Filming TechnologyFilming TechnologyCE00013-1CE00013-1

Anne TillingAnne Tilling

TV StandardsTV StandardsPAL – Television broadcast standardPAL – Television broadcast standard

Not compatible with NTSC or SECAMNot compatible with NTSC or SECAM PAL and SECAM produce images with up to 625 Horizontal lines PAL and SECAM produce images with up to 625 Horizontal lines

rather than NTSC with 525 resolutionrather than NTSC with 525 resolution

NTSC – National Television Systems CommiteeNTSC – National Television Systems Commitee Video transmitted in analogue format using 4:3 nearly square Video transmitted in analogue format using 4:3 nearly square

aspect ratioaspect ratio 525 lines525 lines

SECAM – Sequential couleur avec memoire (sequential SECAM – Sequential couleur avec memoire (sequential colour with memory).colour with memory).

Colour Television system developed by France and USSRColour Television system developed by France and USSR 625 lines and 50 frames per second625 lines and 50 frames per second

InterlacingInterlacing

TV creates image by drawing (scanning) lines of TV creates image by drawing (scanning) lines of light on the screen from Left to right, top to light on the screen from Left to right, top to bottombottom

The images that make up motion picture are The images that make up motion picture are made from alternating interlaced fieldsmade from alternating interlaced fields One field consists of odd lines (1,3,5 etc)One field consists of odd lines (1,3,5 etc) Other field consists of even lines (2,4,6 etc)Other field consists of even lines (2,4,6 etc)

Result – half video’s display drawn every 50Result – half video’s display drawn every 50 thth of of a seconda second

Aspect ratioAspect ratio

Meaning – the ratio between the width of Meaning – the ratio between the width of the picture and the heightthe picture and the height

Standard 4:3 (every 4 pixels across there Standard 4:3 (every 4 pixels across there are 3 pixels down)are 3 pixels down) 4:3 is standard television, which we have 4:3 is standard television, which we have

been familiar with since TV was invented.been familiar with since TV was invented.

Widescreen 16:9 (every 16 pixels across Widescreen 16:9 (every 16 pixels across there are 9 pixels down)there are 9 pixels down)

Why Widescreen?Why Widescreen?

Aesthetic quality of wider imageAesthetic quality of wider image

Building exteriors and landscapes – wider Building exteriors and landscapes – wider imagesimages

16:9 steadily replacing 4:3 televisions16:9 steadily replacing 4:3 televisions

Generally regarded as more natural way of Generally regarded as more natural way of viewing image – similar to field of view for viewing image – similar to field of view for the human eyethe human eye

WidescreenWidescreen

Many cameras have a 16:9 switch, which when Many cameras have a 16:9 switch, which when activated in either a letterboxed image and/or an activated in either a letterboxed image and/or an anamorphically stretched image. anamorphically stretched image.

The Canon XL1 is not true wide screen as to be The Canon XL1 is not true wide screen as to be true your camera must have a 16:9 CCD and not true your camera must have a 16:9 CCD and not a 4:3 CCD like in the Canon XL1a 4:3 CCD like in the Canon XL1 CCD (Charge coupled device) Records light by CCD (Charge coupled device) Records light by

intensityintensity Small light sensitive chip containing photosites Small light sensitive chip containing photosites

(convert light from lens into electrons)(convert light from lens into electrons)

What does Canon do?What does Canon do?Camera chops off the top Camera chops off the top and bottom scanlines of the and bottom scanlines of the image to get the widescreen image to get the widescreen picturepicture

This false way uses only This false way uses only 432 lines of the CCD instead 432 lines of the CCD instead of the 576 on the PAL of the 576 on the PAL camera. camera.

When this is displayed on When this is displayed on your monitor, the camera your monitor, the camera has digitally rescaled the has digitally rescaled the lines to fit. But ¼ resolution lines to fit. But ¼ resolution has been lost.has been lost.

True WidescreenTrue Widescreen

The right way is to use a 16:9 CCD. So when in 4:3 The right way is to use a 16:9 CCD. So when in 4:3 mode the camera ignores the side panels of the CCD mode the camera ignores the side panels of the CCD and reads a 4:3 image from the centre portion of the chipand reads a 4:3 image from the centre portion of the chip

EditingEditing

Prior to the introduction of electronic Prior to the introduction of electronic editing in 1963, editing hands onediting in 1963, editing hands on

Individual shots on source tape cut and Individual shots on source tape cut and spliced forming edited master tapespliced forming edited master tape Time consumingTime consuming Tape easily damaged during handlingTape easily damaged during handling Edit points difficult to locateEdit points difficult to locate Edits straight cuts onlyEdits straight cuts only

Electronic EditingElectronic Editing

Involved the original source tape and a NEW Involved the original source tape and a NEW reel of tapereel of tapeCopying each shot from source onto new reel in Copying each shot from source onto new reel in the position required by the editorthe position required by the editorMade easier by use of time codeMade easier by use of time codeSource tape could be over used and the tape Source tape could be over used and the tape stretched and distortedstretched and distorted

Solution – computerized electronic editing Solution – computerized electronic editing systemssystems

EditingEditing

Linear EditingLinear Editing Edit made as you go alongEdit made as you go along In a lineIn a line AnalogueAnalogue Can’t shuffle pieces of footage around timelineCan’t shuffle pieces of footage around timeline

Non Linear EditingNon Linear Editing Can juggle footage aroundCan juggle footage around DigitalDigital

Media 100Media 100

Getting startedGetting startedSettingsSettings Video and AudioVideo and Audio

Digitising MediaDigitising MediaClip alterationsClip alterationsProgramProgramTransitionsTransitionsMastering to tapeMastering to tape

Getting StartedGetting StartedSelect Media 100 iFinish 4.6Select Media 100 iFinish 4.6Folder and Media filesFolder and Media files

Folder (bins, timeline, project files)Folder (bins, timeline, project files) Media (digitised footage – video & audio)Media (digitised footage – video & audio)

Set up Media 100 and new projectSet up Media 100 and new projectStart new folder on available driveStart new folder on available drive

Not h driveNot h drive

Save project file insideSave project file inside Project fileProject file TimelineTimeline Footage BinFootage Bin

Project fileProject file

TimelineTimeline

Footage binFootage bin

SettingsSettings

DigitisingDigitising

Switch on TV monitorSwitch on TV monitor

Open work folderOpen work folder

Connect DV deck (connect FireWire cable)Connect DV deck (connect FireWire cable)

Set Hardware settingsSet Hardware settings

Hardware Settings – Hardware Settings – Video and AudioVideo and Audio

VideoVideo Source in – type of input, Source in – type of input,

DVDV

Standard – What TV Standard – What TV standard usedstandard used

PAL (720x576) 16:9 or 4:3PAL (720x576) 16:9 or 4:3

PAL (768x576) is used for PAL (768x576) is used for VHS videoVHS video

16:9 Widescreen16:9 Widescreen

AudioAudio Source in – DVSource in – DV Sample rate – 48000HzSample rate – 48000Hz Analogue in – only when recording from analogue deviceAnalogue in – only when recording from analogue device

Professional devices = +4dB (Betacam SP & DAT)Professional devices = +4dB (Betacam SP & DAT)Consumer devices = -10dB (Mini disc)Consumer devices = -10dB (Mini disc)

Analogue out – opposite of above (ignore for DV)Analogue out – opposite of above (ignore for DV) Machine control – Media 100DVMachine control – Media 100DV DV Deck – Either Canon XL1, DV VTR deck or generic DV Deck – Either Canon XL1, DV VTR deck or generic

DVDV

Media SettingsMedia Settings

To ensure correct Hard drive usedTo ensure correct Hard drive used

Edit - Media settingsEdit - Media settings

Strike through correct drive lineStrike through correct drive line

Quality online set to 90kBQuality online set to 90kB

BinsBinsStore mediaStore media Separate bins for separate subjectsSeparate bins for separate subjects No more than 10 clips per binNo more than 10 clips per bin Bin information can be shown in Bin information can be shown in

different waysdifferent ways Digitise longer than required clipDigitise longer than required clip

Program - TimelineProgram - TimelineGraphics track, Video track and 2 audio tracksGraphics track, Video track and 2 audio tracksActually 8 audio tracks availableActually 8 audio tracks availableDrag media from bin onto video trackDrag media from bin onto video track Open video track to display FXOpen video track to display FX Playback footage by hitting spacebarPlayback footage by hitting spacebar Zoom on timelineZoom on timeline Change clip length on timelineChange clip length on timeline

Graphics trackGraphics track

Graphics on timelineGraphics on timeline

TransitionsTransitions

Blending shotsBlending shotsSelect clip to blend and double clickSelect clip to blend and double click Changes Edit suite window to the transitions Changes Edit suite window to the transitions

windowwindow

Clips to blend together must overlap in Va Clips to blend together must overlap in Va and Vband VbChoose transition typeChoose transition typeApply and renderApply and renderAppear on the FX trackAppear on the FX track

Digitising MediaDigitising MediaOpen new binOpen new bin File > new bin > saveFile > new bin > save

Select ‘Digitise’ from Edit Suite (Ctrl D)Select ‘Digitise’ from Edit Suite (Ctrl D)Name shot in windowName shot in windowDigitiseDigitise Either enter timecode in point and outpointEither enter timecode in point and outpoint Or Press start at beginning of required clip and stop at the endOr Press start at beginning of required clip and stop at the end

Footage now stored in binFootage now stored in bin

Clip alterationsClip alterationsEdit suite window (Ctrl E)Edit suite window (Ctrl E)Change length by selecting in and out points Change length by selecting in and out points then selecting ‘apply’then selecting ‘apply’ This function can be reversed as it is sourcing the This function can be reversed as it is sourcing the

original cliporiginal clip

N.B. If audio is turned off during clip alterations you N.B. If audio is turned off during clip alterations you can not reverse this and will need to import the can not reverse this and will need to import the footage againfootage again

Colour changes and time alterations performed Colour changes and time alterations performed via the edit suite windowvia the edit suite window

Mastering to tapeMastering to tapeDouble check the hardware settings were Double check the hardware settings were correctly set upcorrectly set upFile > Master to tapeFile > Master to tapeMode = RecordMode = RecordLeader = Black>10 seconds (for a 1 minute film) Leader = Black>10 seconds (for a 1 minute film) or 60 seconds (for 30 minute film)or 60 seconds (for 30 minute film)Range = ProgramRange = ProgramTrailer = same as leaderTrailer = same as leaderDestination = Beginning of tape (depends)Destination = Beginning of tape (depends)Machine control = Media 100DVMachine control = Media 100DVPal 720, 48000HzPal 720, 48000Hz

Tutorial sessionsTutorial sessions

Working through iFinish, Media 100 Working through iFinish, Media 100 tutorialtutorial

Covers all basic functions of the Media Covers all basic functions of the Media 100 software100 software