Biodiesel production from Waste Cooking Oil (SUNFLWER)

Plug flow diagram process, reactor type and continuous process type

As per the below table 1, the catalyst having greater industrial scaling, high yields,

economic cost as well as short reaction time, is the substitute of fundamental

catalysis, making use of sodium hydroxide. Even though soap could be produced by

making use of sodium hydroxide within the transesterification reaction, this takes

place in case if the free fatty acids content is higher than 1 percent and the oil

gathered holds acidity percentage of around 0.54 percent, thus it is not an issue to

utilize this kind of catalyst for producing biodiesel.

Table 1: Selection parameter for extraction of Biodiesel from waste sunflower cooking oil

To select the best alternative for the biodiesel production are defined three ranges for

the operation conditions to be used in the transesterification reaction. The catalyst

chosen for this reaction is NaOH. The reason behind this is the fact that it is a purer

chemical and reacts better, as compared to KOH. It is also economical in cost.

Table 2: Selection parameter for extraction of Biodiesel from waste sunflower cooking oil

It is quite important to develop a design through which the highly suitable values for

individual design aspects could be recognized. The chosen forces include molar ratio

oil/alcohol, catalyst percentage, temperature as well as washing agent, where the

foremost three refer to the design variables, while the last one is the design condition.

Prior to beginning the design it is vital to define the ranges along with levels for the

factors.

Table 3: Design factors for extraction of Biodiesel from waste sunflower cooking oil

Foremost step is the waste sunflower oil filtration, after that mixing alcohol/catalyst

for adding it to the reactor that has the oil at the transesterification reaction

temperature, after that is the biodiesel and glycerine separation followed by washing

and distillation of biodiesel. Moreover, the dissolution is agitated at less rpm for the

reason that that at great revolutions sodium hydroxide could be easily oxidized”

(Hossain and Boyce, 2009). It should also be enclosed since methanol amount

because of its instability could be vanished. Additionally, for the transesterification

reaction reactors are utilized of 4 mouths having capacity of around 500 mL as well as

1000 mL, plates of agitation, magnetic stirrers, spiral capacitors, thermostat bath,

mercury thermometers and lastly, temperature controller.

Table 4: Continuous process for extraction of Biodiesel from waste sunflower cooking oil

For carrying out the reaction oil is loaded in the reactors as well as heated to reaction

temperature, while it touches the temperature the mixture of alcohol and catalyst is

made and added to reactor. Moreover, in the ending stages of the reaction HCl is

added to around 37% for neutralizing the reaction. When the reaction is complete, the

product is transferred to the separation funnels and left for atleast 8 hours, for

ensuring effective parting of the phases (Arjun et. al., 2016). Once glycerin is

separated from biodiesel, washing process is carried out. For separating the glycerin,

the biodiesel needs to be washed for the reason that it might hold catalyst residues,

soaps, methanol and glycerides. There are basically two kinds of washing as per the

experimental design. In first one, water at 40 °C is utilized for three washes. The other

test of washing is done with acetic acid 10% wt, where the same volume of sunflower

oil is used and two washes are done with acid solution as well as the third wash is

carried out with deionized water. Further, the distillation is done at 40 °C i.e.

temperature that is lower than methanol boiling point. Lastly, the vacuum pump is

utilized for minimizing the distillation time and also, vacuum trap utilized for

preventing waste of alcohol to reach the pump.

Condition for varies experiment and select the best

condition:

NOTE: write different conditions coming whit different experment to find the Optimum process : Like methanol oil molar ratio, catalyst type, catalyst concentration, and reaction temperature. The amount of sunflower oil, reaction time, alcohol type, and rate of agitation

This what I wrote please take a look and modify.

Please add references as many as you can. Minimum 20 reference.

Considering the outcomes of the appearance of biodiesel, it could be stated that the

percentatge of catalyst influences the stability of biodiesel. Opacity in the yield

basically indicates that the methyl ester have water presence. The density of biodiesel

as per the standard ASTM D-1298 needs to be in 0.86 - 0.90 g/ml range. The density

doesn’t assure that regained biodiesel is of high quality. It could be stated that the

appearance and density analysis aren’t consistent parameters for determining the

quality of biodiesel. Additionally, the Sunflower oil (SFO) showed sound

physicochemical features, which are suitable as biodiesel feedstock. The best reaction

settings for transesterification were: methanol/oil volume ratio of 0.25, reaction

temperature 60 ºC, NaOH catalyst 0.5 % w/v, mixing rate 600 rpm as well as reaction

period of 3 hours.

Under such situations, 87 percent volume of SME (sunflower methyl ester) in high

pureness was separated. The fuel characteristics of sunflower methyl ester (SFME)

were in line with all stated ASTM international biodiesel specification. Moreover,

GC-MS highlighted that linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid as well as stearic acid

were main fatty acids of SFME. Additionally, sunflower oil holds less constituents of

saturated fatty acid and is appropriate source for manufacturing of biodiesel. The

performance test of engine were carried out and it was established that fuel use rate of

biodiesel was lesser as compared to that of diesel fuel. The engine functioned

efficiently and the biodiesel performed like sound performance like diesel fuel. As a

result, biodiesel obtained from sunflower oil could be utilized like a diesel alternative

for all diesel engines that to without making any changes to those engines