Filariasis by Cj[1]

7/28/2019 Filariasis by Cj[1]

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Reported by:

Carmela Joyce S. Atto


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Filiariasis-is the name for a group of tropical diseases caused byvarious thread-like African eye parasitic round worms(nematodes) and their larvae.-the adult worm can live only in the human lymphaticsystem.-The larvae transmit the disease to humans through a

mosquito bite.-The dse is rarely fatal; however, it causes extensivedisability, gross disfigurement and untold suffering inmillions of men, women, and children.


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Wuchereria bancrofti-a parasitic filarial nematode (roundworm) spread by a mosquito vector. It is one ofthe three parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis, an infection of the lymphaticsystem.

-affects: lymph nodes, lymph vessels of the legs, arms vulva and breasts.


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Brugia Malayi--results in swelling of the extremities confined to areasbelow the knees and below the elbows.


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Brugia timori-- is a human nematode (roundworm) which causes thedisease "Timor Filariasis.-rarely affects the genitals.


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Loa loa

-is another filarial parasite in humans transmitted

by the deer fly.


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The parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis are transmittedfrom human to human through the bites

ofCulexandAnopheles mosquitoes.


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Persons with chronic filarial swelling sufferseverely from the dse but no longer transmit

the infection

In India, 99.4% cases are caused by thespecies Wuchereria bancrofti, whereas Burgiamalayi is responsible for 0.6% of the problem


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Mosquito bites a person with lymphatic filariasis

Microscopic worms circulating in the persons blood enter andalso infect the mosquito

Worms pass from the mosquito through human skin and travel tothe lymph vessels where they grow into adults.


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(7 years)They mate and release millions of microfilaria into the

bloodstream

Once the person has the worms in his/her blood, biting mosquitowhen it feeds, the dse is transmitted to another person by

larvae.

Larvae migrates to the lymph nodes, reach sexual maturity andthe cycle is completed


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A person needs to get many mosquito bites over several

months/years to get filariasis

No symptoms will show until the adult worms die

The dses damages the kidneys and the lymph system; fluidcollects and causes swelling in the arms, breasts, legs and for

men, the genital area.


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The swelling and decreased function of the lymphatic system

make it difficult for the body to fight the infection.

Person tends to have more bacterial infection in the skin; thus,skin hardens and thickens. (elephantiasis)

Advance Stages: worms obstruct the vessels causing thesurrounding tissues to enlarge.


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Conjuctival filariasis: larvae may migrate to the eyes and can

sometimes be seen beneath the conjunctiva

Untreated conjunctival filariasis : results to onchocerciasis


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Symptoms vary depending on the type ofparasitic worm involved.

On and off chills

Headache

Fever that lasts between 3 mos. And 1 yearafter the insect bite


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Swelling Redness

Pain in the arms, legs or scrotum

Areas of abscesses may appear as a result ofdying worms or a secondary bacterialinfection


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Elephantiasis affects mainly the lower extremities, while the ears, mucusmembranes, and amputation stumps are affected less frequently. However,different species of filarial worms tend to affect different parts of the body:''Wuchereria bancrofti'' can affect the legs, arms, vulva, and breasts, while


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Filariasis is usually diagnosed by identifying microfilariae ona Giemsa stained thick blood film. Blood must be drawn atnight, since the microfilaria circulate at night(nocturnal

periodicity), when their mosquito vector is most likely tobite. Also, decreased peripheral temperature may attractmore microfilariae.


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Circulating filarial antigen (CFA)-performed on a finger-prick blood droplet

taken anytime of the day. Results available ina few minutes Pt. History must be taken and the pattern of

the inflammation and signs of lymphaticobstruction must be observed.


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diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin with albendazole.-Diethylcarbamazine rapidly clears microfilaremia for a longtime, but has a slower effect on the adult worms,

necessitating repeated doses.- Ivermectin used as a single dose reduces microfilarial levelsover a long period, although re-treatment is required atthree to 12 month intervals until the adult worms have beeneradicated.-Albendazole, though not used for onchocerciasis, may beeffective as an adjunct for other filarial infections, due to itseffect on the adult worms.


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Surgery may be performed to remove surplustissue and provide the way to drain the fluid

around the damaged lymphatic vessels.

Elephantiasis of the legs can be also be easedby elevating the legs and providing supportwith elastic bandages.


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Health education Environmental sanitation

Psychological and emotional support to thect. Person hygiene


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Movement- exercises that stimulate lymphatic flow are effective ways ofhelping individuals to manage lymphoedema. Therefore, movementshould be gentle yet deliberate and carried out on a regular daily basis.While movement is focused on the foot, for example, circling and flexingit, movement of the whole limb is beneficial. Walking and foot exercises

are probably the most effective ways of promoting lymph flow (Vaqasand Ryan, 2003). Breathing exercises have not traditionally formed partof the LF programme, however Vaqas and Ryan note that the breathingtaught to lymphoedema patients in resource rich countries is similar tothat used in some Asian traditional systems of medicine (Vaqas and

Ryan, 2003).


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The best way to prevent lymphatic filariasis is to avoid mosquito bites.The mosquitoes that carry the microscopic worms usually bite betweenthe hours of dusk and dawn. If you live in an area with lymphatic filariasis:

at night

sleep in an air-conditioned room or

sleep under a mosquito net between dusk and dawn

wear long sleeves and trousers and

use mosquito repellent on exposed skin.


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Another approach to prevention includes giving entirecommunities medicine that kills the microscopic worms --and controlling mosquitoes. Annual mass treatment reduces

the level of microfilariae in the blood and thus, diminishestransmission of infection. This is the basis of the globalcampaign to eliminate lymphatic filariasis.

Filariasis by Cj[1]

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