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Fisiologia

Il pattinaggio, come attivit sportiva ha dato origine a tre filoni:

il pattinaggio artistico

il pattinaggio di velocit

l'hockey su ghiaccio

Le prime gare di pattinaggio artistico e di velocit risalgono alla fine dell'Ottocento. Il pattinaggio artistico una disciplina di

elevatissimo contenuto atletico e tecnico. Richiede anni ed anni di preparazione ed un innato senso artistico espressivo. Non a caso

molti campioni provengono dalla danza classica. A differenza della danza, ove richiesta grande agilit e coordinazione

neuromuscolare, nel pattinaggio richiesta anche molta forza di gambe. Questo deriva dalla elevata velocit di esecuzione delle

figure. La maggior energia cinetica consente maggior sviluppo di forza nello stacco e conseguentemente tempi di volo pi lunghi

che consentono evoluzioni pi complesse. Inoltre, le evoluzioni del pattinaggio a coppie favoriscono una tipologia ben precisa dellacoppia stessa. Il maschio robusto mentre la femmina poco pi che adolescente e la sua ridotta massa corporea favorisce le

evoluzioni acrobatiche nei voli.

Allenamento

Nel pattinaggio artistico l'allenamento tecnico preponderante in quanto l'atleta deve sviluppare una coordinazione

neuromuscolare che gli consente la perfetta esecuzione delle figure. Sono ovviamente importanti le doti artistiche ed espressive.

Vi anche una forma di pattinaggio di tipo "turistico", molto diffusa in Olanda ove possibile compiere veri e propri raid sui canali

ghiacciati. In questo caso, l'attivit diventa di tipo aerobico puro ed quindi necessario sviluppare la resistenza allo sforzo

prolungato.

Alimentazione

Si considera solo il caso del pattinaggio di tipo "turistico" che comporta lunghe percorrenze in clima freddo. Come per tutti gli sport

di resistenza, occorre provvedere al reintegro calorico per compensare la spesa energetica. Il costo energetico mediamente di 0.5

Kcal/(kg x km), quindi, per un soggetto di 70 kg, il dispendio energetico per 10 km di 350 kcal. In genere nei raid di pattinaggio la

tappa di una ventina di km, quindi il costo energetico totale di circa 700 kcal. Si consiglia quindi di avere sempre a disposizione

qualche alimento energetico di scorta, oltre che un termos di bevanda calda.

http://www.benessere.com/fitness_e_sport/sport/pattinaggio.htm

STORIA DEL PATTINAGGIO SU GHIACCIO

Il pattinaggio non nacque per sport o per gioco, ma per necessit.

I primi pattini infatti, nacquero in tempi molto antichi fra le popolazioni nordiche, questo perch si doveva affrontare ilproblema di camminare con una certa disinvoltura nei territori delle loro regioni che d'inverno si trasformavano inenormi distese di giaccio. Detto problema fu risolto applicando alle scarpe delle specie di lame ricavate da ossa dianimali.

I primi pattini in ferro vennero costruiti in Olanda intorno al 1300, dove il pattinaggio fu molto praticato a causa deinumerosi corsi d'acqua che, ghiacciando d'inverno, costituivano ottime e numerose piste.

Fino al 1850 i pattini venivano legati al piede per mezzo di cinghie; in seguito vennero costruite scarpe speciali con ilmattino in metallo direttamente avvitato alla suola.

Nel 1893 nacque la Federazione Internazionale di Pattinaggio che istitu le prime competizioni con regolamenti eorganizz proprio in quell'anno i primi campionati di corsa su pattini, disputati ad Amsterdam. Nel 1896 si tennero a

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Pietroburgo i primi campionati di pattinaggio artistico e si suddivisero cos le categorie di pattinaggio artistico e quellodi velocit.

Anticamente, la pista su cui si potevano raggiungere le pi alte velocit era considerata quella di Alma Alta, citt russa

fra i Monti Urali. Nelle Olimpiadi invernali del 1956, la pista di Misurina, nei pressi di Cortina d'Ampezzo, si rivel di una

perfezione pari, se non superiore a quella di Alma Alta.

http://www.collezione-online.it/storia_del_pattinaggio_su_ghiaccio.htm

Si ritiene che il pattinaggio su ghiaccio si sia originato inSveziaoltre dodici secoli fa (ma reperti datati al50 a.C.fanno pensare adorigini ancora pi remote), presso iVichinghi,con pattini e lame diossodibueorenna.I pattini erano un mezzo di trasporto efficacesulle superfici ghiacciate di laghi e fiumi. Paragonati con i materiali odierni, non erano molto efficienti, tant' che il pattinatore siaiutava con un bastone per darsi la spinta e per mantenere l'equilibrio.

Pattini olandesi d'epoca, in legno.

Pattinare sui canali ghiacciati con pattini di legno divenne un passatempo popolare nelXVII secoloneiPaesi Bassi.In quel periodo

giunse in Olanda James, figlio in esilio del re ingleseCarlo I;fu lui a diffondere il nuovo sport presso l'aristocrazia inglese al suorientro in patria.

Il pattinaggio su ghiaccio divenne uno sport noto nel mondo durante il XVIII secolo.

Il pattinaggio sul ghiaccio reso possibile dal ridottissimo attrito tra la superficie del ghiaccio e la lama metallica del pattino. Ilpattinatore tuttavia pu controllare il proprio movimento attraverso minime inclinazioni della lama durante il moto Nel pattinaggio

artistico, i pattinatori svolgono movimenti, salti, piroette e passi per formare un "balletto" chiamato solitamente numero, disco,

danza, o in altre maniere. I salti esistenti sono: L'axel, il salcow, il toeloop, il rittberger, il flip e il lutz. Si possono svolgere semplici,doppi, tripli, e quadrupli.

In una competizione vengono giudicati i vari modi di eseguire il salto, prendendo in considerazione l'entrata, lo svolgimento e ilfinale.

Si possono anche eseguire combinazioni a piacimento, ad esempio un salto puntato con un salto non puntato oppure due salti dellastessa tipologia.

Solitamente i salti secondari usati per completare combinazioni sono il toeloop e il rittberger. Per ogni salto vengono assegnati deiprecisi punti, cos come per ogni combinazione. Il salto pu ricevere le seguenti valutazioni: -3 se sbagliato completamente oppure

se manca parte della rotazione; -2 se viene eseguito male, con piccole imperfezioni; -1 se viene fatta qualche sbavatura; 0 se pulitoma non spettacolare; +1 se gli viene conferito qualcosa in pi rispetto alla norma; +2 se alto, scorrevole, veloce e pulito; +3 se davvero bellissimo.

Le trottole sono dei "giri" su se stessi eseguibili in moltissimi modi differenti. Alcuni di questi sono la sitz (seduta), la waget (angelo)oppure una semplice in piedi e costituiscono le tre posizioni base.

Solitamente in un programma libero vengono completate tre trottole, una saltata, una rovesciata e una combinata. Una trottola dibase, semplice, senza variazioni o cambi di piedi vale 1. Pi si aggiungono difficolt pi ne aumenta il livello, fino ad arrivare a un

massimo di 4. Bisogna per prestare attenzione al fatto che il livello di difficolt non necessariamente legato alla valutazione:infatti pu essere meglio eseguire una trottola semplice, prendendo un punteggio anche magari non molto alto, piuttosto cheazzardarne una da livello 4 sbagliandola e facendo scendere il punteggio.

A study by Federico Formenti of the University of Oxford suggests that the earliest ice skating happened in southern Finland more than 3000 yearsago.[1]Originally, skates were merely sharpened, flattened bone strapped to the bottom of the foot. Skaters did not actually skate on the ice, but ratherglided on top of it. True skating emerged when a steel blade with sharpened edges was used. Skates now cut into the ice instead of gliding on top of it.

Adding edges to ice skates was invented by theDutchin the 13th or 14th century. These ice skates were made ofsteel,with sharpened edges on the

bottom to aid movement. The construction of modern ice skates has stayed largely the same since then.

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Ludmila BelousovaandOleg Protopopovin 1968

On February 15, 1961, the entire U.S. figure skating team and their coaches were killed in the crash ofSabena Flight 548inBrussels, Belgiumen

route to the World Championships inPrague. This tragedy sent the U.S. skating program into a period of rebuilding.

At the same time, theSoviet Unionrose to become a dominant power in the sport, especially in the disciplines of pair skating and ice dancing. At

every Winter Olympics from 1964 until 2006, a Soviet or Russian pair won gold in pair skating, often considered one of the longest winning streaksin modern sports history.[81][82][83]The1967 World Championshipswas the last event held in an outdoor rink.[84]

Effect of television and the present day[edit]

Compulsory figuresformerly accounted for up to 60% of the score in singles figure skating,[11]which meant that skaters who could build up a big lead

in figures could win competitions even if they were mediocre free skaters. Astelevisioncoverage of skating events became more important, so did

free skating. Beginning in 1968, the ISU began to progressively reduce the weight of figures and introduced the short program in 1973.[11]With thesechanges, the emphasis in competitive figure skating shifted to increasing athleticism. By the 1980s, some skaters began practicingquadruple jumps.

Jozef Sabovcikof Czechoslovakia landed a quadtoe loopat the1986 European Championshipswhich was recognized at the event but then ruled

invalid three weeks later due to a touchdown with his free foot.[85]At the1988 World Championships, Kurt Browningof Canada landed the first quad

toe loop which has remained ratified.[86]Although it was expected that quads would soon become an important part of men's skating, it was a numberof years before this happened.[85]Japan'sMidori Itolanded the first triple axel by a woman. Worth only 20% by 1989, figures were eliminated entirely

from international competition in 1990.[11]

Television showing skaters in thekiss and cryarea after competing contributed to the sport's popularity.[87]Television also played a role in removing

the restrictiveamateurstatus rules that once governed the sport. In May 1990, the International Skating Union voted to allow skaters who were

intending to skate professionally to return to ISU competition if they obtained their national association's permission.[88]To retain skaters who might

otherwise have given up their eligibility to participate in lucrative professional events, in 1995 the ISU introduced prize money at its major

competitions, funded by revenues from selling the TV rights to those events.

In the 1993 National Sports Study II, considered by theAssociated Pressas the largest study of spectator sport popularity in America, ladies' figure

skating was the second most popular spectator sport in America, just behindNFL footballout of over 100 sports surveyed.[89]The 1993 study foundthat three figure skaters Dorothy Hamill,Peggy Fleming,andScott Hamilton[90]were among the eight most popular athletes in the United States,

out of over 800 athletes surveyed.[91]Dorothy Hamillwas statistically tied withMary Lou Rettonas the most popular athlete in America. TheTonya

Hardingscandal in 1994 increased interest in figure skating.[92]The first night of the ladies' figure skating competition in the1994 Winter Olympics

achieved higher TVNielsen ratingsthan that year's Super Bowl and was the most watched sports television program of all-time, to that date.[93]

Spectators sometimes throw a variety of items, most commonly stuffed toys and flowers, onto the ice in support of their favorite skaters but officialsdiscourage flowers which are not fully wrapped due to the possibility of debris disrupting or endangering the following skaters.[94][95]

Countries who have produced many successful skaters in recent decades include Russia and the former Soviet Union, the United States, Canada,Japan, China, France, Germany, and Italy. While the sport has grown in East Asia, training opportunities in South Asia are limited due to a scarcity of

ice rinks.Indiahad only four major indoor ice rinks as of 2011, but there were plans for ten more to be built, mostly in malls, over the following five

years.[96]

Four skatinghas mostly disappeared whilesynchronized skatingand solo ice dancing have grown. On April 6, 2011, theInternational Olympic

Committeeofficially confirmed the approval of a team event, to be introduced at the2014 Winter Olympics.[7]The elimination of thecompulsorydanceprovided space for the team event.[97]Each team will be composed of a men's and ladies single skater, a pair, and an ice dancing team. Ten

teams may compete, with five eliminated after the short program.[98]In December 2011, the International Skating Union released details of the

qualifying system and the competition.[99]

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_skating#cite_note-1993nssII-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-1993nssII-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-1993nssII-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hamillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hamillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hamillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Fleminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Fleminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Fleminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hamilton_(figure_skater)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hamilton_(figure_skater)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hamilton_(figure_skater)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hamilton_(figure_skater)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-iebrennan-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-iebrennan-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hamillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hamillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hamillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Rettonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Rettonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Rettonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Hardinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Hardinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Hardinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Hardinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-nyt940206-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-nyt940206-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-nyt940206-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-usatslip-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-usatslip-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-usatslip-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-tgam130119-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-tgam130119-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-tgam130119-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-india-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-india-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-india-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-reu110406-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-reu110406-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-reu110406-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-reu120329-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-reu120329-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-reu120329-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-ctteam-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-ctteam-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-ctteam-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-isu9861-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-isu9861-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-isu9861-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0313-0017-001,_Ludmilla_Beloussowa,_Oleg_Protopopow.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0313-0017-001,_Ludmilla_Beloussowa,_Oleg_Protopopow.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0313-0017-001,_Ludmilla_Beloussowa,_Oleg_Protopopow.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0313-0017-001,_Ludmilla_Beloussowa,_Oleg_Protopopow.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-isu9861-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-ctteam-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-reu120329-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite_note-reu110406-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating#cite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