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A PROJECT REPORT ON

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE

WITH BOTTOM ASH IN CONCRETE

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

Submitted by

Mr. Gandham Panasaiah11471A0126

Mr. Shaik Khasim11471A0116

Mr.Kumba Anjaneyulu11471A0119

Mr. Chitirala Ashok kumar11471A0124

Mr. Mitta Siva Ramakrishna11471A0141

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. S. Benjimen

Assistant professor

Department of civil engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

NARASARAOPETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada)

Narasaraopeta -522601

2014-2015

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NARASARAOPET ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH BOTTOM ASH IN CONCRETE is submitted by Mr. G.PANASAIAH(11471A0126), Mr. Sk.KHASIM(11471A0116), Mr.K.ANJANEYULU (11471A0119), Mr. Ch.ASHOK KUMAR(11471A0124), Mr.M.SIVA RAMAKRISHNA (11471A0141). In partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of technology in Civil Branch in NARASARAOPETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NARASARAOPET is a record of bonafied work carried out by them under my supervision.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. G. Reddy Babu, PhD

Department of Civil Engineering

PROJECT GUIDE

Mr. S. Benjimen

Assistant professor

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to our esteemed institute Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada which has provided us an opportunity to full fill our desire and reach our goal wish great solemnity and for providing the necessary equipment during our project work.

This thesis would not have been possible without the help and support of our guide

Mr. S. BENJIMEN, Assistant professor of the Civil Engineering Department and unstinting encouragement enabled us to accomplish our project successfully in time.

With a great sense of pleasure and privilege, we extend our gratitude to

Dr. G. REDDY BABU, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to him for his patience, guidance and thoughtful advice throughout the various stages of this work. His advice has been precious on both an academic and personal level, for which we are extremely grateful.

First of all, we would like to thank God for all of His guidance and care throughout our life and for helping me overcome all the difficulties we encountered over the course of this study.

We would also like to extend our thankfulness to all the faculty of the Department of Civil Engineering for the collective knowledge imparted to us, making us capable enough to see through the entire process. We are grateful to the technicians of the Concrete Technology Laboratory for their relentless service and co-operation with us.

Last but not the least, I affectionately acknowledge the encouragement received from our friends and those who involved in giving valuable suggestions and clarifying the doubts which had really helped us in successfully completing our project.

ABSTRACT

As we know that concrete is worlds most widely used construction material. The reason for increase in cost is high demand of concrete and scarcity of raw material. This paper presents the possibility of substituting natural fine aggregate with industrial by-products such as bottom ash. The Bottom Ash is a waste material that is taken from electric power plant. The aim of the study is to investigate the feasibility and potential use of bottom ash in concreting and concrete applications. Environmental advantages which are of great importance in the present context of sustainability in the construction sector. The study investigated the effect of bottom ash in equal quantities as partial replacement of fine aggregates in various percentages (050%), on concrete properties such as mechanical (compressive strength). Different concrete mixes with constant water to cement ratio of 0.48 were prepared with Bottom Ash in different proportions as well as one control mixed proportion. The mechanical properties of concrete with different percentages of Bottom Ash replacement by weight of natural sand is found to be an optimum usage in concrete in order to get a favorable strength and good strength development pattern over the increment ages.

The inclusion of bottom ash as fine aggregate does not affect the strength properties negatively as the strength remains within limits replacement.

The study was carried out using coal bottom ash as a partial replacement with fine aggregates in the concrete mix by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by weight. This paper presents the experimental investigations carried out to study the effect of use of bottom ash as a replacement of fine aggregate. The result shows that the compressive strength, strength decreased as the percentage of replacement of bottom ash increased as compared to plain concrete. It was observed that up to 20% replacement the results of compressive test, approximately same as that of the controlled concrete.

Key Words: Coal bottom ash, Properties, Compressive test, Sand Replacement.

INDEX

CONTENTSPAGE NO

Chapter-IIntroduction 1-3

Chapter-IILiterature Review 4-5

Chapter-IIIMaterials and Tests

3.1 Cement (7-12)

3.1.1 Fineness of cement 7

3.1.2 Standard Consistency 8

3.1.3 Initial and final setting times of cement 10

3.1.4 Soundness of the cement 11

3.1.5 Specific gravity of the cement 12

3.2 Fine aggregate (14-18)

3.2.1 Sieve analysis 14

3.2.2 Determination of Zone of sand 16

3.2.3 Fineness modulus of sand 16

3.2.4 Bulking of sand 16

3.2.5 Specific gravity of the fine aggregate 17

3.2.6 Water absorption and moisture content 18

3.3 Coarse aggregate (19-24)


3.3.2Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate 21

3.3.3 Moisture content and Water absorption 21

3.3.4 Specific gravity 22

3.3.5 Aggregate crushing value test 22

3.3.6 Impact value of aggregates 24

3.4 Bottom ash (25-28)

3.4.1 Introduction 25

3.4.2 Characteristics of bottom ash 27


3.4.4 Comparison of properties of bottom ash 28

3.4.5 Chemical composition of bottom ash 28

Chapter-IVMix Design (29-35)

4.1 General 29

4.2 Procedure for Mix Design 29

4.3Desion stipulations for proportioning 31

4.4 Mix proportions 34

4.5 Quantities of materials 35

Chapter-VTests fresh and hardened concrete (36-40)

5.1 Tests on fresh concrete

5.1.1 Workability by slump test 36

5.1.2 Workability by compaction factor test 38

5.1.3 Relation b/w slump and compaction factor value 40

5.2 Tests on hardened concrete

5.2.1 Compressive strength 40

Chapter-VIResults and Discussions 42

Chapter-VIIConclusions 48

References 50

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURESPAGE NO

Fig 3.1.1 IS 90 micron sieve for fineness of cement8

Fig 3.1.2Vicats apparatus for standard consistency of cement 9

Fig 3.1.3 Cross - section of Vicats apparatus for setting times of cement 9

Fig 3.1.4Le Chatelier apparatus for soundness of cement11

Fig 3.1.5Pycnometer for specific gravity of cement13

Fig 3.2.1IS sieves and sieve shaker for sieve analysis of fine aggregate 15

Fig 3.2.2 Pycnometer for specific gravity of fine aggregate18

Fig 3.3.1IS sieves for sieve analysis of coarse aggregate20

Fig 3.3.2Aggregate crushing value test apparatus23

Fig 3.3.3 Aggregate impact value test apparatus24

Fig 3.4.1Production of bottom ash in thermal power station25

Fig 3.4.2Different sizes of bottom ash 26

Fig 3.4.3Utilization of bottom ash in different fields26

Fig 3.4.4Particle size distribution curve of bottom ash27

Fig 5.1.1Slump cone apparatus and classification of slump37

Fig 5.1.2Compaction factor value apparatus 39

Fig 5.2.1Compression testing machine 41

Fig 6.1graph showing strength results of 3days at different

Percentage replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash 46


percentage replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash46





LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE NO

Table 3.1.1Fineness of cement 8

Table 3.1.2Standard consistency of cement 9

Table 3.1.3Initial setting time of cement 10

Table 3.1.4Final setting time of cement11

Table 3.1.5Soundness of cement 12

Table 3.1.6Specific gravity of cement 13

Table 3.1.7Physical characteristics of cement 14

Table 3.2.1Sieves analysis of fine aggregate15

Table 3.2.2Zone distribution of fine aggregate16

Table 3.2.3Fineness modulus of different zones of fine aggregate 16

Table 3.2.4Bulking of fine aggregate 17

Table 3.2.5Specific gravity of fine aggregate18

Table 3.2.6Moisture content and water absorption of fine aggregate 19

Table 3.3.1Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates20

Table 3.3.2Moisture content and water absorption of coarse aggregate 21

Table 3.3.3Specific gravity of coarse aggregate22

Table 3.4.1Sieve analysis of bottom ash27

Table 3.4.2Comparison of bottom ash and fine aggregate properties 28

Table 3.4.3Chemical composition of bottom ash 28

Table 4.1Correction table in mix design 33

Table 4.2Mix design proportions34

Table 4.3Quantities of materials 35

Table 5.1.1Slump test37

Table 5.1.2Relation between slump value and compaction factor value 40

Table 5.2.1Compressive strength on hardened concrete 41

Table 6.1.1Compressive strength of concrete cubes of nominal mix 42

Table 6.1.2Compressive strength of concrete cubes using 5%

replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash42















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