File organization
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Transcript of File organization
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FILE ORGANIZATION
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TYPES OF FILE ORGANIZATION
Serial Sequential Indexed Sequential Direct Access /Random Access
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Serial File Organization
A collection of records No particular sequence Cannot be used as master Used as temporary transaction file Records stored in the order received
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Sequential File Organization
A collection of records Stored in key sequence Adding/deleting record requires making new
file Used as master files
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Sequential file
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Advantages
Simple file design Very efficient when most of the records must
be processed e.g. Payroll Very efficient if the data has a natural order Can be stored on inexpensive devices like
magnetic tape.
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Disadvantages
Entire file must be processed even if a single record is to be searched.
Transactions have to be sorted before processing
Overall processing is slow
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Direct (Random) File Organization Records are read directly from or written on
to the file. The records are stored at known address. Address is calculated by applying a
mathematical function to the key field.
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Direct (Random) File Organization A random file would have to be stored on a
direct access backing storage medium e.g. magnetic disc, CD, DVD
Example : Any information retrieval system. Eg Train timetable system.
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Advantages
Any record can be directly accessed. Speed of record processing is very fast. Up-to-date file because of online updating. Concurrent processing is possible.
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Disadvantages
More complex than sequential Does not fully use memory locations More security and backup problems
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Indexed sequential file
Each record of a file has a key field which uniquely identifies that record.
An index consists of keys and addresses. An indexed sequential file is a sequential
file (i.e. sorted into order of a key field) which has an index.
A full index to a file is one in which there is an entry for every record.
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Indexed sequential file
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Indexed sequential file
Indexed sequential files are important for applications where data needs to be accessed..... sequentially randomly using the index.
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Indexed sequential file
An indexed sequential file can only be stored on a random access devicee.g. magnetic disc, CD.
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Advantages
Provides flexibility for users who need both type of accesses with the same file
Faster than sequential
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Disadvantages
Extra storage space for the index is required
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Batch Processing
Batch processing is updating master files periodically to reflect all transactions that occurred during a given time period.
The master file is updated at set times or whenever a manageable number of transactions are gathered.
Transaction data can either be entered as a batch or as each transaction occurs.
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Masterfile
Group source documents into batches.
Batch Processing
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On-line Batch Processing
Masterfile
Enter transactions into system as they occur.
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On-line, Real-Time Processing
In on-line, real-time processing, the computer captures data electronically,...– edits it for accuracy and completeness, and...– immediately processes it.
The computer also processes information requests from users.
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On-line, Real-Time Processing
Masterfile
Enter transactions into system as they occur.
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Advantages of Each Method
The main advantage of batch processing was efficiency in processing.
On-line data entry is more accurate than periodic batch input because the system can refuse incomplete of erroneous entries.
Real-time processing ensures that the information in master files is always current.