film theory

18
Film Theory What is an auteur? A .ilmmaker usually the director whose movies are characterized by a .ilmmaker's creative in.luence Andre Bazin Auteur French for 'author'. politique des auteurs, a manifesto drafted in the 1950s by a group of French .ilm directors and critics celebrated the role of the director as the 'author' of a .ilm, 'Hollywood studio system'.

description

film theory

Transcript of film theory

Page 1: film theory

Film  Theory

What  is  an  auteur?• A  .ilmmaker  usually  the  director  whose  movies  are  characterized  by  a  

.ilmmaker's  creative  in.luence

Andre  Bazin

Auteur  French  for  'author'.  politique  des  auteurs,  a  manifesto  drafted  in  the  1950s  by  a  group  of  French  .ilm  

directors  and  criticscelebrated  the  role  of  the  director  as  the  'author'  of  a  .ilm,  'Hollywood  studio  system'.

Page 2: film theory

History  of  Film  as  the  history  of  Auteurs• Like  Artists• Original  work• Creative  Control• Personal  .ilm  language• Auteurs  often  start  the  conventions  of  genre,  but  do  not  follow  them  

Notes  on  the  'Auteur'  Theory  by  Sarris  1962  (American)• the  technical  competence  of  the  director• the  director's  distinguishable  personality  (style)• and  interior  meaning.

Why  Hitchcock?• Long  career  beginning  in  early  years  of  .ilm  industry• Work  in  Europe  and  America• Innovation  in  .ilm  making• Master  of  suspense  and  audience’s  reception  of  the  .ilm  • In.luential  in  later  genres  like  the  American  Slasher  or  the  psychological  

thriller.  • Inspired  by  avant-­‐garde  expressionism,  surrealism,  but  .ilms  still  

attracted  mainstream  audiences  • French  New  Wave  acknowledged  him  as  an  auteur

The  technical  competence  of  the  director• Expressionist  lighting• Story  telling  visually  in  silent  era• Use  of  the  subjective  camera• Dolly    zoom• Clever  use  of  montage  and  cutting  to  create  tension  in  spite  of  the  

production  code  (1939-­‐60)

1920• It  was  around  1920  when  Hitchcock  joined  the  .ilm  industry,  he  started  

off  drawing  the  sets  (Since  he  was  a  very  skilled  artist)• Continued  his  apprenticeship  alongside  Graham  Cutts  at  Gainsborough.•  In  1925,  studio  head  Michael  Balcon  dispatched  Hitchcock  to  Germany• Saw  .irsthand  the  work  of  masters  like  F.W.  Murnau

A  scene  from  F.W.  Murnau's  Nosferatu.  1922

Page 3: film theory

The  Lodger  1927

Subjective  Camera  Shots    Champagne  (1928)

Page 4: film theory

Subjective  Camera  in  Jamaica  Inn

The  technical  competence  of  the  director• The  dolly  zoom    is  an  unsettling  in-­‐camera  special  effect  that  appears  to  

undermine  normal  visual  perception  in  .ilm.  • A  dolly  counter  zoom  is  also  variously  known  as:  • Back  Zoom  Travelling  • Smash  Zoom"  or  "Smash  Shot"  • Vertigo  zoom  • The  "  Hitchcock  zoom"  or  the  "  Vertigo  effect"  • "Hitchcock  shot"  or  "Vertigo  shot  • A  "  Jaws  shot"  • A  "zido"  • A  "zolly"  • "Telescoping"  • A  "contra-­‐zoom"  or  "trombone  shot"  • Push/pull  • A  Stretch  shot  • More  technically  as  forward  zoom  /  reverse  tracking    or  zoom  in  /  dolly  

out  

Page 5: film theory

I  look  up,  I  look  down

Cutting  and  Montage• “What  is  drama  but  life  with  the  dull  bits  cut  out?”

Pyscho  1960  story  board

Page 6: film theory

the  director's  distinguishable  personality  (style)• Expressionism  –  form  evokes  emotion• Cameo  appearances  of  the  director• Narrative  is  often  visual  rather  than  told  through  dialogue• Continuous  of  certain  actors  (Cary  Grant,  James  Stewart  ,  Tippi  Hedren,  

Doris  Day,  Joan  Fontaine)• Obsessive  use  of  the  blonds• Suspense

• Blondes  make  the  best  victims.  They're  like  virgin  snow  that  shows  up  the  bloody  footprints.”

Page 7: film theory

Suspense• Suspense  is  generated  when  the  audience  can  see  danger  his  characters  

cannot  see…• "There's  no  terror  in  the  bang  of  the  gun,  only  the  anticipation  of  it."  • his  earlier  work  could  create  vivid  terror  in  the  mind  of  the  viewer  with  

very  little  spatter  on  the  screen.

Expressionism• Hitchcock  .ilms  are  not  concerned  with  realism  or  naturalism• He  is  interested  in  story  telling  and  evoking  emotional  responses  in  his  

audience•  “Give  them  pleasure  the  same  pleasure  they  have  when  they  wake  up  

from  a  nightmare”

Page 8: film theory

Voyeurism

Trauma

Decent  in  madness

Page 9: film theory

Spy  on  my  wife,  she  is  acting  strangely

Voyeurism

“Madeline”

Voyeurism  and  subjective  shot

Page 10: film theory

Doubling  of  blondes,  uncanny  likeness

Jump  in  the  river

Page 11: film theory

Scottie  saves  her

• Scottie:  “Their  true  name  is  Sequoia  sempervirens—always  green,  ever  living.”  

“Suicide  of  Madeline”

Page 12: film theory

Scottie  descends  into  madness  again

Living  through  a  break  down

Judy  –  an  accidental  meeting

Judy/Madeline  lives  again

Page 13: film theory

Transformation  is  complete

Colour  is  used  in  an  expressionistic  way

• See  .ilm  clip  of  Hitchcock• “Always  make  the  audience  suffer  as  much  as  possible.”

Cameo  of  the  director

interior  meaning• 1938  Hitchcock  leaves  Gainsborough  studios  to  work  in  America• David  O  Selznick  introduces    him  to  pyschoanalyis• They  make  (Rebecca,1940)  (Spellbound,  1945),  (Notorious,  1946)  

Collaboration  with  Salvador  Dali

Page 14: film theory

The  Art  of  Alfred  Hitchcock,  Donald  Spoto• Bird’s-­‐Eye  View• The  Birds.  They  are  the  most  prominent  motif  in  Sabotage,  and  they  

appear  in  Young  and  Innocent  (1938),  The  Lady  Vanishes  (1938),  Jamaica  Inn  (1939),  and  Saboteur,  and  ominously  presage  the  action  in  Psycho.

The  Birds  as  harbingers  of  doom  (1963)

Page 15: film theory
Page 16: film theory

Dial  M  for  Murder

Self-­‐Proclaimed  fears• “I  am  scared  easily,  here  is  a  list  of  my  adrenaline  -­‐  production:  1:  small  

children,  2:  policemen,  3:  high  places,  4:  that  my  next  movie  will  not  be  as  good  as  the  last  one.”

Themes  that  are  revisited• ordinary  people  caught  up  in  extraordinary  events,•  mistaken  identity,  • espionage,  • murder  and  madness.  

Page 17: film theory

• sly  wit  and  moments  of  macabre  humour,•  strong  sexual  themes,•  explorations  of  the  darkest  corners  of  the  human  mind  •  always  “Hitchcockian”  suspense.  

• -­‐  relationship  between  order  and  chaos•

-­‐  search  for  identity• -­‐  existential  anxiety,  free  will  •

-­‐  guilt,  transference  of  guilt  •

-­‐  death  drive,  other  themes  from  Freudian  psychology  •

-­‐  relationship  between  the  sexes  •

-­‐  relationship  between  a  spectator  and  an  image  • projection  of  guilt  and  desire,  • nature  of  cinema

Classic  bilms• Gerald  Mast  "The  best  American  .ilms  of  the  present  (and  of  the  future),  

like  those  of  the  past,  can  and  will  succeed  in  transcending  their  immediate  temporal,  commercial,  technological,  and  cultural  limitations...  “  (1981,  p45)

Critique  of  the  auteurIt  presents  a  canon  of  .ilms  made  by  ‘elites’  (many  male  auteurs)It  disguises  the  work  of  others  (cinematographer,  art  director,  screen  writer,  editor,  sound  technicians  …)It  offers  a  universal  view  of  qualityIt  is  a  capitalist  device  by  selling  a  .ilm  by  virtue  of  it’s  director

The  Death  of  the  author  (Barthes,  1977,  p143)• The  explanation  of  a  work  is  always  sought  in  the  man  or  woman  who  

produced  it,  as  if  it  were  always  in  the  end,  through  the  more  or  less  transparent  allegory  of  the  .iction,  the  voice  of  a  single·  person,  the  author  'con.iding'  in  us.

Page 18: film theory

Barthes  1977  p148• we  know  that  to  give  writing  its  future,  it  is  necessary  to  overthrow  the  

myth:  the  birth  of  the  reader  must  be  at  the  cost  of  the  death  of  the  Author.