall is not considered in the design. Therefore, The 3-storey mixed use building is

designed to be built with steel frame and bracing system.

Figure 8.3: Typical Floor of Final Structural Design

As shown in Figure 8.3, the cross-section of the building is designed to be symmetric about

both the East West axis and the North South axis. Beams are spaced horizontally at 3.2m; girders


70

are spaced vertically at 6.6m. For columns, horizontal spacing is 9.6m, and vertical spacing is

6.6m. Furthermore, W shaped structural steel sections are selected to be beams, girders and

columns since their shape offers efficient resistance to bending moments and as column to carry

axial loads.

Composite floor system is selected for all floor slabs. The system consists of a high

strength profiled steel deck and a structural concrete slab with welded wire fabric and additional

reinforcement when specified. Since the concrete slab acts as part of the beam to take

compression, this leads to the reduction of total floor depth; this floor system is economical and

efficient because the size of steel beams can be significantly reduced.

100mm thick hollow concrete block is selected to construct non-structural partition walls.

Comparing it to wood, concrete block is more durable and energy efficient because the block

acts as a reservoir to trap and store heat. Additionally, concrete block has good resistance to fire

and noise. According to CISC Steel handbook, 100mm thick hollow concrete block has a density

of 1.1 kPa which is less than that of solid bricks. As a result, 1.1 kPa is considered as specific

dead load on the floor in the design criteria.

Table 8.1: Material Selection Summary3

Structural members Material

Beam, girder and column W shape steel sections

Floor slab Concrete slab on profiled steel deck

Roof Conventional build up system

Non-structural partition wall 100mm thick hollow concrete block

3 For more information on material selection of covering, roofing, windows and doors please see Chapter 2:

Material Selection


71

8.3 DESIGN CRITERIA SUMMARY

Location: Hamilton, Ontario (Appendix C, NBCC2010)

Snow Load (1/50 return year): Ss=0.9, Sr =0.4

Hourly Wind Pressure (1/50 return year): 0.46 kPa

Importance Category: Normal (Table 4.1.2.1, NBCC2010)

Storey Height Restrictions: minimum ceiling height is 2.1m (Table 9.5.3.1, NBCC2010)

Table 8.2: Floor Heights Summary

Total floor height

(mm)

Floor to ceiling height

(mm)

3rd

(Residential) 3,500 2,850

2nd

(Office) 3,500 2,850

Ground(Retail) 5,000 4,350

Figure 8.4: Elevation View between Grid M and P (Dimensions: mm)


72

Figure 8.4 shows an elevation of the building, along grid line 3 and between grid lines M

and P, illustrating the floor heights. Elevations shown are top of slab.

Specified Dead Loads - Roof: (CISC Steel Handbook, pg 7-56)

Table 8.3: Specified Dead Loads on Roof

kPa

Roof finish-3ply asphalt, no gravel 0.15

Insulation 0.1

Steel deck 0.1

Ceiling 0.2

Mechanical system 0.2

Green roof 0.684

Steel concrete composite slab 1.98

Total 3.41

Specified Dead Loads - Office Floor and Residential Floor: (CISC Steel Handbook, pg 7-56)

Table 8.4: Specified Dead Load on Office and Residential Floor

kPa

Floor finish, hardwood (bamboo) 0.08

Ceiling 0.2

Ducts/pipes/wiring 0.25

Non-structural partition wall 1.1

Steel concrete composite slab 1.98

Total 3.61

4 Detailed Calculation of Green roof dead load available in Appendix A on page A-37


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Specified Live Loads: (NBCC2010 Table 4.1.5.3)

Table 8.5: Specified Live Loads Summary

Live Load Reduction:

0.3+√ (9.8/B), where B, tributary Area, is greater than 20m2, NBCC2010 4.1.5.8(3)

Serviceability Criteria:

Max allowable deflection due to live load = L/300 (Steel Handbook Table D.1 pg 1-146)

For beams: max allowable deflection = 6600/300 = 22mm

For girders: max allowable deflection = 9600/300 = 32 mm

Drift limit:

The deflection criteria given in CISC CSA S16-09 Table D.1 states that lateral

deflection should not exceed h/400 (12000mm/400 = 30mm)

Inter storey deflections limit for seismic (NBCC 2010 Section 4.1.8.13)

2nd

(Office): 2.5% h = 0.025 x 5000 = 125 mm

3rd

(Residential):2.5% h = 0.0025 x 3500 = 87.5 mm

Roof: 2.5%h = 0.025 x 2500 = 87.5 mm

Note: All the drift limit are checked in 8.6.4 Lateral bracing design using results from

SAP2000

kPa

Roof 1

Office 2.4

Residential 1.9

Service core, corridors and balcony 4.8


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8.4 FIRE PROTECTION

Major occupancy: (NBCC 2010 Appendix A, A-3.1.2.1.)

Group E- Retails, Shops

Group D-Offices

Group C-Residential Apartments

Type of construction: non combustible

Building height: 3 storeys (12 m)

Building area=950 m2 /each floor

Firefighting accessibility: facing 2 streets (Bay Street and Barton Street, Hamilton)

From NBCC 2010 table 3.1.3.1

Minimum Fire-Resistance Rating of Fire separation = 2 hours

8.5 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR GRAVITY LOADS

The gravity loads of 3-storey steel framed building comprise a simply supported system of

vertical columns interconnected by horizontal beams, which supports the composite floors and

roofing. The loads on the lower lever columns will include the loads passed down through the

columns above in addition to the loads from the slab the column is supporting. The gravity load

combinations considered for the design are:

Case 2: 1.25DL+1.5L+0.5S

Case 3: 1.25DL+1.5S+0.5L (Table 4.1.3.2 NBCC2010)

Case 3 is used for member sizing of roof design and Case 2 is used for member sizing of

office and residential floor design. The vertical loads due to snow, dead and live loads are

distributed to the columns through tributary areas.


75

8.5.1 Design Of Slab

Assumption: One way slab is used for the entire building.

Composite Slab Selection: CD75-200(Galvanneal)5

Base steel = 0.914 mm, slab depth= 130mm, self-weight= 1.98 kPa

Fire rating = 2 hours for slab with thickness of 130mm, fire protection requirement met.

Figure 8.5: Slab Cross Section (Dimension: mm)

CD75-200 Galvanneal is used for the slab of office floor, residential floor and roof. It is

designed to carry maximum load combination according to the technical sheet and max

deflections are checked respectively.

Note:

Sample calculation of slab design is available in Appendix A page A-1

Technical sheet is available in Appendix A.

5 Retrieved from Agway Metals Inc. http://www.agwaymetals.com/products_decking.asp

http://www.agwaymetals.com/products_decking.asp


76

8.5.2 Roof System

Figure 8.6: Load Distribution on Roof Slab (Dimension: mm)

Figure 8.6 shows the load distribution on the roof. Live load is 1 kPa, dead load=3.41 kPa,

snow load=1.12 kPa, wind uplift load= -0.95 kPa6, and they are all uniformly distributed on the

entire flat roof. As indicated with “*” sign Figure 6, Beam 1, Beam 2, Girder 1, Girder 2 are

designed to carry maximum shear and moment according to their tributary areas.

6 Sample calculation of Snow Load and wind uplift load available in Appendix A Page A-2


77

Location:

Beam 1(B1*): on Axis A from Axis 3 to Axis 6 on the roof

Beam 2(B2*): on Axis D from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the roof

Girder 1(G1*): on Axis 8 from Axis G to Axis J on the roof

Girder 2(G2*): on Axis 6 from Axis G to Axis J on the roof

Table 8.6: Beam Sizing Summary of Roof System

Max V(kN) Max M(kN.m) Selection Mr(kN.m) Vr(kN) Deflection(mm)

Beam 1 34.9 57.5 W310X21 89.1 303 5.34

Beam 2 69.1 114 W310X28 126 380 7.14

Table 8.7: Girder Sizing Summary of Roof System


Girder 1 70.8 224 W410X46 275 578 12.24

Girder 2 140 445 W530X66 484 928 10.46

Table 8.6 and Table 8.7 show a summary of member sizing as well as the deflections due

to live load only. Most economical sizes are picked from CISC Steel Handbook based on their

moment capacity. Also, deflections are checked with maximum allowable deflections shown in

design criteria summary. Moreover, a detailed roof framing plan is available in Appendix C,

drawing Str-1.

Note:

Sample calculation of Beam 1 design is available in Appendix A page A-3

Sample calculation of Beam 2 design is available in Appendix A page A-4

Sample calculation of Girder 1 design is available in Appendix A page A-13

Sample calculation of Girder 2 design is available in Appendix A page A-14


78

8.5.3 Residential Floor Framing Plan

Figure 8.7: Load Distribution on Residential Floor Slab (Dimension: mm)

Figure 8.7 shows the load distribution on the 3rd

floor slab. Shadowed area are associated

with corridor and balconies, so the live load is 4.8 kPa, whereas the live load of unshadowed area

is 1.9 kPa based on its occupancies. Also, dead load of 3.61 is assumed to be uniformly

distributed on the floor. As indicated with “*” sign Figure 7, Beam 3, Beam 4, Beam 5, Beam 6,

Girder 3, Girder 4 are designed to carry maximum shear and moment according to their tributary

areas.


79

Location:

Beam 3(B3*): on Axis D from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 3rd

floor slab

Beam 4(B4*): on Axis G from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 3rd

floor slab

Beam 5(B5*): on Axis I from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 3rd

floor slab

Beam 6(B6*): on Axis A from Axis 3 to Axis 6 on the 3rd

floor slab

Girder 3(G3*): on Axis 6 from Axis G to Axis J on the 3rd

floor slab

Girder 4(G4*): on Axis 8 from Axis G to Axis J on the 3rd

floor slab

Table 8.8: Beam Sizing Summary of Residential Floor


Beam 3 78.5 130 W360X33 168 396 8.91

Beam 4 101 167 W360X33 168 396 15.71

Beam 5 124 204 W410X39 227 480 14.66

Beam 6 63.0 104 W310X28 126 380 17.47

Table 8.9: Girder Sizing Summary of Residential Floor


Girder 3 257 816 W610X101 900 1,300 21.56

Girder 4 105 334 W460X52 338 680 27.53

Table 8.8 and Table 8.9 show a summary of member sizing for residential floor as well as

the deflections due to live load only. Most economical sizes are picked from CISC Steel

Handbook based on their moment capacity. Also, deflections are checked with maximum

allowable deflections shown in design criteria summary. Moreover, a detailed residential floor

framing plan is available in Appendix C, drawing Str-2.


80

Note:

Sample calculation of Beam 3 design is available in Appendix A on page A-5




Sample calculation of Girder 3 design is available in Appendix A on page A-15


8.5.4 Office Floor Framing Plan

Figure 8.8: Load Distribution on Office Floor Slab (Dimension: mm)


81

Figure 8.8 shows the load distribution on the 2nd

floor slab. Shadowed area are associated

with corridor, so the live load is 4.8 kPa, whereas the live load of unshadowed area is 2.4 kPa

based on its occupancies. Also, dead load of 3.61 is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the

floor. The following members are designed to carry maximum shear and moment according to

their tributary areas.

Location:

Beam 7(B7*): on Axis D from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 2nd

floor slab

Beam 8(B8*): on Axis G from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 2nd

floor slab

Beam 9(B9*): on Axis I from Axis 6 to Axis 8 on the 2nd

floor slab

Beam 10(B10*): on Axis A from Axis 3 to Axis 6 on the 2nd

floor slab

Girder 5(G5*): on Axis 6 from Axis G to Axis J on the 2nd

floor slab

Girder 6(G6*): on Axis 8 from Axis G to Axis J on the 2nd

floor slab

Column 1: at intersection of Axis G and Axis 6

Column 2: at intersection of Axis G and Axis 8

Table 8.10: Beam Sizing Summary of Office Floor


Beam 7 86.3 142 W360X33 168 396 11.26

Beam 8 105 174 W410X39 227 480 10.99

Beam 9 124 204 W410X39 227 480 14.66

Beam 10 63.0 104 W310X28 126 380 17.47

Table 8.11: Girder Sizing Summary of Office Floor


Girder 5 257 816 W610X101 900 1,300 21.56

Girder 6 90.1 286 W460X52 338 680 20.10


82

Table 8.12: Column Sizing Summary

Cf(kN) Selection Cr(KN)

Column 1 1,571 W250X73 1,680

Column 2 813 W200X52 928

Table 8.10, Table 8.11 and Table 8.12 show a summary of member sizing for office floor.

Columns are assumed to carry axial load only, and they are the same height, which is equal to the

floor height. Note that W250X73 is used for all columns for simplicity, and overdesign is

assumed to be neglected in this project. Moreover, a detailed office floor framing plan is

available in Appendix C, drawing Str-3.

Note:







Sample calculation of Column 1 design is available in Appendix A on page A-19

Sample calculation of Column 2 design is available in Appendix A on page A-20


83

8.6 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR LATERAL LOAD

The lateral loads that are considered in this design are the wind loads and seismic loads.

The building acts as a cantilever member against both types of loading. Braced frames system is

used to resist the lateral loads and to limit the drift within acceptable range which is specified in

design criteria on page 71. As shown on Figure 8.9 , there are four braced frames indicated as

BF1, BF2, BF3 and BF4, and they are designed to carry all the lateral loads. (CISC Steel

Handbook, Cl 27.5)

Figure 8.9: Lateral-Load-Resisting System Plan View (dimension: mm)

BF1: on Axis 8 from Axis M and Axis P

BF2: on Axis J from Axis 1 and Axis 3

BF3: on Axis G from Axis 6 and Axis 8

BF4: on Axis 1 from Axis A and Axis D


84

Assume that all braced frames have identical stiffness.

Centre of Rigidity: Xr = 24m , Yr = 9.9m ( Note that 10% distance will be accounted in the

design of torsional moment)

8.6.1 Derivation of Wind Load

For wind load, the force hits the outer walls of the building, and then is transferred to each

floor slab system attached perpendicular to the outer walls. Ultimately, the force is transferred to

four braced frames which in turn only resist lateral loads.

Table 8.13: Wind Load Summary

Level At (m2) Ae (m

2)

0.835At

(kN)

0.601Ae

(kN)

Eccentricity

(m)

Factored

Wind

Load (kN)

Factored

Torsion

(kN)

Roof 84.0 16.8 70.1 10.1 19.2 80.2 193.9

3rd

168.0 33.6 140.3 20.2 19.2 160.5 387.8

2nd

204.0 40.8 170.3 24.5 19.2 194.8 470.9

Table 8.14: Design Forces Due to Wind Torsion

Design Forces (kN)

Level Moment (kN.m) BF1 BF2 BF3 BF4

Roof 193.9 -8 3 -3 8

3rd 387.8 -16 6 -6 16

2nd 470.9 -20 8 -8 20

Note

Sample calculation available in Appendix A on page A-21


85

Notional Load (P-Δ Effect)

Gravity begins to act on structural members when the frame or structure is laterally

displaced by either seismic or wind loadings, which will cause a secondary effect (P-Δ effect) of

the forces and moments which in turn cause additional displacement. The P-Δ effect reduces

frame lateral resistance and stiffness which may lead to collapse. However, this three-story

building is designed to be relatively stiff so that P-Δ effects are minimal and are not very

significant (the changes in displacements and member forces are less than 10%) which can be

neglect. The drift is presented in section 8.6.4 on page 92.

Distribution of Wind Loads (NBCC 2010 Cl4.1.7.1Table 4.1.7.1)

1) Wind in South North Direction

Table 8.15: South North Wind Load Distribution

Stiffness Design Force (kN)

Frame (k) d Kd2 Kd

2/(Σkd

2) Roof 3

rd Floor 2

nd Floor

BF3 1 4.8 23.04 0.095 43.96 87.92 106.76

BF2 1 -4.8 23.04 0.095 36.27 72.54 88.09

BF4 1 -9.9 98.01 0.405 7.93 15.86 19.26

BF1 1 9.9 98.01 0.405 7.93 15.86 19.26

Sum 242.1 1

Note:

Sample calculation of Design Forces about Frame BF3, 3rd

floor is available in

Appendix A on page A-22


86

2) Wind in West East Direction

Table 8.16: West East Wind Load Distribution

Stiffness Design Force (kN)

Frame (k) d Kd2 Kd

2/(Σkd

2) Roof 3

rd Floor 2

nd Floor

BF3 1 4.8 23.04 0.095 3.84 7.69 9.34

BF2 1 -4.8 23.04 0.095 3.84 7.69 9.34

BF4 1 -9.9 98.01 0.405 32.19 64.37 78.17

BF1 1 9.9 98.01 0.405 48.04 96.09 116.68

Sum 242.1 1

Note :

Sample calculation of Design Forces about Frame BF3, 3rd

floor is available in

Appendix A on page A-22

8.6.2 Mass of each floor

Dead load of each floor is calculated based on following elements：

Dead load on the slab (refer to specified dead loads in design criteria on page 72)

Weight of beams

Weight of girders

Weight of columns (half above + half below the floor level)

Weight of interior wall (half above + half below the floor level)

Weight of exterior wall (half above + half below the floor level)

Weight of doors

Weight of windows

Live load of each floor is calculated based on specified live loads in design criteria on page

73 and associated tributary areas.


87

Table 8.17: Mass of Each Floor Summary

Dead(kN) Live (kN) Snow(KN)

Seismic

weight (D +

25%S)KN

Total (1.25D +

1.5L + 0.5S)kN

2nd

Floor(Office) 4161 3193 0 4161 9992

3rd

Floor(Residential) 4299 3459 0 4299 10563

Roof 4271 950 1064 4537 7409

Figure 8.10: Seismic Weights at Each Level According to NBCC2010

Note

Sample calculations of masses of 2nd

floor are available in Appendix A on page A-23


88

8.6.3 Derivation of Seismic Load

In comparison with wind load, the seismic loading occurs just below the foundation of the

building. The building is swayed back and forth, each floor weight directly above the braced

frames will have acceleration and therefore, a lateral force is produced on the top of the braced

frames.

From NBCC 2010 - Division B Section 4.1.8

Table 8.18: Seismic Load Summary

Level Storey

Height(m) Wi(kN) hi(m)

Base

V(kN) ∑Wh

Wihi/∑

Wh

Fx

(kN)

Vi

(kN)

M

(kNm)

Roof* 3.5 4537 12 900 111788 0.487 438 438 0

3rd

3.5 4299 8.5 900 111788 0.327 294 732 1534

2nd

5 4161 5 900 111788 0.186 167 900 4097

Ground 0 0 0 900 10352

Accidental Torsion

From NBCC 4.1.8.11 (10)

Table 8.19: Accidental Torsion Due to Seismic Load

Level Fx (kN)

Design eccentricity, e (m)

ex + 0.10 Dnx ex - 0.10 Dnx

4.8 -4.8

Torsional moment, Tx = Fx*e (kN.m)

3rd

438 2,103 -2,103

2nd

294 1,412 -1,412

Ground 167 804 -804


89

Table 8.20: Design Forces Due to Seismic Torsion

Design Forces (kN)

Level Moment (kN.m) BF1 BF2 BF3 BF4

Roof* 2103 -90 33 -33 90

3rd 1412 -60 23 -23 60

2nd 804 -34 13 -13 34

Note: Sample calculations available in Appendix A on page A- 25 to page A-26

8.6.4 Lateral Bracing System Design

The load combinations used to analyze the lateral bracing system are the following:

Case 4: 1.25 D + 1.4 W + 0.5 L (NBCC2010Table 4.1.3.2)

Case 5*: 1 D + 1 E + 0.5 L + 0.25 S (NBCC2010Table 4.1.3.2)

Since factored seismic loads are much higher than factored wind loads as seen in previous

calculations, it was concluded that load case 5 will govern the design of the lateral bracing

system. The lateral bracing system was modeled in SAP2000 to find the factored axial load

applied on the brace.

*Dead, live and snow loads calculated previously were multiplied with the appropriate

factors and applied on the model. Seismic loads calculated previously were added to forces due

to torsion and applied on the model.


90

Lateral Bracing System (BF1 and BF4)

L 152 x 102 x 19 was chosen to act as a brace for all three floors since its compressive resistance

with effective length of 7 m is 539kN which is higher than the factored axial load of 521 kN

shown in Figure 8.12. (CISC CSA S16-09, P-4-126)

W460X52

W460X52

W410X46

L152X102X19-10 L152X102X19-10

L152X10

2X19-10 L152X102X19-10

L152X102X19-10 L152X102X19-10

W25

0X73

W25

0X73

X

Z0

.51

51.

85

51.

85

51.

85

51.

85

0.5

15

6.90

56.

90

56.

90

56.

90

0.4

54

4.25

44.

25

44.

25

44.

25

118.00

207.00

309.00

X

Z

Figure 8.11: BF1 and BF4 Member Sizes and Case 5 Load (SAP2000)

-308

.32

326.

04

-307

.54

206.

83

-309

.42

0.72

234.23

-402.3

5

394.35

-521.6

5

125.92

-257.9

0

33.44

-44.33

-51.80

-567.75

-270.47

-51.80

X

Z

Figure 8.12: BF1 and BF4 Axial Force Diagram (SAP2000)


91

Bracing System (BF2 and BF3)

L 152 x 102 x 19 was chosen to act as a brace for all three floors since its compressive resistance

with effective length of 6 m is 696 kN which is higher than the factored axial load of 514 kN

shown in Figure 8.14. (CISC CSA S16-09, P-4-126)

W360X33

W360X33

W310X28

L152X102X19-10 L152X102X19-10

L152

X102X19

-10 L152X102X19-10

L152X102X19-10 L152X102X19-10

W25

0X73

W25

0X73

X

Z

17.5

917

.13

13.6

6

97.00

170.00

252.00

X

Z

Figure 8.13: BF2 and BF3 Member Sizes and Case 5 Load (SAP2000)

-275

.06 244.3

5

-268

.93

151.6

5

-252

.30

0.54

258.25

-354.83

427.99

-514.94

145.60-222.97

233.76

67.63

-16.92

-480.48

-200.54

-16.92

X

Z

Figure 8.14: BF2 and BF3 Axial Force Diagram


92

Drift Limit Check:

Figure 8.15: Drift Due to Seismic Load

Table 8.21: Drift Limit Check

Storey

Deflections

obtained

from

SAP2000

Interstorey

Deflections

Δe (mm)*

Deflection x

RdRo/IE (mm)

Interstorey

Deflections

Limit (mm)

Check

2nd

3.96 3.96 15.44 125 OK

3rd

7.19 3.23 12.60 87.5 OK

Roof 10.12 2.93 11.43 87.5 OK

Sample calculation for 3rd

level drift:

Deflection obtained from SAP2000 = 7.19 mm

Interstorey deflection: Δe = 7.19 – 3.96 = 3.23 mm

Rd = 3, Ro= 1.3, IE=1 (NBCC-2010 Cl 4.1.8.13)

Δm = Δe(RdRo/IE) = 3.23 x3x1.3/1=12.60 mm < 87.5 mm ok

All deflection limits which are specific in design criteria on page 73 are met, also notice that

the drift is within 10%, so notional load is neglected as discussed on page 85.


93

8.7 CONNECTIONS DETAIL

Unlike concrete, connections in steel structures need special design. For this 3 storey

mixed use building, bolts and double angle plates are used for connections between beam to

girder, beam to column, and girder to column. Also, slab to beam connection, column to column

connection, as well as connection to braced frame will also be specified in the design. All the

connection elements are designed for the maximum shear and bearing, and detailed connections

drawings are in drawing Str-4 of Appendix C.

8.7.1 Beam to Girder Connection

Table 8.22: Beam to Girder Connection Detail

Member Section

Bearing

Resistance (Br),

kN

Shear Resistance

(Vr), kN

Tension and

Shear (Tr), kN

Beam W410×39 138.24 501 NA

Girder W610×101 226.8 1002 NA

Double Angle L89×89×7.9 NA 201 183

For this connection, the maximum shear due to factored loads is 123.8 kN. L89×89×7.9

connection angles, 150 mm long, and two M20 A325 M bolts per vertical line in both

web-framing and outstanding legs are used.

Note: Sample calculations available in Appendix A on page A-27


94

8.7.2 Beam to Column Connection

Table 8.23: Beam to Column Connection Detail

Member Section

Bearing

Resistance (Br),

kN

Shear Resistance

(Vr), kN

Tension and

Shear (Tr), kN

Beam W410×39 138.24 501 NA

Column W250×73 185.76 1002 NA

Double Angle L89×89×7.9 NA 201 183

Note that, for this connection, stiffeners used on column to prevent local buckling of flange.

Detailed drawing of this connection is in drawing Str-4 of Appendix C and sample calculations

are available in Appendix A on page A-29

For this connection, the maximum shear due to factored loads is 123.8 kN. L89×89×7.9

connection angles, 150 mm long, and two M20 A325 M bolts per vertical line in both

web-framing and outstanding legs are used.

8.7.3 Girder to Column Connection

Table 8.24: Girder to Column Connection Detail

Member Section

Bearing

Resistance (Br),

kN

Shear Resistance

(Vr), kN

Tension and

Shear (Tr), kN

Column W250×73 274 501 NA

Girder W610×101 226.8 501 NA

Double Angle L89×89×13 NA 321.5 292.8

For girder to column connection, the maximum shear due to factored loads is 256.5 kN.

L89×89×13 connection angles, 150 mm long, and two M20 A325 M bolts per vertical line in


95

both web-framing and outstanding legs are used. Sample calculations available in Appendix A

on page A- 31

8.7.4 Slab to Beam Connection

Figure 8.16: Slab to Beam Connection

This connection is designed mainly to resist the shear force due to wind load by providing

enough shear studs. Refer to sample calculation in Appendix A on page A-34, two studs per row

at spacing of 660 mm are used for the connection.

8.7.5 Column to Column Connection

This connection is designed mainly for the axial force transferred from upper column to lower

column. Max axial load between columns is 585.2 kN (Appendix A page A-19).

Two bolts per row at spacing center to center spacing of 60 mm, and edge distance of 80 mm.

Refer to sample calculation in Appendix A on page A-36,


96

8.7.6 Connections to Braced Frame

Table 8.25: Bracing Connections Detail

Member Section

Bearing

Resistance (Br),

kN

Tension (Tr), kN Tension and

Shear (Tr), kN

Double Angle L152x102x19 NA 1256 1610

Plate NA 583 NA 388

Note: Sample calculations available in Appendix A on page A- 35

8.8 FOUNDATION DESIGN

Reactions obtained through the analysis of the structure using the different load cases were

used to determine the type and size of the adequate foundation. Since the three storey building is

made up of a steel frame with columns far spread apart, a spread footing is the most economical

and logical foundation. Combined footings and mat foundations are not used since support

reactions are not too large. The following figures show some of the reactions used to design

different aspects of the foundation specifically shear and tensile forces. Axial force was obtained

from gravity load system calculations. Results are listed below:

Column Base Plate Design: use 25 mm thick plate

Anchor Rod Design: use 1 inch anchor rod with a hole diameter of 34 mm

Bearing Capacity: 361 kPa

Footing Design: use tf = 450mm (rounding it up to the next 25mm)

use: 7-20M bars BEW (bottom each way)

Note: Sample calculation in Appendix A on page A-40 to page A-42


97

235.51

590.

97

283.49

910

.25

X

Z

272.83

31

7.9

1

361.17

94

4.0

6

X

Z

Figure 8.17: Bracing Frames Support Reactions

Figure 8.17 shows the support reactions of bracing frames, and they are used in the

calculation in Appendix C on page A-40

Since the bracing system handles all the lateral loads, there are no moments experienced at

the foundation level. Detailed calculation of the foundation design and its connection to the

column is provided in appendix A. Each column will be supported with a 2m x 2m spread

footing, 0.5m thick and 1.25m below grade. A detailed foundation drawing is provided in

drawing Str-5 of Appendix C.


98

8.8 GREEN BUILDING ELEMENTS

Objective:

LEED Gold certification (70 points, Canada Green Building Council)

8.8.1 Integrated Green Roof System

Three independent green elements which are green roof, solar panels and rainwater capture are

installed on the roof of the 3 storey mixed use building.

Green Roof: vegetables are planted on the top of roof, and occupy 624 m2 of the roof area. They

are designed to reduce runoff and energy consumption, and to provide pleasing views.

Solar Panels: 36 solar panels are provided by local supplier in Hamilton and installed on the top

of roof. They are designed to reduce electricity consumption.

Rainwater Capture: water is collected by channels which are installed under soil medium and

stored in a ground storage tank. The collected water is then used to flush toilets in the 3-storey

mixed use building.

Total dead load from integrated green roof system: 0.68 kPa uniformly distributed load.

Rainwater Capture System: annual rainwater capture: up to 534,500 Litres

36 Solar Panels: provide up to 15.8 MWh per year.

Note :

A detailed green roof drawing is available in Appendix C, drawing Arc-5.

More information about integrated green roof are available in Municipal Chapter 9.1 on

page 117

Sample calculation of energy saving and green roof load calculation are are available in

Appendix A on page A-37 and A-38


99

8.8.2 Exterior Insulation And Finish Systems (EIFS)

EIFS is a traditional cladding system. It provides great appearance by carving and

moulding it into variety of shapes. EIFS may cost more initially but it requires very low

maintenance costs. Since the system is exterior insulation, it reduces air infiltration and hence

decreases energy consumptions.

Figure 8.18: Exterior Insulation and Finish System7

8.8.3 Double Glazed, Low Emissivity Glass Windows

The window is a transparent opening in a wall that allows light pass through. Although its

main function is to provide a good view of outside, heat loss has to be considered for window

selection. In this case, double glazed window with low emissivity glass is selected because the

two panes of glass and a space between them reduce heat and noise transmission through the

window while admitting sufficient solar gain. The principal mechanism here is thermal radiation

from a warm pane of glass to a cooler pane. Coating a glass surface with a low emitting material

and facing that coating into the gap between the glass layers blocks a significant amount of this

radiant heat transfer, thus lowering the total heat flow through the window (Efficient Windows

Collaborative).

7 Retrieved from Inspecting the world http://www.nachi.org/water-damage-eifs.htm

http://www.nachi.org/water-damage-eifs.htm


100

8.8.4 Light-Emitting Diodes (LED Lights) and Occupancy Sensors

LED lamps are known as high energy efficiency lamps, and have been applied in many

residential, commercial building in recent year although its initial cost are higher than those of

fluorescent and incandescent lamps. For the 3 storey mixed use building, LED lights will be used

as exit signs as well as indoor lights.

Occupancy sensors automatically switch lights on and off based on whether the space is

occupied. They will be installed in hallway, washroom and meeting room. Both elements are

designed to cut down building electricity consumption.

8.8.5 Solar Wall

The solar wall technology is solar air heating system that heats building ventilation air and

improves indoor air quality. A solar wall will be installed on the south wall since south facing

wall get most of sunshine during the day. Solar heated air will be ducted through a fan system for

the air supply of the mechanical unit on the roof.

Figure 8.19: Low –E Glass Windows

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode


101

Figure 8.20: The Mechanism of Solar System (Conserval Engineering,2010)

As shown in Figure 8.20, solar walls use solar energy to preheat intake air and reduce the load on

the heating systems. Perforated metal cladding panels create air cavities that feed the intake fan

at the top of the wall. This heated air is then distributed through the building. According to

Conserval Engineering Inc., installation can save 3-10 $/ft2 of heating fuel consumption.


102

8.8.6 Vestibule at the main Entrance

Figure 8.21: Floor layout of office floor

A vestibule which consists of a set of inner doors and a set of outer doors are shown in

Figure 8.21. Since only one set of doors open at given time, the vestibule can help to reduce air

infiltration to the building, leading to the reduction of heating and air conditioning loads


103

8.9 BUILDING ENVELOPE

In order to provide a satisfactory environment needed for health and comfort as well as to

improve building energy efficiency, building envelop is deeply considered in the design. The

building envelope includes all the building components that separate the indoors from the

outdoors8. In this project, building envelopes considered are the windows, exterior doors,

exterior walls, and roof.

The following performance issues are examined for the envelope systems when applicable:

Thermal performance

Moisture protection

Fire safety

Daylights

Table 8.26: Material selection summary for building envelope

Building Envelope Material Total Area (m2)

Windows Double glazed, low emissivity glass 368

Exterior Door Insulated steel doors 22.5

Exterior wall Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems 1423

Roof Green roof covering on top of roof finishing 950

Note: Areas are estimated based on AutoCAD drawing dimensions.

8 National Institute of Building Sciences http://www.wbdg.org/design/index.php

http://www.wbdg.org/design/index.php


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8.9.1 Windows

Thermal Performance: Very high solar heat transmitted through glass (greater than 60%).

By using insulation gas within windows, it will keep homes warmer in winter and cooler in

summer.

Moisture Protection: Due to a high insulation property from double glazed, low

emissivity glass, condensation is less likely to occur on the indoor side of the window because

temperature difference is low. However, condensation is more likely to occur on the outdoor side

of the window during winter times because the air is much cooler outside than the gas/inside side

of the window.

Fire Safety: Glass, and aluminum consists of the major materials of the window and has

very high fire resistance. Gas between windows is usually argon, a non-reactive noble gas.

Day Lights: Good amount of daylight transmitted, up to 64%.

Note: More information about windows is available

2.6.1 Window selection on page 27

8.8.3 Double glazed, low emissivity glass windows on page 99

8.9.2 Exterior Doors

Thermal Performance: If spacing between door and floor or doorframe is reduced,

aluminum/steel doors have an average thermal performance.

Moisture Protection: Aluminum/Steel is coated with rust and corrosion resistance

coating.


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Fire Safety: All aluminum/steel doors selected for the building must have a two-hour fire

rating.

Day Lights: n/a

Note: More information about doors is available

2.6.2 Door selection on page 28

8.9.3 Exterior walls

Thermal Performance: 20 mm of thermal insulation board will provide superior heat

insulation. It is crucial to the building as steel is the main material.

Moisture Protection: The EIFS is designed with a primary and secondary drain joints that

will drain any excessive moisture. Moisture penetration should be checked prior to installation

by technicians to ensure quality of EIFS walls.

Fire Safety: Core of EIFS is foam plastic, it must be completely encapsulated with the

base coat. By following building and fire codes, and using judgements of placing fire hazard

materials, EIFS could prove to be long lasting and safe.

Day Lights: n/a

Note: More information about exterior wall is available

2.4.1 Exterior cladding on page 21

8.8.2 Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) on page 99

8.8.5 Solar wall on page 100


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8.9.4 Roof

Thermal Performance: Extensive green roof with a 30 cm thick soil and a blanket of

vegetation on top provides extremely good thermal resistance. Green roof will help reduce heat

loss in winter and significantly cool the building in summer.

Moisture Protection: A rainwater capture system, along with draining channel is designed

under the green roof vegetation and soil. All excessive water leaked through the soil and member

will be directed away to a storage tank to prevent any water accumulated on the rooftop.

Therefore, the roof is constantly dry and is superior with moisture protection.

Fire Safety: Vegetation in summer could be a potential fire hazard. However, with

watering of vegetation and the non-combustible soil underneath, it is unlikely that a fire will

spread if it does happen.

Day Lights: Green roof reflects light and heat back to the atmosphere, instead of

absorbing them like asphalt. It plays a role in global warming reduction.

Note: More information about roof is available

2.4.2 Roof on page 23

8.8.1 Integrated Green Roof System on page 98

9.1 Green Roof with Solar Panels and Rainwater Capture on page 117


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8.10 PHYSICAL MODELING

8.10.1 Introduction

The goal of the physical modeling chapter is to provide students a hands on learning

experience with better demonstration for the earthquake response of designed structure. In order

to achieve this goal, the MTS Tabletop Earthquake System is used to investigate the dynamic

response of the structure to horizontal motions. Three earthquake ground motions including

Northridge earthquake, Lemo Pirate Earthquake and EI Centro Earthquake were simulated to test

the dynamic behaviors of designed structure. Instead of the real physical structure, an aluminum

rigid bar was used to represent the structure.

8.10.2 Procedure

The aluminum rigid bar was adjusted to have a free vibration period of 0.299 second

which is very close to the natural period of the designed structure 0.3 second. The damping ratio

(ζ) was calculated according to the equation below with the maximum displacement of 1 bar

diameter and 0.5 diameter.

Where:

A1 = First peak acceleration chose (g)

A2 = Tenth peak acceleration chose (g)


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By comparing the result, dumping ratio of 1 bar diameter test (0.2956 second) was selected as

the structural dumping ratio because it is closer to the dumping ratio of designed structure.

Also, the period of the rigid bar can be calculated by following equation:

Where:

T10 = The time of tenth peak acceleration chose (s)

T1 = The time of first peak acceleration chose (s)

T is calculated to be 0.298 which is very close to 0.299 measured from the MTS Tabletop

Earthquake System.

Figure 8.22: Acceleration Response Diagram of 1 Bar Diameter Test


109

In order to record the excitation of the bar and the table, two sensors were touched on the

top of the bar and the table respectively. After that, the response spectrums for each earthquake

were obtained using Matlab code provided. However the response spectrum diagrams for 0

second to 0.1 second were eliminated because the sensors are sensitive to the high frequency

noise which could make errors for diagram during that period.

There were four inputs for Matlab code program:

1. Period of the rigid bar

2. Damping ratio (0%, 2%, 5% and actual damping ratio ζ)

3. Earthquake excitation for each case

4. Gamma (Adjusting factor, obtained 1.477 by sample excel file)

8.10.3 Northridge Earthquake Results

Figure 8.23: Excitation of Rigid Bar (Northridge)


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Figure 8.24: Excitation of Earthquake (Northridge)

Figure 8.25: Excitation of (Ss – Sg) (Northridge)


111

Figure 8.26: Northridge Response Spectrum

8.10.4 Lemo Pirate Earthquake Results

Figure 8.27: Excitation of Rigid Bar (Lemo Pirate Earthquake )


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Figure 8.28: Excitation of Earthquake (Lemo Pirate Earthquake )

Figure 8.29: Excitation of (Ss - Sg) (Lemo Pirate Earthquake)


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Figure 8.30: Lome Pireta Response Spectrum

8.10.5 EI Centro Earthquake Results

Figure 8.31: Excitation of Rigid Bar (EI Centro Earthquake)


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Figure 8.32: Excitation of Earthquake (EI Centro Earthquake)

Figure 8.33: Excitation of (Ss - Sg) (EI Centro Earthquake)


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Figure 8.34: El Centro Earthquake Response Spectrum

8.10.6 Conclusion

The rigid bar used in the experiment is used to represent the structure when it was calibrated with

the same free vibration period of 0.299 seconds. The model damping ratio is 3.48. Northridge

Response Spectrum produced a 0.538 g peak response, while Lome Pireta and El Centro

produced peak responses of 0.367 g and 0.263 g. All three response spectrums had a spike in the

beginning, and is suspected to be caused by equipment errors from sensitivity from sounds. The

spectrum should have a general shape that would start at low acceleration, and then increase to a

peak, and stays constant at that peak for a short period then decreases. Such accelerations are not

likely to cause serious damage to the three storey building in the development area.


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Chapter 9

Municipal Infrastructure Element Design


117

9 MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENT DESIGN

9.1 GREEN ROOF WITH SOLAR PANELS AND RAINWATER CAPTURE

The three storey building’s roof is to incorporate three main green elements: green roof,

solar panels, and rainwater capture system. The green roof and the rainwater capture system

work together as one. As shown in the green roof design calculations, the roof’s total area is

811.1 m2. Vegetation, pervious walk path, and solar panels areas and their respective rainfall

storage to the storage tank are listed in Table 9.1. The green roof with the inclusion of soil,

vegetation, solar panels, structural supports and membranes would exert a uniform

(approximately) load of 0.68 kPa. 9

Figure 9.1: Green Roof Element Design (Top View) dimension: mm

9 calculations are shown in Appendix A on page A-37


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Figure 9.2: Detailed Green Roof Cross Section A-A View (City Of Toronto, 2011)

9.1.1 Green Roof

The green roof will take up 623.5 m2 of the roof or about 77% of the total roof area. The

main intentions of the green roof are to reduce surface runoff and energy consumption, and

increase environmental initiatives in Hamilton by planting vegetables. As the three storey

building is located at the south boundary of Hamilton West Harbour, having a green roof on the

building would not only provide a nice view but will also constantly remind residents of

sustainability. The objective of this design is to create zero runoff from the building area,

increase energy efficiency and promote a healthy city.

Figure 9.3: Example Of A Green Roof. (ESRI Canada Ltd, 2010)


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The roof is to be covered with 30 cm of soil, allowing the growth of almost any kind of

roof vegetation. Bell peppers require up to 30 cm of soil for healthy roof development (National

Garden Association, 2012). The green roof will have fresh produce such as peppers, tomatoes,

and cucumbers grown on top, they will supply nutritious local vegetables and are easy to grow.

Sidewalks are to be constructed along the borders of the roof to allow resident visitation and

watering. The green roof is also synthesized with the rain capture system and the solar panel

system.

9.1.2 Rainwater Capture System

Green roof is constructed such that excess rainwater would infiltrate through the 30 cm

thick soil content, then through the filter membrane into a semi-hollow space that is supported by

very small columns as shown in Figure 9.2 on page 118. Water seepage into the hollow space

would be directed into channels as presented in the design. All channels are led to the final exit

point at the north-east corner of the building by gravity. Water travelling down the roof through

pipes would enter a cylindrical storage tank that has dimensions of 3m diameter and 5m length.

The tank would have a maximum capacity of 35.3 m3, large enough to contain a 60 mm rain.

From weather history of Hamilton, the average annual rainfall is 764.8 mm (The Weather

Network, 2011), and the total amount of rainfall fallen on the roof is calculated to be 620 m3.

The total amount of rainwater captured takes account of soil absorption and pervious walkway

runoff, summing up to 534,500 litres per year. All rainwater captured is to be used for toilet and

urinal flushing. Water is to be drawn from the tank only, with water level kept constant by either

filling with water from distribution system or rainwater. This is to be done with a monitoring

gage to maximize rainwater usage and cover any intermittent rain events.


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Table 9.1: Annual Green Roof Rainwater Capture

Rooftop Material Area

(m2)

Rainfall Retaining

Percentage

Annual Rainfall to Storage

Tank (m3)

Vegetation 623.5 15% 405.3

Pervious walk path 137.1 10% 94.4

Solar Panels 50.5 0% 34.8

Total: 534,500 Litres


Toilet Water Consumption:

The number of urinals and toilets within the building is summed up in Figure 9.2. Toilet

water consumption is 6 litres per flush (Davis G, 2011) while urinals are 3.8 litres per flush

(Davis G, 2011). By using Table 9.3, the total annual water usage is calculated to be 1,611,840

litres, while the annual rainwater captured rain is 534,500 litres. The rainwater capture system

would save water usage from toilets/urinals by 22%.


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Figure 9.4: Section View of ground level between Grid F and K (Dimensions: mm)

As Figure 9.4 shows, there are 4 urinals and 8 toilets on the ground level, and same for the

second level.

Table 9.2: Toilet/Urinal Annual Consumption

Floor Urinals

(Numbers)

Toilets

(Numbers)

Total Toilets

Annual Usage

(Litres)

Total Urinal

Annual Usage

(Litres)

Ground( Retail) 4 8 525,600 1,109,600

2nd

(Office) 4 8 262,800 166440

3rd

(Residential) 0 9 394200 0

Total: 515,480 Litres



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Table 9.3: Three Storey Building Toilet/Urinal Counts

Floor Toilet daily usage (Flush/day) Urinal daily usage (Flush/day)

Commercial 30 200

Office 15 30

Residential 20 n/a

9.1.4 Solar Panel Design

Due to rising energy prices and demand, renewable energy such as solar energy would

provide a long-life pollution free energy source for the three storey building. Solar Panels will

use 50.5 m2 of the roof area.

A Hamilton solar panel provider (SolarUpEnergy) supplies solar panels with dimensions of

159 cm by 82 cm, and peak power of 175W. There are 36 solar panels designed to be placed on

the roof as shown in Figure 9.1. The maximum possible power output is 6.3 kW, enough to run 6

laundry dryers at the same time during peak hours. Solar panels do not affect rainwater capture

as it would not have an interception effect.

9.1.5 Savings

With Hamilton's water/wastewater charge being around $2.45 (City of Hamilton) per m3,

the rainwater capture system would save $1308 annually. Placing the initial cost of solar panels

aside, and assuming that each solar panel provides approximately 120 W for 10 hours per day, it

would provide 15768 kWh per year. According to horizon utilities Hamilton, the cost of

electricity per kWh during peak hour is 10.8 cents. The panels provide savings up to $1703 per

year. For more calculation please refer to green roof and water calculations in appendix A.


123

9.1.6 Implementations

This green roof system (green roof, solar panels, and rainwater capture) is to be widely

built in other structures within the development area. The entire system or individual component

could be selected for the roofing system depending on the scenario. A common house is most

likely to use the rainwater capture system while an office building benefits from all three systems

due to a flat and large roof surface.

9.2 POROUS PAVEMENT

9.2.1 Introduction

Traditionally, in order to collect rain water from hard surfaces such as roads and parking

lots, we direct them into pipes and pump them out of suburbs. However, base flows in streams

are decreased as infiltration decrease, which often dries up small streams or increases overall

runoff in a local area. Apparently, the old storm water management practices are no longer to

satisfy our environmental and sustainable needs. Therefore, porous pavement is introduced and

studied based on its economical, social and environmental impacts.

9.2.2 Definition

Permeable pavement is also known as permeable pavement. Basically, as Figure 9.5 show,

the structure of the pavement allows water to move through void spaces and infiltrate into

underlying soils, which enhance the pavement's ability to absorb runoff. Therefore, it is applied

in many places for our project, particularly for parking lots in the Public Building Area.


124

Figure 9.5: Typical Porous Pavement.(Drake. J, 2011)

9.2.3 Porous pavement selection

There are many types of permeable pavements that serve different purposes. The three

main permeable pavements are interlocking concrete, pervious concrete and porous asphalt

pavement. The deciding factors for the three are listed in the following table:

Table 9.4: Porous Pavements Comparison Chart

Interlocking Concrete Pervious Concrete

Porous Asphalt

Pavement

Aesthetics

Wide range of colours

Can form architectural

designs.

Limited colors

Limited

appearances.

Very limited design.

Construction

Aspects

Easily installed

no need for drying.

Instant usage after

installation

Requires formwork.

Seven day curing

period.

No formwork.

24 hour curing

period.

Cost

Highest initial cost.

Could have lower

lifespan cost

Competitive with

interlocking

concrete.

Cheaper than both

pervious and

interlocking

concrete.


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Winter

Durability

Freeze-thaw and salt

resistant.

Water does not freeze

in base.

Snowmelt drains

immediately.

Frozen saturation no

effect on concrete.

Frozen saturation

may damage

concrete.

Snowmelt drains

immediately

Less Freeze-thaw

resistant

Freeze-thaw

resistant.

Frozen saturation

may damage asphalt.

Snowmelts drains

immediately

Porous pavements are mainly going to be used for outdoor public parking spaces.

Interlocking concrete will be the main choice of porous pavements due to its winter durability

and the high initial cost would be balanced out in the long run by low maintenance cost

compared to the other candidates.

Figure 9.6 shows the location of the interlocking concrete parking spaces denoted by two

circles with a red centre. (Also the right side of the HD area, circles without the red centre.)

Figure 9.6: Pervious Pavement Locations


126

9.2.4 Conclusion

As stated before, the main objective behind introducing porous pavements to the

development is to reduce the overall runoff and to enhance the storm water management process.

Considering the various factors that affect the performance of the different types of porous

pavements, it was decided that interlocking concrete will be the pavement of choice due to the

reasons stated in the previous comparison chart. Installing interlocking concrete will improve the

local potable ground water’s quality. It enhances the social atmosphere by minimizing the urban

heat island effect with its permeable properties and decreasing local temperatures. Finally,

although it will have a high initial cost, new paving materials will not be continuously purchased

as with asphalt and concrete with their maintenance issues. Depth of base/subbase is calculated

to be 0.625 m and dmax is 1.8 m.

9.3 LEED GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM

The LEED Green Building Rating System was formulated by the U.S. Green Building

Council in 1993. It measures all aspects of sustainable buildings and uses different criteria to

define buildings as “green.” Prerequisites and credits in the LEED rating system address 7

topics:

Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency

Energy and Atmosphere

Materials Resources

Indoor Environmental Quality

Innovation in Design

Regional Priority


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Certifications are awarded according to the following scale:

Table 9.5: LEED Certification Scale

Certified 40-49 Points

Silver 50-59 Points

Gold 60-79 Points

Platinum 80 Points and above

All criteria are reviewed individually and points are given according to the entire

development area. Some criteria were given hypothetical ratings because it is not incorporated in

the building design such as: paint and gas monitoring. The total rating of the three storey

building scored an impressive 70 points, which is equivalent to a gold rating. Each criterion is

given with an explanation. The LEED rating scored near perfect in most high point criteria,

covering important features of a sustainable development. The development area is to have new

buildings as existing land is to be taken down. This will incorporate newer technologies and

materials and the use of recyclable materials promoted a high LEED rating.

9.3.1 Sustainable Sites

The development area scored a near perfect mark at the sustainable sites section.

Development density and community connectivity is heavily focused in previous chapters. Basic

services are conveniently located within 800 metres to residential areas. Safe and sustainable

pedestrian walkways and access are designed in chapter 7. Bus line runs around and through the

entire development area, providing easy access to public transportation while limiting

disturbance. Bike paths, racks, and trails are located throughout the entire area. Green features

such as pervious parking space and green roof are designed and are commonly found in most

units.


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9.3.2 Energy And Atmosphere

Almost all buildings within the development area are new and materials are chosen

carefully in chapter 2. Energy efficiency of the new materials significantly reduces energy usage.

Solar panels are to be promoted within all large buildings with appropriate roof, cutting

electricity needs from power plants. No CFC containing refrigerants are to be used for the

development area. The superb energy standard designed for the development area scored large

amount of points for the energy and atmosphere section.

Table 9.6: LEED Criteria, Points, Explanation

Criteria Point Explanation

Sustainable Sites

Site Selection 1/1 Building is not near any sensitive land such as

water bodies, habitats and wetlands.

Development Density and

Community Connectivity 5/5

Located on previously developed site.

Within 800 m of residential area.

Within 800 m to more than 10 basic services.

Has pedestrian access.

Brownfield Redevelopment 1/1 Site is located on brownfield.

Alternative Transportation 5/6

Building is located within 400 m of bus stop.

Nearby bike paths available.

Only bus, there is not another public rideshare

options for 4 or more passengers.

Alternative Transportation

– Bicycle Storage and

Changing Rooms

1/1

Bicycle racks are provided within 200 m of the

building entrance at more than 5% of all building

users.

Alternative

Transportation-Low

emitting and fuel-efficient

vehicles

0/3

No low-emitting fuel vehicles, parking and gas

stations are planned for this development.

Alternative

Transportation-Parking

Capacity

1/2

No parking for carpools designed.


129

Site Development – Protect

or Restore Habitat 0/1

Not all roadways/walkways, meet the distance

requirements.

Site Development – Max

Open space 0/1

Not enough open space such that it exceeds local

zoning requirements by 25%.

Storm water

Design-Quantity Control 1/1

Pervious parking space designed to reduce runoff

by over 50%.

Storm water

Design–Quality Control 1/1

Pervious parking space and green roof will reduce

total suspended solids and runoff by over 80%.

Heat Island-nonroof 1/1 Shades are provided.

Heat Island –Roof 1/1 Low-sloped roof with green roof will give a very

high SRI.

Light Pollution Reduction 0/1 No design for this criterion.

Water Efficiency

Water Efficient

Landscaping 2/4

Captured rainwater is used.

No graywater or recycled wastewater used.

Innovative Wastewater

Technologies 1/2

Rainwater capture system will reduce water

consumption, but not by 50%.

Water Use Reduction 4/4

Toilets, urinals, faucets and showerheads will be

designed with high efficient – low usage materials.

Projected percent reduction of water: 40%.

Energy and Atmosphere

Optimize Energy

Performance 18/19

Over 48% of buildings are new. New materials for

energy efficiency. Design meets all regulatory

requirements.

On-Site Renewable Energy 4/7 Approximately 7% of total energy is renewable

from solar panels.

Enhanced Commissioning 0/2 n/a

Enhanced Refrigerant

Management 2/2

No refrigerants will be used to reduce GHG.

Measurement and

Verification 0/3

No work done on this aspect.

Green Power 1 Solar panels, but they will not generate 35% of

building’s total electricity consumption.

Materials and Resources

Building Reuse-Maintain

Existing Walls, Floors and

Roof

0/3

No existing building is reused.

Building Reuse-Maintain 0/3 No existing interior elements are reused.


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Interior Non-structural

Elements

Construction Waste

Management 2/2

Construction and demolition debris are carefully

examined in chapter 2 for reusability.

Materials Reuse 0/2 No plan for existing building material reuse.

Recycled Content 2/2 Over 20% of materials of the building considered

are reusable.

Regional Materials 2/2 Over 20% of materials are to come from local

factories – Stelco for steel.

Rapidly Renewable

Materials 0/1

n/a

Certified Wood 0/1 n/a

Indoor Environmental Quality

Outdoor Air Delivery

Monitoring 1/1

Will be designed – monitoring for exiting air.

Increased Ventilation 1/1 Ventilation is to meet regulatory codes.

Construction Indoor Air

Quality Management Plan –

During Construction

0/1

Not proposed.

Construction Indoor Air

Quality Management Plan –

Before Occupancy

0/1

Not proposed.

Low-Emitting Materials –

Adhesive and Sealants 0/1

Not proposed.

Low-Emitting

Materials-Paints and

Coatings

1/1

Anti-corrosive and anti-rust are designed to apply

to all building elements to prolong lifetime.

Low-Emitting

Materials-Flooring Systems 0/1

Not proposed.

Low-Emitting

Materials-Composite Wood

and Agrifiber Products

0/1

Not proposed.

Indoor Chemical and

Pollutant Source Control 1/1

Mechanical ventilation and gas monitoring devices

are to be provided to meet standards.

Controllability of

Systems-Lighting 1/1

Over 90% of lightings are individually adjustable

for personal needs.

Controllability of

Systems-Thermal Comfort 1/1

Over 50% of building occupants are enable to

adjust heat controls.


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Thermal

Comfort-Verification 0/1

n/a

Daylight and Views-Views 1/1 Over 75% of the building area has direct line of

sight to perimeter vision glazing.

Innovation in Design

Innovation in Design 4/5

Proposed design is to comply all building codes,

and the intent of the design is to maximize to

reduce environmental impact.

LEED Accredited

Professional 0/1

N/a

Regional Priority

Regional Priority 3/4 A high priority land as It is very close to light rail

and other services.

TOTAL 70 Gold


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Chapter 10

Summary and Conclusions


133

10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

10.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES SUMMARY

The Main objective of the project is to redevelop West Habour area in Hamilton in a

sustainable and green way while remaining aesthetically pleasing and economical. Additionally,

the project also consists of structural design of a 3 storey mixed use building.

In general, sustainable design provides a way of life that has low environmental impacts

while people still enjoy their life through vibrant activities. As for the redevelopment, sustainable

design is chosen to be the main theme because it can avoid the increasing costs for waste

management as well as resource depletion of energy and water. Moreover, productivity of people

living in the community can be increased because they would have great passion to work if they

feel good about the environment they work in. Therefore, the design objectives related to

sustainability are further explored and listed below in three categories which are environment,

social and economic:

Environment

Environmentally Friendly (no harmful waste deposit)

Low carbon footprint

Social

Mobility Easing and Pedestrian Friendly

Safety, healthy

Comfort (view of the lake, daylight, green spaces)

Productive

Economic

Cost feasible

Energy efficiency

Visitors and investors attraction


134

On the other hand, living design philosophies and practices of Christopher Alexander will

are incorporated into the development in terms of architecture patterns, floor heights, and views.

10.2 SUMMARY OF KEY DESIGN FEATURES

The main components of this redevelopment project are the development of a higher

density residential area, an intermediate density residential neighborhood, and a public building

area. Areas of each section are estimated using Google Maps and they are shown in

Table 10.1: Areas Summary For Each Section

Section Estimated Area(hectares)

Public Building Area: 12.2

Neighborhood 6.70

HD Area 6.97

For the development of public area, key sustainable design features are

1. Central Garden: located at the centre of the public area and consists of a large circular

green space with a fountain

2. Green spaces : 27 % of total public building area

3. Outdoor playground: recreational purpose and community gathering

4. Community Center: recreational facility on the ground level and library on second floor

5. Mega Plaza: place for people to purchase daily need as well as enjoy casual shopping.

6. Green Parking Lot Design (porous pavement)

7. Green Roof with solar panels and rainwater capture

For the development of neighborhood, key sustainable design features are

1. Green spaces : 40 % of total public building area

2. Mixed layout of house units: semi-detached, single-detached and townhouse

3. Church

4. Pedestrian Pathways

5. Green Parking Lot Design ( porous pavement )


135

For the development of higher density residential area, key sustainable design features are

1. Daylight orientation: maximum south facing wall

2. Green spaces


4. Low rise condo with private garden

5. Trails and Central park: connect people together with magnificent view and style

6. Natural Ventilation and Operable Windows: Natural ventilation eliminates the need for

air conditioning. People are healthier and work more effectively with access to fresh

air.10

For the 3-storey mixed use building, key sustainable design features are

1. Material selection(bamboo flooring, steel etc)

2. Daylight orientation: maximum south facing wall

3. Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS)

4. Double glazed, low emissivity glass Windows

5. Light-emitting diodes (LED lights)


7. Solar Wall

8. Vestibule at the main entrance

10.3 DEVELOPED PATTERN LANGUAGE

The experiences the residents and visitors of Hamilton west harbour development go

through can only be felt in a sustainable community which is our number one priority. The

public space provided and centered in all areas is a tool to attract users to it, increasing social

activity. The three storey limit allows the sun to shine through each area and permits the breeze

from the lake to refresh all the divisions. The layout of roads, buildings and open space allows

10http://www.cityofpuyallup.org/visitors/puyallup-city-hall/sustainable-design-features/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

http://www.cityofpuyallup.org/visitors/puyallup-city-hall/sustainable-design-features/


136

cars to enter to park only and not to drive around, encouraging residents to walk or bike in this

sustainable community. Balconies and main entrances facing the streets scattered throughout all

the divisions allow residents to keep an eye on their neighbourhood increasing its safety and

security. The existence of well developed and maintained trails connecting all three areas is an

irresistible way of moving around in our community. The circularity of some of the buildings

gives a sense of continuity and flow to the area, allowing the air to circulate all the divisions.

Small private gardens dispersed throughout each division are tools to involve all residents in

participating in keeping their community environmentally friendly. Finally, the properties built

into the different areas will allow the existence of a variety of dwellers and visitors creating a

social balance in this new development.

10.4 ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE NEXT DESIGN STAGE

Legislation approvals for land development (municipal government)

Environmental assessment :study the environment impact of the land development

More detailed life cost analysis:

- materials, labour, construction and operations costs;

- funding and investment

Traffic impact study : study the traffic impact of the development on surrounding roads

Constructed detailed physical model for the development and conduct necessary tests on

the model ( wind, earthquake etc)

Advanced project management ( procurement, biding document preparation, etc )

Fire protection and utility service design

Detailed structural, architectural and electrical design of houses, apartment, and office

buildings


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10.5 LESSONS LEARNED

10.5.1 Jun Xing

The final year capstone project which is to redevelop a range of vacant land near west

Habour area in Hamilton, through it we had the opportunity to get to know about land

development, we did lots of site visiting, and we had lots of discussion about economical,

environmental and social impact of the development. Moreover, this project involved structural

design of a 3 storey mixed use building, and as group leader, I am responsible for all the

structural and architecture drawings. We design everything in detail, beam, girder, column, as

well as connections as well as lateral bracing system. I truly learned a lot from the project in

terms of building stability design and project management. Moreover, it is very beneficial for me

to be aware that a group leader should not only make critical decisions, but also coordinate one’s

group members. Overall, I feel grateful for taking this project although some improvement may

be needed in the future.

List of tasks completed by Jun Xing

Structural (Chapter 8):

Architecture drawing Arc1-Arc 4

Structural drawing Str 1- Str3

All AutoCAD drawings editing and revision

Architecture modeling in Sketchup

Preliminary structural design layout and revision

Floor system design

Design of Slab

Beam 1-Beam 10 design and sample calculation

Girder 1- Girder 6 design and sample calculation

Column 1 - Column 2 design and sample calculation

Design criteria summary and fire protection


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Mass of each floor calculation

Green building elements

Appendix A formatting

Report formatting and put everything together(for 1-3revision)

report printing and submit (for 1-3 revision)

Environmental:

Chapter 1: Adjoining Developable Areas

Chapter 2: Proposed Criteria

Chapter 2: Coverings-Wall, Ceiling and Floors

Chapter 3:Interactive Development of Site Mode

Chapter 3: AutoCAD drawing of PB area

Chapter 5:Key Design Details, and Landscaping

Chapter 9: AutoCAD drawing of Green roof editing

Chapter 11: Porous Pavement Introduction and Definition

Chapter 12: Summary of key design features

10.5.2 Jeffrey Nie

4X06 is a great course that incorporates many aspects of Civil Engineering. I have learned

so much from all chapters, particularly the huge amount of consideration in all aspects need to be

studied for a design. I feel like sustainable designs and infrastructures are the must take

procedures in order for a health advance of our footage in time. The most valuable thing I took

away from this project is that development should be focused on the health of a community

rather than economic growth. I knew very little about design and amount of regulations and

guidelines prior to the project, but this project has taught me that it is crucial to follow proper

guidelines.


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My opinion for the course and improvement

I feel like this project is heavily focused on structural components, and limited in the

water/environment stream (Except green building/sustainability). Amount of expectations from

the structural side far exceeds the environmental part. I understand that design of structures are

critical to a graduating structural engineer, but I feel environmental designs are limited to the

development. Instead of the development area in Hamilton, even though we can visit the site, it

is still very conceptual. I suggest set the development area in another place, perhaps in

developing countries with water resource problems. Students can learn how to allocate water

resources, and sustainable solutions in all aspects covered in the present course materials. In that

way, realistic problems could be defined and reduced/solved, and some of the best projects could

also be implemented. After all, we are really moving into a globalized community, and the

present of some countries that lack resources could be the future of us.

List of tasks completed by Jeffrey Nie

Chapter 1: Design Objective.

Chapter 2: Structural Members

Chapter 3: Definition of Major buildings.

Chapter 4: Google Sketchup and hand sketch design.

Chapter 5: Landscape, Green Roof design, AutoCAD drawing of Green Roof

Chapter 6: All.

Chapter 7: Design to enhance health, disabled persons, resilience to climate change.

(7.2-7.4)

Chapter 8: Green Roof Load calculations and design.

Chapter 9: All

Chapter 10: All

Chapter 11: Porous Pavement Selection.

Editing of Chapter 4, 9, 10, 11.

Putting Google sketchup together for all three areas, and modifying the high density

sketchup.


140

10.5.3 Duo Huang

After being through this year, capstone course 4X06 provides me a lot of interesting

information and experiences which I cannot learn from textbooks. I really appreciate this

opportunity to be the involved in this course. Through the capstone project my teamwork skills,

communication skills have improved significantly. Project scheduling and planning skills have

been utilized throughout this year as well. In addition to the soft skills improved, I feel very

fortunate to have a chance to conduct this real world fashion capstone project before I start my

career in Civil Engineering. The reason I appreciate this project is almost every aspects of Civil

Engineering have been introduced to us. Layout of land use, material selection, transportation,

sustainability, municipal infrastructure as well as structural design, we all have a chance to touch

on it no matter what stream you are in.

Considering the course load of the capstone course, I really want to have more time to

work on it. Known that most students still have 5 or 6 course in their final year for each term, if

some of those courses in the final year would be moved to previous year, it will be much more

grateful for final year students to be involved more and learn more from this project.

List of tasks completed by Duo Huang

Chapter 1 – Vision for the project

Chapter 2 – Windows and doors

Chapter 3 – Google Sketchup

Chapter 5 – High Density Component Google Sketchup

Chapter 8 – Structure Design

- Structural system for gravity load

- Mass for each floor

- Beam, Column, Girder design

- Derivation of seismic load


141

- Connections design

- Sap model

- Physical modeling chapter

- AutoCAD drawings

Final format

10.1.4 Marco Morcos

Although I have learned a lot of lessons though this project, I will mainly focus on the

content aspect of the project. It has been made clear to me that environmental design does not

mean an expensive design. Environmental, economical and social aspects of a design can

coexist. Also, the inter and intra connectivity of a new development is vital for its survival.

Defining and redefining a pattern language throughout the project helps sustain a picture in mind

of the development. Moreover, a sustainable design is concerned with large scale aspects of a

project as well as tiny details unseen by the user. The layout provided by the designer will define

how the area will be used by residents and visitors. Finally, although properties are the products

of the real estate market, without free open space they are worth nothing.

List of tasks completed byMarco Morcos

Chapter 1 - Preliminary pattern language for the project, and editing of the chapter.

Chapter 2 - Introduction, and editing of the chapter.

Chapter 3 - Refinement of pattern language and identification of focal points, and

editing of the chapter.





Chapter 6 - Involved in all sections of the chapter.

Chapter 7 -Design and operational aspects to enhance safety, health and quality of life,

and editing of the chapter.


142

Chapter 8

- Lateral bracing system design

- Bracing Sap model

- Bracing connections

- Foundation design

- Foundation AutoCAD drawing

- Bracing connections AutoCAD drawing

Chapter 9 - Editing of the chapter.



Chapter 12 - Developed pattern language, lessons learned and tasks completed.

Overall editing of the final report in term of grammar.

10.5.5 Yi Liu

Different characteristics of different exterior cladding materials and of different roof

materials that affect the selection of materials for structures with various decision criteria.

Green space of an area significantly affects residents’ lifestyle and living quality. The

layout of living area, green spaces, and streets are very important, since better layout will provide

more convenience and better quality for people who are living or working in the area.

One of the important parts of a sustainable design is the economical aspect. I have learned

methods of calculating benefits and costs by using engineering economic fundamentals.

For the structure design part, I have learned basic steps of designing wind load for a

low-rise building and also became familiar with the national design code. Moreover, I have

learned basic procedure of designing connections between the different members.

List of tasks completed byYi Liu

Chapter 1 – Introduction

Chapter 2 – Selection of exterior cladding materials and roof materials.

Chapter 3 – Helping with physical model


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Chapter 4 – Desired component percentages

Chapter 5 – Proposed building massing and open spaces

Chapter 7 – Economic part; re-editing of the chapter

Chapter 8 – Snow load, Wind uplift; Wind load; Connections design

Chapter 12 – Lessons learned and tasks completed

Final formatting of citations and references.

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Final 4X06 Report

Documents

Transcript of Final 4X06 Report