Figure 2.2 WATER BALANCE DIAGRAM (WRITING, …gpcb.gov.in/pdf/N_R_Aggarwal_part_II.pdf · 1 MSEP 8...

REIA Study & Report for 15 MW Coal Based Co-generation Captive Power Plant

Project Proponent: N. R. Agarwal Industries Ltd. (Unit-V) C2-22 Consultant: Anand Consultants (ISO 9001:2008 Certified)

Figure 2.2 WATER BALANCE DIAGRAM (WRITING, PRINTING AND NEWSPRINT

PAPER PROJECT)



Figure 2.3 WATER BALANCE DIAGRAM (CPP PROJECT)



2.2.3.3 Expected Effluent Quality

The expected effluent quality generated from the proposed project (both Paper

manufacturing as well as Co-generation Captive Power Plant) is as follows :

Expected Effluent Quality

Parameters Unit Value

BOD3 at 27 oC mg/l 500 COD mg/l 1800 – 2000 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 5000 – 6000 pH 6.5 – 8.0 Oil & Grease mg/l 10 Heavy Metals mg/l Nil

Treated Effluent Quality


BOD3 at 27 oC mg/l < 30 COD mg/l < 100 Total Suspended Solids mg/l < 20 pH 6.5 – 7.5 Oil & Grease mg/l < 10 Heavy Metals mg/l Nil

Note: All treated parameters mentioned are within the limit prescribed by the

State Pollution Control Board.

The quality of Condensate from MEE is expected to be as follows :


BOD3 at 27

oC mg/l < 10

COD mg/l < 40 Total Suspended Solids mg/l < 50 pH - 6.5 – 7.5 Oil & Grease mg/l < 10 Heavy Metals mg/l Nil Colour Pt. Co. Colourless TDS mg/l <200



2.2.3.4 Proposed Effluent Treatment Scheme

Proposed treatment scheme will be comprised of following treatment steps.

Fine Screening ( 6 mm clear opening)

Equalization

Flash Mixing

Clariflocculation

MBBR System

Secondary Clarification

Pressure Sand Filter

Activated Carbon Filter

Sludge Dethickening for Biological System only

Multiple Effect Evaporation System for 900 m3/day

Waste water from different sources will be collected into common Equalization

Tank after coarse screening (6 mm clear spacing). This tank equalizes the

flow and strength of waste. From the Equalization Tank, the effluent will be

pumped into the Flash Mixing Unit where required dose of Alum will be fed into

Flash Mixer to coagulate the suspended solids so as to reduce TSS, BOD and

COD. From Flash Mixing Unit the effluent is sent to the Clariflocculator for floc

formation and removal of settled solids from the bottom. Overflow from the

Clariflocculator is sent to the MBBR tank and Aeration tank where DAP and

Urea is added as a nutrient for bacteria and necessary air is supplied by

means of fine bubble diffuser for biological activity.

Overflow from the Aeration Tanks is sent to Secondary Clarifier where

sufficient retention time is maintained to allow the large biomass particles to

settle at the bottom. The overflow from the Secondary Clarifier is stored in the

intermediate Holding Tank, from which the effluent is pumped through

Pressure Sand Filter and Activated Carbon Filter to further reduce the

suspended solids, colour and odour. Outlet from Activated Carbon Filter is

disinfected with Sodium Hypochlorite solution and collected in a Treated tank

and is stored for reuse.



Sludge generated in the Clariflocculator is sent to further sludge treatment

(client’s scope) and from Secondary Clarifier to the Sludge Thickener to

thicken the sludge. The over-flow from the Sludge Thickener is recycled back

to the Equalization Tank and waste sludge is sent to Sludge Drying Beds. The

dried sludge will be used as manure. The filtrate obtained from Sludge Drying

Beds is recycled back to the Equalization Tank.

Summary of Civil Process Units

Sr. No.

Civil Units Dimension (m) L x B x SWD + FB

Qty MOC

1 Fine Screen Chamber 1.5 x 0.6 x 0.5 + 0.5 1 RCC 2 Equalization Tank 17 x 17 x 3 + 0.5 2 RCC 3 Alum Solution Tank 2.0 x 2.0 x 2 + 0.5 2 RCC 4 Flash Mixing Tank 1.6 x 1.6 x 2.0 + 0.5 1 RCC 5 Clariflocculator 21 Ø x 3.5 + 0.5 1 RCC 6 MBBR Tank 9.3 x 93. x 6 + 1.5 2 RCC 7 Aeration Tank 24.5 x 24.5 x 3.5 + 1.2 1 RCC 8 Secondary Clarifier 24 Ø x 3 + 0.5 1 RCC 9 Intermediate Holding Tank 10 x 10 x 3.0 + 0.5 1 RCC

10 Treated Tank 19 x 19 x 3.0 + 0.5 1 RCC 11 Sludge Thickener for

biological sludge 5.0 Ø x 3.0 + 0.5 1 RCC

12 Polyelectrolyte Solution Tank 1.5 x 1.5 x 2.0 + 0.5 2 RCC 13 Lime Solution Tank 1.5 x 1.5 x 2.0 + 0.5 2 RCC 14 MCC room cum Lab Room

(G+1) 6 x 6 x 4.0 Ht. 1 RCC

Framed 15 Sludge Drying Bed 10 x 10 x 2m ht. 2 Brick with

RCC channel



Summary of Mechanical Units

Sr. No.

Mechanical / Process Equipments

Details Qty MOC

1 Fine Screen Mechanism 6 mm clear spacing suitable for above mentioned tank size

1 SS-304

2 Equalization Tank Aerators 10 HP 2 SS-304 3 Raw Effluent Transfer Pumps Submersible type 290 m3 / hr

at 20 MWC 2 CI

4 Alum Dosing Pump 100 - 600 lph at 2 kg / cm2 2 SS-304 5 Lime Dosing Pump 100 - 300 lph at 2 kg / cm2 2 SS-304 6 Flash Mixer Suitable for above mentioned

tank size 1 SS-304

7 Clariflocculator Suitable for above mentioned tank size

1 MSEP

8 Urea Solution Tank 6 m3 capacity 1 HDPE 9 Urea Solution Tank Agitator Suitable for tank size

mentioned above 1 SS 304

10 DAP Solution Tank 1.5 m3 capacity 1 HDPE 11 DAP Solution Tank Agitator Suitable for tank size

mentioned above 1 SS-304

12 Coarse Bubble Aeration Piping System

Suitable to process requirement

1 lot HDPE

13 Air Blower for MBBR tank 3200 m3 / hr @ 07 kg / cm2 2 CI 14 Surface Aeration System 40 HP 4 MSEP 15 Secondary clarifier

Mechanism Suitable for tank size mentioned above

1 MSEP

16 Sludge Recirculation Pumps Centrifuge type 280 m3 / hr at 10 m WC

2 CI

17 Filter Feed Pumps Centrifuge type 295 m3 / hr at 30 m WC

2 CI

18 Pressure Sand Filter 4.3 m dia x 2.0 m HOS 2 MSEP 19 Activated Carbon Filter 4.3 m dia x 2.0 m HOS 2 MSEP 20 Filter Backwash Pumps Centrifugal type 440 m3 / hr at

10 m WC 2 CI

21 Hypochlorite Solution Tank 1000 liters capacity 1 HDPE 22 Hypochlorite Dosing Pump 0 – 100 lph at 2 kg / cm2 2 SS-316 23 Sludge Thickener Mechanism Suitable for tank size

mentioned above 1 MSEP

24 Agitator for Lime Solution Tank

Suitable for tank size mentioned above

2 SS 316

25 Agitator for Polyelectrolyte Solution Tank


2 SS 316

26 Agitator for Alum Solution Tank


2 SS 316



Summary of Instrumentation Works

Sr. No.

Description Qty Location

1 Ultrasonic type flow meter (open channel) 1 At the inlet of ETP

2 Ultrasonic type flow meter (open channel) 1 At the outlet of ETP

3 Level switches assembly (comprising of three set point float type level switches viz. LSL, LSO, LSH)

2 For raw effluent Collection Tank and Intermediate Holding Tank

4 Pressure gauges 15 0 to 4 kg / cm2 for pumps and air blower

5 Differential pressure gauge 4 For Pressure Sand Filter & Activated Carbon Filter

Details of Multiple Effect Evaporator:

Design Capacity : 40 m3 / hr

Desired Capacity : 32 m3 / hr Expected Quantity of Condensate : 30.8 m3 / hr Steam Consumption : 18.5 MT / hr No. of Stages : Four

Material of Construction : S S 316

The schematic flow diagram of the effluent treatment plant is given in Figure 2.4 and the flow diagram of the Multiple Effect Evaporation System is given in

Figure 2.5 below



FIGURE 2.4

SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT



FIGURE 2.5

SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM OF MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATION SYSTEM



2.2.4 Noise Pollution:

The various sources of noise in the industry have been identified as under :

Pumps

Boiler

Coal Handling Unit

The expected noise levels in and around the plant are given below:

Sr. No. Location Noise Level, dB(A)

Day Time Night Time 1) Behind Power Plant 70.0 69.6 2) Nr. ETP 70.1 60.3 3) Outside Power Plant 72.2 70.4 4) Inside Power Plant 71.6 70.4 5) Process 71.2 70.1

All the noise generating machinery / equipments for the proposed Co-

generation Captive Power Plant will be designed and operated to ensure that

the noise level does not exceed 75 – 70 dB (A) at the plant boundary as per the

requirement of the Central / State Pollution Control Board.

Compliance with noise control norms will be given due importance at the time

of purchase of various equipments and it will be mentioned while placing the

purchase orders and guarantee for noise standards will be sought from

suppliers.

2.2.5 Solid Waste Generation

The solid wastes shall be generated from various stages of process and

following types of solid waste are required to be handled.

1. Process Waste

2. ETP Process Waste

3. Fly Ash from Coal Handling system



The different types of solid waste anticipated from the proposed project are

identified and their mode of storage and disposal are described in the Table 2.9 below:

TABLE 2.9 DETAILS OF SOLID / HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

Note: Membership of M/s. SWEMCL, Sarigam & SEPL, Kutch has already been obtained for the disposal of hazardous waste.

Sr. No.

Type of Waste Category Physical Characteristics

Quantity, TPM

Storage Area

Mode of Disposal

1 Waste from ETP (Primary, Secondary)

34.3 Semi-solid 600 (wet basis)

100 m2 TSDF, Vapi through SWEMCL

2 De-inking sludge from the process

34.3 Semi-solid 3600 (wet basis)

100 m2 TSDF, Vapi through SWEMCL

3 Sludge from MEE 34.3 Solid 99 50 m2 TSDF, Vapi through SWEMCL

4 Non recyclable plastic waste from the process

- Solid 60 (dry basis)

50 m2 Sent to M/S SEPL, Kutch for co-incineration

5 Used Oil 5.1 Liquid 0.1 10 m2 Sold to registered re-refiners

6 Discarded containers mainly bags / drums / carboys

33.3 Solid 5.0 50 m2 Sold to authorized recycler

7 Fly Ash from the Coal Handling System & APC

34.1 Solid 540 200 m2 Sold to brick manufacturer



2.2.5.1 Solid Waste Management System: 1. Roof covered room / shed with impervious flooring having leachate

collection system and four side wall boundary shall be provided for

storage of solid / hazardous wastes.

2. Dried ETP sludge shall be sent to TSDF site.

3. Used / spent oil shall be sent for incineration / sold to MoEF approved

recycler for suitable treatment.

4. Discarded barrels / containers / liners shall be sent back to supplier / sold

to MoEF approved recycler for suitable treatment / sent to TSDF site for

suitable treatment

Storage

The sludge from primary and secondary sections will be taken into Sludge

Drying Beds. After drying, the same will be filled in polythene bags and stored

in sludge storage tanks and leachate sent back to ETP for further treatment.

The storage system will be leak proof having impervious layer and leachate

collection system. Due care will be taken so that in no case any waste / spill is

released from this site into environment causing surface water / ground water

and soil pollution.

The ETP sludge storage area of 100 m2 shall be covered with roof from top

and have impervious flooring with proper leachate collection system and shall

be closed with four side wall boundary. The storage area will be enough for

the sludge that is generated. In case of leachate generated, the company

shall provide leachate collection system from which it will be taken back to

ETP for further treatment.

The solid wastes generated from process will be packed in drums and kept in

separate storage area and finally sent to the authorized landfill site for its final

disposal. The unit has already obtained the membership of M/s. SWEMCL,



Sarigam & SEPL, Kutch which is a GPCB approved TSDF site for suitable

treatment & disposal of hazardous wastes from time to time.

The hazardous wastes generated are Process waste (de-inking sludge), Non -

recyclable Plastic waste, ETP sludge, sludge from MEE, Used Oil and

Discarded Containers / Bags, which will be collected and stored within the unit

prior to its respective disposal.

The ETP sludge, MEE sludge & Process sludge will be collected, stored, &

sent to TSDF of M/S Vapi Waste and Effluent Management Company Limited

(VWEMCL), GIDC Vapi through SWEMCL.

Non recyclable plastic waste will be collected and sent to M/s. SEPL for co-

incineration.

Used Oil will be collected, stored and sent to registered recyclers.

Discarded empty containers & packing materials will be collected, stored,

decontaminated and sent to authorized traders.

Fly Ash will be collected & sold to brick manufacturers (16 TPD), Asbestos

Sheet manufacturers (6 TPD) as well as Road Construction projects (14 TPD).

2.3 CLEANER PRODUCTION MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Cleaner Production concept is basically targeted towards achieving the following

Objectives either individually or collectively i.e.:

Resource Conservation

Energy Conservation

Water Conservation

Reduction in pollution load (Effluent, Air & Solid Wastes)

Minimization of adverse environmental impact

Reduced production costs



The main application areas of cleaner production technologies can be:

Reduction at source

End of Pipe treatment

Recycling / Reuse

Product Modification

Process improvements and cleaner production principles that will be adopted

for the proposed project are:

The floor washing shall be done by mopping with the wet cloth to avoid

any generation of floor washing.

All drains lead to effluent treatment plant for taking care of any accidental

spillages, floor washings, leakages.

Preventive Maintenance of equipments and machineries shall be carried

out at regular intervals.

Piping, etc. shall be checked regularly for leaks.

Good house - keeping shall be given due importance.

2.3.1 Waste Minimization Methods

Following actions will be taken for Waste Minimization:

Latest state – of – the – art technology will be adopted to get better yield

and minimization of wastages.

Pre determined and controlled dosages of chemicals, water for process

will made use of to prevent wastage of chemicals and water.

Water spraying as well as Dust Collecting System (Bag Filter) will be

provided in the Coal Handling Plant to suppress dust at transfer points,

loading and unloading points.

All the pumps used for scrubbing systems are provided with mechanical

seal which eliminates the possibilities of any leakages and thus reduces

the waste generation.



2.4 MAN POWER

The requirement of the personnel for the plant is met with keeping in view the

following:

Technical concept of plant, including process control and instrumentation

Smooth and efficient operation of plant

Effective co-ordination between the various departments within the plant

Optimum organization with well defined and judicious job distribution

Optimum utilization of different grades of workmen and supervisory staff

Maximum capacity utilization of facilities.

The manpower requirement of NRAIL shall be about 50 personnel. More 50

personnel are expected to be employed during construction phase. The

project shall provide temporary employment to local community during

construction phase.

2.4.1 Safety of Manpower

Following personnel protective equipments are provided to the manpower for

their safety.

TABLE 2.10

USE OF PPES

1 Helmets 2 Hand Gloves 3 Safety Goggles 4 Gum Boots 5 Nose Masks 6 Safety Belts 7 Blankets

The Material Safety Data Sheet of all the hazardous wastes, Display Sign

Boards, etc shall be displayed at prominent locations and workers shall be

trained to fight any such emergencies as per onsite emergency plan.



2.4.2 Safety Equipments

A list of Safety Equipments/ Fire Hydrants, etc. are given in Table 2.11 below:

TABLE 2.11 SAFETY EQUIPMENTS

Location Type of Fire Extinguishers Generator area CO

2 Type, Foam Type, Dry Chemical Powder

Cable galleries CO2 & Foam Type, Dry Chemical Powder

High voltage panel CO2 & Foam Type, Dry Chemical Powder

Control rooms CO2 & Foam Type, Dry Chemical Powder

MCC rooms CO2 & Foam Type, Dry Chemical Powder

Pump Houses CO2 & Foam Type, Dry Chemical Powder

Fuel tank area CO2, Foam Type, Dry Chemical Powder, Sand Basket

Guest House and offices Dry Chemical Powder, Foam Type Godowns Foam Type Crusher house CO

2, Dry Chemical Powder, Foam Type

2.5 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT

Green belt form a surface capable of absorbing air pollutants and forming sinks

for pollutants. Plants grown in such a way as to function as pollutants sinks are

collectively referred to as green belts. Apart from functioning as a pollutant

sink, green belts provide other benefits like:

Green belt helps in noise abatement for the surroundings area. Thus, it is

recommended as noise barriers.

Green belt helps in achieving bio diversity by providing possible habitats for

birds and animal, thus recreating hospitable nature in an otherwise drab

urban industrial scene.

Green belts increase the aesthetic value of the site.

It may be noted that the Company is proposed to be located in private non

agricultural land adjacent to notified industrial estate GIDC Sarigam, District:



Valsad. M/s. NRAIL shall develop an effective green belt within the factory

and on periphery of the factory. In addition to this, majority of the vacant land

shall be planted with trees, shrubs and grasses. The unit has proposed to

develop 49.04 acres of area having about 15000 trees as green belt out of

total plot area. This comprises of about 33% of the total plant area.



Figure 2.6 MAP SHOWING GREEN BELT



The Break – up of Land Use is given in Table – 2.12 below:

TABLE – 2.12 LAND USE BREAK - UP

The Break – up of Land Use is given below:

Sr. No.

Land Use Area (m²)

Area (Acre)

1) Paper Machine & Pulp Mill Buildings, Finished Go-down, Waste Paper Go-down and Administrative Buildings, etc

26152.53 6.46

2) ETP 10440.00 2.58 3) Green Belt 198139.00 48.96 4) Roads and Parking 27534.00 6.80 5) Proposed Co-generation Captive Power

Plant 6699.43 1.66

6) Vacant Area 93739.04 23.17 TOTAL 362704.00 89.63

LAND BREAK-UP (WITH GREEN BELT)

Sr. No. Particulars Area

(M²) (Acre) 1 TOTAL PLOT AREA - AS PER 7/12 NAKAL 362704.00 89.63 2 GREEN BELT ZONE 1 144608.00 35.73 3 GREEN BELT ZONE 2 31403.00 7.76 4 GREEN BELT ZONE 3 10159.00 2.51 5 GREEN BELT ZONE 4 11969.00 2.96 TOTAL 198139.00 48.96



USED LAND BREAK-UP AREA

Sr. No. Particulars Area

(M²) (Acre) 1 TOTAL PLOT AREA - AS PER 7/12 NAKAL 362704.00 89.63

2 TOTAL BUILT-UP AREA (CONSTRUCTION AREA)

43291.58 10.70 GROUND FLOOR

- PERMISSBILE GREEN BELT AREA (33%)

119692.32 29.58 (33% OF PLOT AREA = 33 X 362704)

- PROVIDED GREEN BELT AREA (≥ 54.62%)

198139.00 48.96

CCHHAAPPTTEERR –– 33 BBAASSEELLIINNEE

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL SSTTAATTUUSS


Project Proponent: N. R. Agarwal Industries Ltd. (Unit-V) C3-1

Consultant: Anand Consultants (ISO 9001:2008 Certified)

CHAPTER 3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

3.0 INTRODUCTION

Preparation of EIA needs a datum on which the evaluation can be done. It is

therefore, necessary to collect data about different environmental attributes that

are likely to be affected due to the proposed activity, which in turn defines an

existing environmental quality to serve as the datum. Prior to implementation of

any major developmental project or expansion of existing project, the prevailing

environmental quality status in the vicinity of project activity is an essential part of

environmental impact assessment. The existing environmental quality status also

known as baseline is very useful for identification of significant environmental

issues as well as for prediction of impacts on various environmental components.

Base line data are also necessary to identify environmentally significant issues

prior to initiation of proposed action as well as to enumerate the critical

environmental changes likely to occur should the project be implemented.

Here an attempt has been made to collect the information about an existing

environment on eight major environmental attributes, viz.

a) Meteorology and Climate

b) Air Environment

c) Water Environment

d) Noise Environment

e) Soil / Land Environment

f) Biological Environment

g) Socio-economic Environment, and

h) Aesthetic Environment




3.1 MICROMETEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE

The climatic condition is moderate and generally healthy. Summers are somewhat

hot. The plant receives about 2200 mm of rainfall annually. Average temperature

varies between 21 oC to 35 oC. However, extreme temperature goes up to 42 oC

(max) and 8.5 oC (min). Relative humidity varies from 56 % to 89 % around the

year. Monsoon month are July to September. However some rainfall is observed

in June and October. Rain is brought by southwest monsoon winds. During the

rest days sky is generally clear except for few days some clouds are visible.

The Indian Metrological Department’s (IMD) salient climatological data are collected

from Daman (15 km west of Vapi) and the weather monitoring station set up at

Sarigam.

At Daman, the minimum temperature recorded was 18 oC in winter and the

maximum temperature recorded was 39 oC in summer. The minimum relative

humidity recorded was 40 % and the maximum relative humidity recorded was 98

%. The minimum annual rainfall recorded was 1000 mm and the maximum annual

rainfall recorded was 2500 mm.

At Sarigam, the minimum temperature recorded was 15.2 oC in winter and the

maximum temperature recorded was 36.5 oC in summer. The minimum relative

humidity recorded was 60 % and the maximum relative humidity recorded was 85

%. The annual rainfall recorded for the year was 2200 mm.

3.1.1 WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION

At Daman, wind velocity recorded ranged between 3 kmph to 37 kmph. The dominant wind direction recorded for most part of the year was from southwest; through there has been some inference of northwest wind also. At Vapi, the wind direction recorded from April to September in the mornings and evenings was from NE-E-NW and in the evenings from E-SE-S.




TABLE 3.1

CLIMATOLIGICAL DATA AT SARIGAM (Year 2010)

Month Atmospheric Pressure, mb

Temperature, oC

Humidity, % Rainfall

08:30 17:30 Max. Min. 08:30 17:30

January 1014.8 1011.2 30.2 15.2 67 61 2.5

February 1012.5 1008.7 32.0 17.1 64 60 3.6

March 1009.7 1005.6 35.1 20.7 64 63 0.7

April 1006.1 1002.1 36.5 24.1 68 67 10.2

May 1001.9 998.3 35.6 27.1 71 71 4.6

June 998.0 995.3 33.6 27.3 78 80 340.4

July 998.0 995.7 31.1 26.2 85 83 692.6

August 999.0 996.4 30.6 25.7 85 83 653.4

September 1003.0 999.9 32.0 25.3 84 83 352.4

October 1008.7 1005.6 34.7 23.2 74 73 133.4

November 1012.8 1009.6 33.8 19.7 70 70 5.5

December 1015.0 1011.4 31.5 16.6 67 64 0.7




TABLE 3.2

CLIMATOLIGICAL DATA FROM IMD STATION AT DAMAN

Sr. No. Parameter Value

Unit

1

Temperature Minimum Maximum

18 39

0C 0C

2 Relative Humidity (average) 69 % 3 Annual Rainfall

Minimum Maximum

1000 2500

mm

4 Wind Velocity Minimum Maximum

3 37

kmph

5 Dominant Wind Direction most part of the year

From South West (There are inferences of North West wind also)

6 Climate Semi arid and coastal

At Vapi, the meteorological data were collected by M/s. Anand Consultants, Ahmedabad by collecting wind speed, wind direction, temperature, stability class, etc was recorded for January, 2011 to May, 2011 by the wind monitoring instrument. The wind rose diagram for the said period, which is latest monitored data and automatically generated from the instrument, is given in Figure 3.1.




Figure 3.1: Wind Rose Diagram

(Period: January 2011 to May 2011)

Source: WRPLOT VIEW - Lakes Environmental Software




3.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT

3.2.1 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)

National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2009 for the notified Industrial, Residential,

Rural and Other Areas as well as Sensitive Areas are presented in table below.

The state has not promulgated separate Ambient Air Quality Standards.

Table 3.3

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

Area Pollutant Concentration, g/m3

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx Industrial, Residential & Rural and Other Areas

100 60 80 80

Sensitive Areas 100 60 20 30

3.2.2 SOURCE EMISSION STANDARDS

The Stack Emission Standards and Air Quality Standards in various units of the

plant are specified by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board under The Air

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. The emission standards along with

source of air pollution, stack height and diameter, expected pollutants, etc. is given

in Table 2.3 of Chapter 2.




Table 3.4

SOURCE EMISSION STANDARDS

SR. NO.

SOURCE OF EMISSION TYPE OF EMISSION

PERMISSIBLE LIMIT

1 Stack Attached to Boiler of Cogeneration Power Plant

PM SOx NOx

150 mg / Nm3 100 ppm 50 ppm

2 DG Set 2500 KVA (to be used only during Emergency purpose)

PM SOx NOx

150 mg / Nm3 100 ppm 50 ppm

3.2.3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY (AAQ)

The collection of base line information for air environment includes identification of

specific air pollutants expected to be released into the atmosphere and have

significant impact on neighbourhood due to the proposed project of M/s. NRAIL.

Since imported coal will be used as fuel in the Co-generation Captive Power Plant,

an Electrostatic Precipitator is proposed to be installed to control the Particulate

emissions. Moreover, the Coal Handling System will have Bag Filters to control the

Particulate emissions. Over and above the Air Pollution Control Equipments, water

will be sprinkled on the coal and ash to prevent dusting. Looking to the measures

opted by the project proponent, the Ambient Air Quality will not be affected to a

great extent. The company shall regularly monitor the background ambient air

quality for PM, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx).

Ambient Air Quality status with respect to the identified air pollutants across the

study area of 10 km was studied by monitoring the ambient air quality. The

monitoring has been done for – Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5), Particulate Matter 10

(PM10), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and VOC as Iso -

Butylene at six (6) sampling locations, located in different directions and situated

within the suspected impact zone, around the plant. The stations were set up

based on the metrological data available for the area including the wind pattern.




The stations were spread in all directions and one station at the site, as per the

MoEF guidelines.

3.2.4 THE LOCATION OF AAQ STATIONS

The locations of Ambient Air Quality monitoring stations were based on the

following considerations:

Predominant Wind Speed and Wind Direction with respect to air pollution

sources from the project site.

Location of sensitive receptors and industrial establishments.

Availability of infrastructure facilities like electricity, approach, safety of

Equipment etc.

In all monitoring has been done at six sampling stations located in different

directions and situated within the study area around the plant.

Table 3.5

DISTANCE AND DIRECTION OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

STATIONS

SR. NO.

NAME OF VILLAGE DIRECTION W.R.T.

PROJECT SITE

APPROXIMATE RADIAL DISTANCE FROM

PROJECT SITE (Km) 1 Project site --- --- 2 Jamburi N 6 3 Manda SW 6.5 4 Bhilad SW 4 5 Kalai NW 7 6 Eklahre NE 5




Figure: 3.2 Maps Showing the Study Area




3.2.5 SAMPLE ANALYSIS

The sampling and testing of ambient air quality parameters were carried out as per

the methods prescribed under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards – 2009.

3.2.6 BASE LINE DATA

At every sampling station, important parameters viz. Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5),

Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

and VOC as Iso - Butylene were monitored. The results are depicted in the Table

3.6 below:

TABLE 3.6: AMBIENT AIR MONITORING RESULTS

1. Cumulative 98 Percentile values

No. Parameter Maximum 98 Percentile value, µg / m3

Permissible Limits, µg / m3 #

1 PM2.5 57.92 60.00

2 PM10 83.52 100.00

3 SO2 28.52 80.00

4 NOx 26.26 80.00

Note: # Permissible Limits as per National Ambient Air Quality Standards




2. Comparison of 98 Percentile Values at Various Locations with the NAAQS

No. Location Duration 98 Percentile Concentration, µg/m3 PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx

1. Project Site 24 hours 52.00 83.52 25.26 24.00

2. Jamburi 24 hours 33.52 55.04 20.26 22.26

3. Manda 24 hours 57.92 55.26 17.26 18.26

4. Bhilad 24 hours 49.26 81.78 28.52 26.26

5. Kalai 24 hours 33.26 53.04 17.26 22.52

6. Eklahre 24 hours 33.48 54.72 24.48 21.24

NAAQS 60.00 100.00 80.00 80.00

3. Volatile Organic Compounds at Various Locations

No. Location VOC Concentration (as Iso - Butylene), ppm

1. Project Site 1.0

2. Jamburi 0.7

3. Manda 0.6

4. Bhilad 1.3

5. Kalai 0.5

6. Eklahre 0.8




Figure 3.3: Graphical Presentation of Ambient Air Monitoring Results

Legends:

Series 1: Represents the Maximum 98 percentile value at Project site.

Series 2: Represents the Permissible limits as per NAAQS

1) Represents the Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentration

2) Represents the Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) concentration

3) Represents the Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) concentration

4) Represents the Nitrogen Dioxide (NOx) concentration.




3.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Water is the most vital resource for all kinds of life. It should not only be

available in sufficient quantity but should be of good quality as well.

Defilement of water, as a result of human activities, industrial activities and

consequent pollution of water, causes deterioration of the environment.

The proposed project area has a hilly terrain towards northeast and east

where it is surrounded by Sahyadri Mountains. The terrain is intercepted by

river Damanganga.

In the study area, the main source of water is River water viz. Darotha, which

is a tributary of Daman Ganga. The companies in the GIDC estate get

supply from GIDC Water supply system.

3.3.1 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

There will not be any effluent discharge from the project as it is a Zero

Discharge unit. It will be recycling the treated effluent.

3.3.2 BASELINE DATA

The quality of ground water and surface water resources around the site was

assessed. Suitable sampling points were selected and physico-chemical

parameters of the water samples were monitored to establish the baseline

status of water quality around the plant site.

The sampling locations were 5 to 10 km within the radius of the plant. The

analysis results of ground water quality at each sampling location have been

depicted in Table 3.7 and surface water in Table 3.8.

Physico-chemical parameters have been used for assessing the base line

quality of water environment and identification of impacts due to the

proposed project.




TABLE 3.7: CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER IN THE STUDY AREA

Parameters Jamburi Manda Bhilad Date of Sampling 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 pH 7.82 7.28 7.64 SS, mg / l 10 20 12 TDS, mg / l 440 680 556 Calcium (as Ca++), mg / l 38.10 85.60 90 Magnesium ( as Mg++), mg / l 21.20 31.40 12.80 Sodium (as Na), mg / l 53.50 89 72 Potassium (as K), mg / l 15.60 16 18.40 Chlorides (as Cl), mg / l 121.90 172.80 142.30 Sulphates (as SO4), mg / l 10.80 40.30 38 Total Alkalinity, mg / l 180 280 210 Total Hardness, mg / l 157 187 148 Calcium Hardness, mg / l 134 153 156 Iron (as Fe), mg / l 2.40 20.1 14.30 Zinc (as Zn), mg / l 3.18 5.30 4.20 Copper (as Cu), mg / l 0.40 0.10 0.50 Lead (as Pb), mg / l BDL BDL BDL Total Chromium, mg / l 0.10 0.06 0.05 Phenolic Compounds, mg / l BDL BDL BDL Sulphides, mg / l BDL BDL BDL Fluorides, mg / l 0.80 1.20 0.60 Ammonia Nitrogen, mg / l 1.50 4.80 1.90 Nitrates (as NO3), mg / l 0.30 0.60 0.36 Total Phosphates, mg / l 1.60 0.30 1.80 Turbidity, NTU BDL BDL BDL DO, mg / l 2.10 2.80 3.20 COD, mg / l 12 20 18 BOD (3 days, 27 oC), mg / l 1 3 3 Oil & Grease, mg / l BDL BDL BDL

Note: BDL is Below Detectable Limits. Source: Sampling and Analysis carried out by Anand Consultants, Ahmedabad




TABLE 3.7: CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER IN THE STUDY AREA (CONTINUED)

Parameters Eklahre Kalai

(Ground Water) (Ground Water) Date of Sampling 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 pH 8.10 7.36 SS, mg / l 10 14 TDS, mg / l 350 518 Calcium (as Ca++), mg / l 63.70 46.20 Magnesium ( as Mg++), mg / l 26.60 41.80 Sodium (as Na), mg / l 62 56.80 Potassium (as K), mg / l 10.60 14.20 Chlorides (as Cl), mg / l 110 98 Sulphates (as SO4), mg / l 26 38 Total Alkalinity, mg / l 160 290 Total Hardness, mg / l 146 167 Calcium Hardness, mg / l 128 132 Iron (as Fe), mg / l 6.80 4.80 Zinc (as Zn), mg / l 3.64 3.20 Copper (as Cu), mg / l 0.30 0.60 Lead (as Pb), mg / l BDL BDL Total Chromium, mg / l 0.18 0.10 Phenolic Compounds, mg / l BDL BDL Sulphides, mg / l BDL BDL Fluorides, mg / l 0.40 0.30 Ammonia Nitrogen, mg / l 2.80 3.60 Nitrates (as NO3), mg / l 0.28 0.41 Total Phosphates, mg / l 0.62 0.20 Turbidity, NTU BDL BDL DO, mg / l 1.80 2.60 COD, mg / l 16 12 BOD (3 days, 27 oC), mg / l 2 1 Oil & Grease, mg / l BDL BDL





TABLE 3.8: CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATER IN THE STUDY AREA (CONTINUED)

Parameters Daman Ganga Nagam Pond Date of Sampling 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 pH 7.42 7.22 SS, mg / l 16 10 TDS, mg / l 360 390 Calcium (as Ca++), mg / l 46.20 48.60 Magnesium ( as Mg++), mg / l 12.60 14 Sodium (as Na), mg / l 48.20 46 Potassium (as K), mg / l 11.80 12.50 Chlorides (as Cl), mg / l 82 88 Sulphates (as SO4), mg / l 24 29 Total Alkalinity, mg / l 134 152 Total Hardness, mg / l 136 156 Calcium Hardness, mg / l 110 1322.20 Iron (as Fe), mg / l 2.20 2.60 Zinc (as Zn), mg / l 2.60 3.30 Copper (as Cu), mg / l 0.10 0.20 Lead (as Pb), mg / l BDL BDL Total Chromium, mg / l 0.14 0.06 Phenolic Compounds, mg / l BDL BDL Sulphides, mg / l BDL BDL Fluorides, mg / l BDL BDL Ammonia Nitrogen, mg / l 1.16 2.05 Nitrates (as NO3), mg / l 0.21 0.30 Total Phosphates, mg / l 0.20 0.14 Turbidity, NTU BDL BDL DO, mg / l 7.40 6.80 COD, mg / l 14 18 BOD (3 days, 27 oC), mg / l 2 3 Oil & Grease, mg / l BDL BDL





Figure 3.4: Location of Sampling Points (Water)




3.4 NOISE EMVIRONMENT

Noise, often defined as unwanted sound, interferes with speech

communication, causes annoyance, distracts from work, and disturbs sleep

thus deteriorating quality of human environment. Noise levels in the study

area have therefore been measured, at selected points, to provide the

baseline data to describe the existing situation. The noise levels were

measured at the site and some human settlements. Sound levels were

measured with the help of noise meter. Typical ambient Noise levels in the

study area are given in Table 3.9 and in the vicinity of the GIDC are given in

Table 3.10

TABLE 3.9: AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS WITHIN THE STUDY AREA

STATION LOCATION Day Time, dB(A) Night Time, dB(A) A Plant Site 55 – 66 48 – 53 B Bhilad 53 – 58 46 – 52 C Jamburi 40 – 44 33 – 39 D Kalai 38 – 43 33 – 38 E Manda 44 – 50 41 – 44 F Eklahre 42 – 46 37 – 41

TABLE 3.19: AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL IN THE VICINITY OF GIDC AREA

STATION LOCATION 10 m from the Edge of

Road, dB(A) 20 m from the Edge of

Road, dB(A) Day Time Night Time Day Time Night Time

A Nr. Sarigam Chowky 57.4 51.9 45.9 42.0 B Nr. Fansa Chowky 52.0 46.2 41.3 38.4 C Nr. Angam Chowky 53.0 48.1 42.1 37.9

D Nr. VAL Organics Pvt. Ltd. 56.2 60.4 46.8 41.7

E Nr. Rashtriya Metals 58.2 49.5 48.3 42.8 F Nr. G. M. Knitting 61.8 51.7 52.4 46.8




The present levels of noise at the site are observed to vary from 40 to 58 dB

(A), which are the typical of noise levels in the agricultural fields.

In the villages surveyed, the noise levels followed cyclical pattern, changing

from 33 to 53 dB (A) in the night to 40 to 58 dB (A) in the morning and

evening and around 50 dB (A) in the noon.

The National Noise Quality criteria published by the Department of

Environment, Government of India vide their circular dated, December 26,

1989 are presented in Table 3.11 below:

TABLE 3.11

NATIONAL NOISE QUALITY CRITERIA

Area Code Category of Area

Limits dB(A) Day Time

Leq.* dB(A) Night Time

A Industrial 75 70 B Commercial 65 55 C Residential 55 45 D Silence Zone 50 40

*Leq. = Equivalent Sound Pressure Level

Day Time = 6:00 am to 9:00 pm

Night Time = 9:00 pm to 6:00 am




Figure 3.5: Location of Sampling Points (Noise)




3.5 SOIL ENVIRONMENT

3.5.1 Topography

The overall project site is located on plain barren land devoid of any

permanent and economically useful vegetation. The proposed project is to be

located in a Non – Agricultural Land in the vicinity of the Industrial Zone of

GIDC Sarigam, District: Valsad.

3.5.2 Soil

The soil quality of an area has a direct / indirect effect on the plants and

animals of that particular area. Any industrial activity is accompanied by

release of gaseous and liquid pollutants and disposal of solid wastes, which

may have adverse impacts on the characteristics of soil, which in turn may

affect the plant and animal lives.

Six composite soil samples were collected from plant site at a depth around

1m. Samples were collected with help of Auger sampler. The results are

given in the form of physical characteristics and chemical characteristics in

Table 3.12.

The beneficial or harmful effects of using effluent for irrigating crops depends

on complex physical, chemical and biological interactions between the

effluent, the soil / subsoil complex, the groundwater and the crops being

grown. There is no provision for using the treated effluent for the agriculture

purposes, but it will recycled for process use i.e. the proposed project will

have a zero discharge.




TABLE 3.12: CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL IN STUDY AREA

Parameters Project Site Jamburi Manda Date of Sampling 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 pH 8.36 6.88 7.16 Sodium, mg / kg 4260 3852 4654 Potassium, mg / kg 2688 1960 2318 Copper, mg / kg 12.80 8.40 16.40 Zinc, mg / kg 8.40 14.0 19.00 Lead, mg / kg BDL BDL BDL Iron, mg / kg 19 31 39 Calcium Hardness, mg / kg 374 232 152 Magnesium, mg / kg 272 198 160 Chlorides, mg / kg 126 162 158 Water Holding Capacity, % 48.60 46.50 52.10 Porosity, % 49.80 48.32 51.80 Phosphates, mg / kg 20 20 23 Total Organic Carbon, % 0.43 0.49 0.64 Bulk Density, g / ml 1.20 1.14 1.18 Total Hardness, mg / kg 1375 1150 1030 Alkalinity, mg / kg 794 728 880 Organic Matter, % 0.84 0.75 0.84 Nitrate, mg/ kg 32 30 42 Sulphate, mg / kg 18 23 24 Particle Size Distribution Gravel, % 0 0 0 Coarse Sand, % 4 0 2 Medium Sand, % 6 4 5 Fine Sand, % 12 5 9 Silt, % 58 56 60 Clay, % 11 16 13 Specific Gravity 2.54 2.61 2.60





TABLE 3.12: CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL IN THE STUDY AREA (CONTD.)

Parameters Bhilad Kalai Eklahre Date of Sampling 02-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 pH 7.76 7.50 8.04 Sodium, mg / kg 5918 4580 4090 Potassium, mg / kg 2452 2294 2176 Copper, mg / kg 22.30 14.70 9.30 Zinc, mg / kg 26 22 6.1 Lead, mg / kg BDL BDL BDL Iron, mg / kg 44 28 12 Calcium Hardness, mg / kg 312 172 360 Magnesium, mg / kg 206 154 257 Chlorides, mg / kg 190 162 118 Water Holding Capacity, % 47.90 50.80 44.90 Porosity, % 50.10 49.60 50.20 Phosphates, mg / kg 29 20 18 Total Organic Carbon, % 0.70 0.52 0.40 Bulk Density, g / ml 1.24 1.28 1.32 Total Hardness, mg / kg 1460 1090 1260 Alkalinity, mg / kg 1180 790 688 Organic Matter, % 0.98 0.77 0.79 Nitrate, mg/ kg 52 38 28 Sulphate, mg / kg 34 20 16 Particle Size Distribution Gravel, % 0 0 0 Coarse Sand, % 2 4 0 Medium Sand, % 6 6 4 Fine Sand, % 8 10 8 Silt, % 64 56 60 Clay, % 14 10 9 Specific Gravity 2.72 2.51 2.43





Figure 3.6: Location of Sampling Points (Soil)




3.6 LAND USE PATTERN

3.6.1 Introduction

The studies on the land use evaluate the real time status about the land use and land cover of any area by using visual image interpretation technique of remote sensing with special reference to assessment of probable impact of proposed activities. Land comprises of the physical environment including the climate, physiography, relief, soils, hydrology and vegetation to the extent it influences the potential land use. It also include the past and present human activities e.g. reclamation from the sea, clearance of vegetation for industries, habitation rain fed or irrigated agriculture, recreation, etc. and present status in term of their degradation. On the other hand, the land cover indicates the natural vegetation e.g. forest and grass land / identification and surveillance of land uses and vegetation cover together with network of water bodies rivers, nadi, nallahs, canals, tanks, reservoirs, human habitation places of archeological importance etc. are the important components of this environment impact assessment accomplished though this land use study. The land use / land cover mapping of 10 km radius area encompassing the proposed project site of M/s. N. R. Agarwal Industries Ltd., in the vicinity of GIDC : Sarigam, Gujarat was taken up by using visual image interpretation of recent satellite data of January, 2011.




Figure 3.7: Land Use Pattern of the Study Area




3.6.2 General Characteristics of the Study Area

This includes geographical location and extent, road and rail transport, about towns and industrial estate, important village within inner core and outer area.

3.6.2.1 Location & Extent

The study area for land use lie between 20” 13’ N to 20” 23’ N Latitude and 72” 46’ E to 72” 57’ E Longitude. Administratively, the study area comes under the Taluka : Umbergam of District : Valsad in Gujarat state and some western part comes under Daman Union Territory. GIDC is centrally located in the both sides of National Highway No. 8 connecting Mumbai and Ahmedabad and is surrounding by Union territories of Daman in western side and Dadra & Nagar Haveli on eastern side. The Western Railway Main Line is passing through the area (Double & Electrified). Vapi is the biggest railway station in the study area; where, almost all the important mail & express trains stop. Entire study area is well connected with the other major cities of the state and the country. Beside the rail connectivity, the study area is also well connected by road transport. There is a good network of roads in the area and contributes for the development and economic growth of the area. The National Highway No. 8 (Surat – Mumbai) is now eight lanes, double tracked, more elevated and jam free highway. This highway is a distinctive feature of the satellite imagery and updated spatial feature. This highway has given a further boost to the economic growth of this area.

The other major road in the study area is State Highway No. 185 (Daman – Vapi – Silvassa Road) which is crossing the National Highway No. 8 in Vapi Town at right angle. Almost every village is now well connected to each other by a tarred and surfaced road. Many arterial roads from the industrial town are mapped. The overall road density seems to be quite intense and impressive.




Table 3.13 IMPORTANT VILLAGES IN THE CORE AND OUTER AREA OF STUDY AREA

CORE AREA (GIDC Periphery) OUTER AREA Sarigam Manda Vankas

Angam Jamburi Malav

Punat Pali Nandigam

Bhilad Mohan Dhanoli

Bhathi Karambeli Pali Karambeli Daheli

Eklahare Kalai Zaroli

Fanam Nagwas

Eligam Boralai

Maroli Borigam

Mamakwada Achchhari

Manekpure Valwada

Sarai Chanod

Khatalilwada

3.6.2.2 Agro – climate

The study area forms part of the Agro – climatic zone “a” designated as “South Gujarat Heavy Rainfall Zone” comprising Valsad, Dang, etc. It receives intensive rains of over 1500 mm and at times touches 2000 mm per annum. July and August are the wettest of all the months. According to National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur, the study area forms a part of humid to per humid ecosystem with red lateritic soils – having a growth period of (GP) 210 and more days. This zone “19” is abbreviated “E2BA5” on the Agro – Ecological Region Map. The study area has red lateritic type of soil on basaltic hills but alluvium is blackish clayey derived from basalt.




3.6.2.3 Physiography, Relief, Drainage and soils Topographically area is having both hilly as well as flat terrain. The major rock

types are Deccan Basalt and Quaternary alluvium. The nature of Deccan

basalt is jointed and highly fractured. The sediments of Quaternary alluvium

are silty sand, clayey silt, fine sand with kanker and gravels. Nature of

aquifers of Deccan basalt is un-confined, while aquifers of Quaternary

alluvium are both confined and un-confined.

The area consists predominantly of basaltic flows intruded, profusely by the

basic rocks. Basaltic lavas with ‘Pahohoe’ and ‘Aa’ volcanic characters form

‘compound’ and ‘simple’ flows. Some of the flows carry giant phenocrysts of

Plagioclase. Dacite flows are exposed near Anklas. The basic dykes are

basaltic to doleritic in nature and trend in N-S to WNW-ESE directions.

Compositionally, these are similar to the lava types, viz., normal tholeiite,

olivine tholeiite, picrite basalt and ‘Giant phenocryst’ basalt. Basaltic sill and

plug are present around Kaprada and Pangarbari, respectively.

A granophre dyke is present to the north of Sidumbar. Holocene sediments

are found along the coastal parts of the district and include flood plain

deposits of Katpur formation, older tidal flat deposits of Rann Clay formation,

coastal dunes of Akhaj formation and younger tidal flat (spit/bar and shoal)

deposits of Mahuva formation.

The study area comprises of Deccan basalt overlain by alluvium.

Formation Age Lithology

Deccan Basalt Upper Cretaceous to Eocene Basalt Rock




Prominent rivers of the district are the Purna, the Ambika, the Kaveri, the

Kherer, the Auranga, the Par, the Damanganga and the Kolak Nadi,

debouching in the Arabian Sea. The drainage pattern resembles dendritic

type. Figure 3.8 shows the drainage map of the study area.

Sr. No. River Flow Direction

1 Kalu SE-NW

2 Daman Ganga SE-NW

Figure 3.8: Flow Pattern of Rivers in the Study Area

Source: Geological Survey of India, 2002




3.6.2.4 Geomorphology Valsad is the southernmost district of the Gujarat state. It is bounded in the

south by Maharashtra state; in the East by the Union territories of Dadra and

Nagar Haveli and Maharashtra state; in the west by the Arabian Sea and

Union territory of Daman and in the north by Navsari district. The district can

be divided into three geographic units:

(1) Hilly area (in the east),

(2) Alluvial Plain and

(3) Coastal Zone

Figure 3.9: Geomorphological Map of Valsad District

Source: Geological Survey of India, 2002




3.6.2.5 Agriculture It is an agrarian ecosystem with potential impact of industrialization. It is also reflected in prepared land use / land cover map showing 68% area under agriculture while the built up area is quite high of 22%. The double-cropped area is quite high in agriculture; while, second highest are the mango plantation mixed with agriculture. Shallow hilly soils grow Negli (Ragi eleusine coracana), Kodra-Paspalum scrobiculatum), Banti (Echinochlo-stagnina), Wari (Panicum miliare) and Chino (Panicum millirea). Rice is the major crop. Other important crops are sorghum, groundnut tur, other pulses, and cotton. Fruit crops like banana, mango coconut, sapota and sugarcane are common.

3.6.2.6 Natural Vegetation According to Champion and Seth (1968), the study area falls under the “Tropical dry (mixed) deciduous forest”. There is a notional patch of reserve forest, however some scrub forest is seen in pockets. Some of the common trees found in this area are Mango, Chiku, Casuarinas equisetifolia, Eucalyptus hybrid, Paltophorum pterocarpum, Thuja occidentals, Acacias spp. Azadirachta indica, Gliricidia sepium.

Some of the common grasses found in this area are Dicanthium annulatmm, Vitevera, Cenchrus clitoris, etc.

3.6.2.7 Land use and Agriculture The landuse pattern of the study area was estimated using remote sensing

technique. Remotely sensed data and census records were obtained and

studied.




Table : 3.14

IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT LAND USE / LAND COVER CLASSES

Sr. No.

Mapping Unit

Brief Description

Image Characteristics

1 Built-up area 1.1 Residential Light Bluish with very faint White Brownish mottles Reddish pixels are of avenue trees.

1.2 Industrial

Smooth, Blue, Blackish, Reddish tone good street network regular shape

1.3 Recreational, Parks / Green belts, etc.

Smooth Red, regular shape within city area

1.4 Vacant Under Developed

Smooth Whitish Brownish. Regular pattern

2.0 Villages Deep Blue, irregular pattern surrounded by agriculture lands and small thick bodies, connected by roads with other villages

2 Agriculture 5 Double Cropped Land

Smooth, Red mixed with small vacant parcels of Greenish Brownish and Whitish trees.

6 Fallow Land Whitish Grey parcels within smooth regular Red agriculture land.

7 Plantations & Agriculture Mixed

Dark Brownish Red, Violet smooth & regular.

3 Forest 10 Dense forest Dark Reddish Brownish, smooth 13 Scrub Land Brownish / Light, Mottled, Pinkish 14 Forest Plantation Dark, Reddish Brownish, smooth, regular 4 Waste Land 17 Thick Logged Dark, Blackish Red, irregular 19 Gullied Lands Light Bluish 22 Sand Whitish or Blackish 24 Stony / Rocky Bluish & Blackish irregular 5 Thick Bodies 25 Tank / Pond Dark, Black with Reddish tinge of

phytoplankton’s (Thick loving Plant) 6 Others 27 Grass Land Light Brownish, smooth.




3.6.3 Description of Land

The land use / land cover classes identified in the study area are described

here in below:

(1) Built up land

Built up land comprises of developed areas like building, industrial

structures, transportation network, etc. The physical size or built up

sprawl with transport network can be surrogate to classify a settlement as

urban or rural. Often built up land with high density of buildings etc.

appear in dark tone at the center and lighter on the peripheries, because

of being less dense and less developed. The pattern is contagious to

non contiguous (punctured by vacant land and vegetation), clustered or

scattered. It occurs on all types of terrain amidst agricultural lands,

forests, waste lands, in association with road, rail and canal network and

other artifacts. Built up lands appear distinctly amidst croplands of Kharif

and Rabi seasons. During summer months (April to June) the spectral

response of built up land with that of the background makes its

identification difficult in certain types of terrain. However, the summer

imagery is useful to delineate transport routes and a few settlement

nodes.

Rail routes appear narrow in width, linear (with few obtuse lands) than

roads, which show more intersections and connectivity with settlements.

Both occur on variety of terrain, across rivers connecting built up lands.

The imagery from October to March is ideal for delineating built up land

and transport network.

(2) Agricultural Land (Crop Land)

The tonal contrast of crop land signifies greenness of the foliage at

different stages of crop growth, phonological condition (healthy or

infected) besides the nature of soil (moist or dry), types of terrain etc.

The spatial extent varies in size and shape, with smooth texture (where




the crop is in full matured stage) to coarse or mottled (at early stage of

planting and growth). It is contiguous under irrigated (canal, tank, well

etc.) areas and non contiguous in unirrigated or rain-fed dry lands. Very

often contiguity of crop lands is punctured by harvested fields or fallow

lands. Crop lands occur on a variety of terrain, often in association with

the terrain patterns as observed in river plains, valleys, coastal low land

etc. Cropping season and cropping pattern (single, double or mixed) vary

with season, terrain conditions, farming and tenural systems, occurrence

and distribution of rainfall, etc. Kharif cropping season commences from

June till September and Rabi season from October till March or early

April.

Fallow Land

It appears light in tone in coastal soils and dark in tone in alluvial black

cotton soils and soils rich in clay. In irrigated lands, fallow lands appear

small in size often with regular field boundaries and non contiguous in

un-irrigated or dry (farming) lands. They appear large in size, contiguous

and with limited patches of cropland. Regular openings amidst cropland

also suggest occurrence of fallow lands. The texture is medium to

coarse due to surface irregularities and absence of vegetation cover.

Orchards and plantations

These appear small in size with regular shapes and sharp and smooth

edges. The difference in tone may signify different types of plantation

and orchards or same plantations and orchards in different stages or

growth or foliage cover or due to season.

(3) Forest Land

In the study area mixed type and moist deciduous types of forest with

varying canopy density have been identified. It is observed as dark red

to red in tone (during maximum greenness period) except during the

month of leaf fall in dry season / autumn when the tonal changes occur.

Their aerial spread is contiguous and non-contiguous, due to




degradation or clearings. They vary in size with irregular and

discontinuous boundaries and smooth texture wherever the canopy

cover is uniform.

(4) Waste Land

Mudflat with vegetation

It appears small in size with irregular and discontinuous shapes, smooth

to medium in texture and contiguous to linear. It occurs in coastal

estuaries, tidal creeks / lagoons, near delta on coasts mudflats in

association with saline water, rich in coastal sediments.

Upland with scrub

It appears light to dark in tone subject to the amount of foliage cover and

season. The aerial spread vary in size with irregular and discontinuous

shapes. The coarse to mottled texture is due to thin tree / vegetation

cover and exposure of terrain underneath. It is contiguous in tonal

patterns due to openings, tree failings and agricultural practices.

Upland without scrub

Wherever there is occurrence of scrub on the ground, reddish tint appear

in dots and patches. They vary in size with irregular and discontinuous

shapes, coarse to mottled texture (subject to surface lithology and

vegetation cover on the top), contiguous and dispersed in patches.

Waterlogged land

Waterlogged lands are seen in light to dark blue tone (subject to water

spread and organic matter). They vary in size with irregular and

discontinuous shapes, smooth to mottled texture (due to presence of

aquatic vegetation) dispersed and non contiguous (due to presence of

water and vegetation together). In the study area, they occur in river

plains, coastal low lands, along canals in association and proximity to

flood plains, coastal marshes / swamps, tidal flats, grounds near canal




with water seepage. Waterlogged areas under aquatic vegetation

appear similar to paddy fields (extensive in the study area) in tone.

Marshy / Swamps (mud flats)

These areas occur as tidal mud flats, plain with silt deposits brought by

rivers and deposited as mud flats, creating marshes and swamps.

(5) Water bodies

River / stream

River streams appear in long and narrow to wide in size with irregular

and sinuous shape, smooth to medium in texture contiguous, non-linear

to dendritic / sub dendritic in pattern. It occurs as natural rivers / streams

(perennial to non-perennial) in association with all types of terrain and

shapes.

Tank / Canals

These water bodies appear in light blue to dark blue tone (subject to

shallow surface water spread, volume of water, turbidity etc.). The

presence of weed / vegetation contributes to patches of red tone amidst

them. They are small / medium to large with regular to irregular shapes,

smooth to mottled in texture, non contiguous and dispersal in pattern.

Canals show a linear pattern. They are associated with agricultural

lands, dam sites, built up areas, as a source of irrigation, drinking water

and water supply for industry.

(6) Other

Grassland / Grazing land

They vary in size with irregular shapes, coarse to mottled texture (subject

to amount of vegetation) contiguous to non-contiguous in pattern.




The detail description of each land use category in terms of their defilation, image characteristics are given below: Land Use Legend Description Built up Area This comprises developed area like building, industrial structures and transportation network. This can be classified as urban settlement i.e. towns / city under mapping unit - 1(MU-I) or rural (MU-2). The MU-1 is further subdivided into following sub units: - 1.1 Residential 1.2 Industrial 1.3 Recreational 1.4 Open Vacant (under developed) The MU-1 is identifiable on the imagery by Bluish Grey with Whitish mottles

of varying regular and irregular patterns mixed with or without avenue trees.




Table : 3.15

DIFFERENT LAND USE CATEGORIES

LAND USE CATEGORY Level I Level II

Category Name Area (km2)

% Sub Category Name Area (km2)

%

1 Built up Area 34.1 22.15 Town /Cities 1.1 Residential 1.2 Industrial 1.3 Recreational 1.4 Vacant 2.0 Villages

8.3 19.1 0.4 4.5 1.8

5.39 12.41 0.26 2.92 1.17

Sub Total 34.1 22.15 Sub Total 34.1 22.15 2 Agriculture 106.0 68.87 5 Double Crop 64.0 41.58 6 Fallow Lands 16.5 10.72 7 Agriculture +

Plantations 25.5 16.57

Sub Total 106.0 68.87 Sub Total 106.0 68.87 3 Forest 0.6 0.38 10 Dense

12 Scrub Lands 14 Plantation

0.3 0.2 0.1

0.19 0.13 0.6

Sub Total 0.6 0.38 4 Waste Lands 11.7 7.63 17 Seasonally thick

logged 19 Gullied 21 Undulating

upland without scrub

22 River (Sand) 24 Stony/Rocky

0.3 0.7 10.1 0.2 0.4

0.19 0.45 6.60 0.13 0.26

Sub Total 11.7 7.63 Sub Total 11.7 7.63 5 Thick Bodies 0.5 0.32 Ponds /Tank 0.5 0.32 Sub Total 0.5 0.32 Sub Total 0.5 0.32 6 Others 1.0 0.65 Grass land 1.0 0.65 Sub Total 1.0 0.65 Sub Total 1.0 0.65 Grand Total 153.9 100.0 Grand Total 153.9 100.0




3.7 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Biological Environment includes the study of the relationships of organisms or

groups of organisms to their environment. Ecology in essence is the study of

the abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components, interaction of

community and the environment and exchange of material (energy and

nutrient) between living and non-living parts. A community includes all

organisms in the given area interacting with the abiotic environment.

3.7.1 Flora

The tree species found in the study area as well as in the mixed forest area

are presented below :

FLORA IN STUDY AREA

Local name Botanical Name

Ashok Polyaltha longfolia Mitho Limbdo Murrya koenigii

Limbdo Azadirrachta indica Saragva Moringa petriygosperma Agashive Sesbania grandiflora

Khakhar Butea forundosa Karanj Pongamia globra Gulmohor Poinciana regia

Vilayti Baval Parkinsonia aculasata Awal Carsia auriculata Amli Tomrindus indica

Khizado Prosopis spicigera Gando baval Prosopis juliflora Siras Albizzria Lebbeck

Jambu Eugania inermis Mehndi Lansonia inermis Karvands Carrisa carandos

Vad Ficus bengalnsis Pipod Ficus religiosa Saru Casuriana equisetifolia Tad Borassus flabelifer




The crop calendar in the district is revealed below :

No. Crop Month of Sowing Month of Harvesting 1 Paddy Kharif June October - November 2 Paddy Summer February May - June

3 Jowar Kharif June - July October - November 4 Groundnut Kharif June November - December 5 Sugarcane October - January January - April 6 Cotton June November - March 7 Wheat October - December March - April

3.7.2 Fauna

Since the area is devoid of thick vegetation, no significant Wild life habitat is

reported. There is no National Park in the study area. The common species

of fauna found in the study area is shown below :

FAUNA OF THE STUDY AREA

Zoological name Local name A. Invertebrates Hirudinaria granulose Leech Megascolex mauripii Earth worm Palamon maleumsoni Prawn Peripatus sps Peripetes Araneus diadematus The Garden Spider Nereis bumerilii Sand Worm Seolopendra marsidens Millipede Acheta domestica House Cricket Anax janius Dragon Fly Bacillus rossii Grass Hopper Glossina palpalis Fly Myrmecocytus setipes Ant Periplaneta americana Cockroach Anopheles maculipennis Mosquito Apis mellificia Honey Bee




B. Vertibrates Rana tigrina Frog Calotes berticolar Garden Lizard Hemidactylus sps House Lizard Lycodon aulicus Indian Wolf Snake Python molurus Indian Python Bulbulcus ibis Cattle Egret Colunba livia Pegion Corvus splendews Crows Eqretta qarzetta Little Egret Psittacula karameri Green Parrot Circus aeruginosus Marsh Harrier Trineja ochropus Green Sand Piper Oriolus oriolus kundoo Golden Oriole Phoenicurus ochruror Black Redstart B. bubalus Buffalo Bus indica Cow Canis famiaris Dog Capra hiscus Goat Funambulus palmarum Squirrel Hanuman langur Monkey Rattus rattles Rat

3.8 SOCIO - ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

This section examines the socioeconomic baseline data within the 10 km

radius study area (including the project site) and the infrastructure available.

Base line data has been collected for all the villages falling within 10 km.

study area from the proposed project site.

Industrialization, in general, has quite an important impact on socio-economic

pattern of the region. Before industrialization, Sarigam was a backward area

and the town was quite small with agriculture as the main source of income.

Gujarat Government established GIDC estate long time ago and gave

excellent benefits to the entrepreneurs who responded by establishing their




units at Sarigam. The total area of Industrial estates in Sarigam is 395

Hectares.

The result was increased employment opportunities of primary and

secondary nature. Population of Sarigam started increasing and urbanization

began. Local population accepted these changes willingly due to increasing

economic prosperity.

Today, Sarigam is a well-developed industrial town. It has all amenities of a

good city and has cosmopolitan population. It also has a good

communication system.

The following table shows the distance and direction of the villages within 10

km from the proposed project site.

No. Name of Village From the Project Site

Direction Aerial Distance (Km.) 1. Sarigam S 0.8 2 Angam NNE 1 3 Punat NNW 3 4 Bhilad ESE 5 5 Bhathi Karambeli E 5 6 Eklahare NE 4 7 Manda SW 5 8 Jamburi N 6 9 Pali NNW 4.5 10 Moha N 7 11 Pali Karambeli NNW 7.5 12 Kalai NNW 6.5 13 Fanam NW 9 14 Kalgam WNW 9.5 15 Maroli W 10 16 Mamakwada SW 10 17 Manekpure SW 10 18 Sarai SW 8 19 Khatalilwada SSW 9.5




20 Vankas SSW 9 21 Malav S 8 22 Nandigam SSE 8 23 Dhanoli SE 5.5 24 Daheli S 4.5 25 Zaroli SE 8 26 Nagwas SE 9 27 Boralai E 7 28 Borigam E 9.5 29 Achchhari E 7 30 Valwada ENE 6 31 Chanod ENE 9

Various Socio – economic data pertaining to Valsad District has been

collected from the website www.censusindia.gov.in of the Census – 2011 is

depicted below:

SOCIO ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF DISTRICT: VALSAD

Particulars DISTRICT : VALSAD Population (Census Data – 2011) Person 1703068 Male 884064 Female 819004

Sex Ratio (No. of Females / 1000 Males) 926

Population Density / km2 561

Percentage Decadal Variation in Population (2001 – 2011) 20.74

Age 0 - 6 years (Census Data – 2011) Person 206309

Male 107110

Female 99199

Literacy (Census Data – 2011) Person 1211437

Male 671901

Female 539536




To define Socio-economic scenario base line data for the following has been

collected.

(a) Economic Structure

(b) Demographic Structure

(c) Availability of Basic Amenities

3.8.1 Economic Structure

In villages, agriculture dominates the economic pattern in the study area. The

main occupation and also the main source of income of the majority of the

households in the area is agriculture and related activities. In Valsad District, the

main occupations are manufacturing, processing and repairs and related activities

followed by activities related to trade and commerce. Out of a total of 1410553

population (Census Data – 2001) in the study area, the percentage of Main

Total Workers (Census Data – 2001) Total Workers 650257

Male 215039

Female 25627

Main Workers (Census Data – 2001) Main Workers 503333

Male 210191 Female 19698 Marginal Workers (Census Data – 2001) Marginal Workers 146924 Male Female 5929 Non Workers (Census Data – 2001) Non Workers 790296

Male 124937

Female 219957




Workers and Total Non Workers are 35.68 % and 56.03 % (Census Data – 2001)

respectively.

3.8.2 Demographic Structure

The demographic structure of villages of the study area has been studied. The

total population of the study area is 281629 with a population density of about

9.01 Persons / Hectare. The details of population have been collected from the

website www.censusindia.gov.in for the Census – 2001 data.

3.8.3 Availability of Basic Amenities

A review of the basic amenities is described in following paragraphs.

Almost all villages have a Primary School.

In the study area drinking water facilities are good, well and tap water is available

in most of the villages. People use Tube Well Water where surface water is not

available. If River or Canal water is available, it is the preferred source of water.

Post Office facilities are available in all villages. Telephone facilities are available

in all villages.

All villages are well connected through a network of roads. Bus is the main mode

of transport.

Electricity is available in almost all the villages in the study area.

3.9 AESTHETICS

3.9.1 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT

As the site is located adjacent to the industrial area, there are not many factors

contributing towards aesthetics. In spite of this, M/s. NRAIL shall develop a green

belt area within the factory premises, in the limited space. The unit has proposed

to develop 49.04 acres of area as a green belt out of total plot area. In addition to

this, majority of the vacant land shall be planted with trees and grasses.

Any construction or any project is likely to destroy certain aesthetic values; while

at the same time may create new ones. The prime objective is to select where a

balanced exchange of these values can be achieved, without destroying any




important & highly prized natural features of the environment. With this idea in

mind, company will develop a green belt within the factory premises not only to

give the aesthetic looks but also to restore the ecology.

The main objectives of green belt development by the company are:

Mitigation of fugitive gaseous emission

Noise abatement

Waste water reuse to maximum possible extent

Ecological restoration

Soil erosion prevention

Improvement in aesthetic environment.

CCHHAAPPTTEERR –– 44 EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL

IIMMPPAACCTT IIDDEENNTTIIFFIICCAATTIIOONN



CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION

4.0 INTRODUCTION

The major element involved in the process of Environmental Impact Assessment is

the identification of impacts as it forms the basis for quantification and evaluation of

impacts. In this section, the impacts on the environment, either beneficial or

deleterious due to the proposed project have been identified. The aspects of the

environment, which are likely to be disturbed or damaged due to the proposed

project represented as parameters.

A number of techniques are available for identification of impacts. In the present

case, “Matrix Method” is adopted. It involves an understanding of cause – condition

– effect relationship between an activity and environmental parameters for

identification of impacts.

The project activities described earlier in Chapter 2 of this report have been taken

into consideration for generation of cause – condition - effect relationship i.e. chain

of events, in recognizing the series of impacts that would be triggered by the

proposed project.

The identified impacts for various components of environment viz., air, noise, water,

land, socio-economy, etc. are presented herewith. EIA is an activity or an attempt to

identify, predict, evaluate and communicate the likely environmental impacts of the

proposed activity/project on the environment.

4.1 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT

Considering that the identification of the potentially significant environmental impact

is essential in the preparation of EIA, an attempt has been made here through the

use of an “Activity -Effect” Matrix.



4.1.1 Identification Matrix

The impact identification matrix is shown in Table 4.1. For simplicity the entire

project has been divided into two phases.

1. Construction

2. Operation

Various activities belonging to each phase have been grouped separately and

arranged in rows. The environmental factors, which are anticipated, to be impacted

have been arranged in columns. A preliminary scrutiny has been done and the cells,

which fall at the junction of the ‘Activity’ and ‘Factor’, that have possible interaction

with each other, have been ‘Crossed’.

The matrix thus establishes the possible ‘cause-effect’ relationship and identifies the

environmental factors likely to be impacted and activities responsible for the same.

The impact identified may be positive and negative. This determination will be done

at prediction stage.

4.1.1.1 Construction Phase

This phase may involve the activities like erection of civil structures, removal of old

construction, equipment and machinery, erection of new equipment and machinery,

green belt development etc.

Air, Noise and Land are likely to be effected by these activities, although Aesthetics

and Socio-economic factors are also identified. But the impacts will be marginal

only. The green belt development will have positive impacts.

4.1.1.2 Operational Phase

This phase of the project is important because it generates long-term impacts due to

the commencement of production. The primary impacts causing likely deterioration

will be in Air, Water, Noise and Land / Soil due to the gaseous emissions, vehicular

movement, discharge of liquid effluent.



This phase includes following activities:

Raw material storage

Product manufacturing

Product storage

Transportation

Gaseous emission

Effluent discharge

Solid waste generation

Occasional equipment failure / Process upset and related problems

Industrial development

Chemical Hazards

Generation of employment opportunity

Contribution to social welfare



IDENTIFICATION MATRIX

Activity Raw

Materials Storage Handling

Production Manufacturing

Product Storage and Handling

Transportation of Product and Raw Material

Gaseous Emissions

Liquid Discharge

Solid Waste Generation

Employment

Infra Structure Development

Green Belt Development

Parameter

Air √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Water √ √ √ √ √ √

Noise √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Odor √ √ √

Flora √ √ √

Fauna √ √ √

Soil √ √ √ √

Forest √

Religious /

Historical Places

Population √ √ √ √

Socio-economic √ √ √

Cultural √ √

Health and Safety √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Aesthetics √ √ √ √ √

Table 4.1



Table 4.2

ASSESSMENT MATRIX

Activity Parameter

Raw Materials Storage Handling

Production Manufacturing

Product Storage and Handling

Transportation of Product and Raw Material

Gaseous Emissions

Liquid Discharge

Solid Waste Generation

Empolyment

Infrastructure Development

Green Belt Development

Air Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) N, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) S, (+ ve)

Water Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) S, (+ ve)

Noise Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) S, (+ ve)

Odor Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) N, (+ ve)

Flora Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) S, (+ ve)

Fauna Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) S, (+ ve)

Soil Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) N, (+ ve)

Forest S, (+ ve)

Religious / Historical

Places

Population Ng, (- ve) N, (+ ve) N, (+ ve) S, (+ ve)

Socio-economic Ng, (- ve) S, (+ ve) N, (+ ve)

Cultural S, (+ ve) N, (+ ve)

Health and Safety N, (- ve) N, (- ve) N, (- ve) No Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) N S, (+ ve)

Aesthetics Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) Ng, (- ve) S, (+ ve)

+ ve - Positive (beneficial) S - Significant Impact

- ve - Negative (adverse) N - Normal Impact

No - No Impact

Ng - Negligible Impact

CCHHAAPPTTEERR –– 55 PPRREEDDIICCTTIIOONN AANNDD AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT OOFF

IIMMPPAACCTTSS



CHAPTER 5 PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

5.0 INTRODUCTION

Prediction of impacts is the most important component in the Environment Impact

Assessment studies. This Chapter is devoted to the prediction and assessment of

impacts due to the proposed project. Many scientific techniques and methodologies

are available to predict impacts on physico-ecological and socio-economic

environment. Such predictions are superimposed over the base line (pre-project)

status of the environmental quality to derive the ultimate (post-project)

environmental scenario. The prediction of impacts on environment components

forms the basis for the development of any effective Environmental Management

Plan for implementation during and after the execution of the developmental activity

to minimize the deterioration of environmental quality.

The mathematical models attempt to quantitatively describe the cause - effect

relationships between sources of pollution and different components of the

environment viz. Air, Water, Noise, Land and Socio-economic. Various other

scientific techniques / methodologies are also available to predict the environmental

impacts quantitatively as well as qualitatively for scenarios where mathematical

models are not readily applicable.

Prediction involves determination of the nature and extent of the probable impacts

due to the proposed activities or the actions involved in the project. Here it is

determined, whether the likely environmental impacts are

I) Positive or Negative

II) Long term or Short term



Based on Environmental Impact Analysis of the predicted impacts, the

Environmental Impacts are quantitatively and qualitatively assessed.

Quantitative assessment with the help of a mathematical model has been

done wherever possible. In other cases, the impact assessment has been

qualitative which is based on available scientific knowledge and judgement.

The mathematical model used for prediction in the present study includes

“Industrial Source Complex, ISC – Aermod View, dispersion model of Lakes

Environmental Software” for air quality. For other cases i.e. Water, Noise,

Land / Soil, Ecology, Socio-economic environment etc., the available scientific

knowledge and judgements have been used.

5.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

The impact has been predicted separately for during construction and during

operational phase of the project.

5.1.1 Prediction of Impact on Air Environment 5.1.1.1 Construction Phase

The impact due to the construction activities will be limited to the period of

construction i.e. short-term impacts only. The air quality will be marginally

affected by the activities such as movement / removal of old equipment and

machinery, erection of new equipment and machinery, vehicular movement,

etc. which are likely to increase the PM10 and PM2.5 levels.

The construction contractor will visually monitor dust levels on the site during

construction. Dust suppression will be instituted, using water tankers mounted

on tractors, sprinklers and other means as necessary, in the event that high

levels of dust are observed, strong winds and dry conditions make dust

generation likely. However since the internal road of plant will be asphalted,

dust emission shall be a minimum. The debris and unutilized construction

material and earth from the construction site shall be removed immediately to

recycle within the project so that no nuisance dust is generated due to wind.



It is proposed to have a Green Belt of 5 m. thick plantation along the boundary

of the plot, which will intercept the dispersing particulates. Also the sprinkling

of water is recommended in areas where dust emission is expected within the

plant. Hence dust emission is expected to be minimum.

5.1.1.2 Operation Phase

The operational phase activities are expected to have long-term impacts on

the air quality. The process stack (attached to the Coal fired boiler in the Co-

generation Captive Power Plant) will be provided with Electrostatic

Precipitators to reduce the Particulate Matter emission to a minimum. There

will be no other major source from the process related to air pollution. Also

the proposed project will not have much effect on the air quality as sufficient

height has been provided so as not to increase the ground level concentration

considerably.

Fly Ash Handling System will be connected to an efficient bag filter system for

control of particulate emission. Coal Crushing Unit shall be connected to Air

Pollution Control system. The Air Pollution Control system is detailed in

Chapter 2 of this EIA report. Hence, no major adverse impact is predicted.

5.1.2 Assessment of Impacts on Air Quality Using Dispersion Model

Assessment of impacts on air quality is done either manually by using

Gaussian Dispersion Formula or by computer based dispersion models. In

the present study, Industrial Source Complex, ISC – Aermod View, dispersion

model of Lakes Environmental Software has been used to find out the

maximum ground level concentration of pollutant.



The input values for ISCST3 model are shown below:

From the output of the said dispersion model, the highest / maximum ground

level concentration has been worked out, which will indicate the incremental

value in that pollutant.

Table 3.6 of Chapter 3 shows the baseline status of the ambient air quality in

the study area. 98th percentile value when overlapped with the incremental

value gives the status of ambient air after the proposed project. The following

table shows the present status and status of pollutants after the operation of

the proposed project in terms of 98th percentile value in µg/m3.

The Isopleths of each of the pollutant is given below:

Stack Attached

To

Height from GL, (m)

Internal Diameter,

(m)

Type of Pollutant

Pollutant Release

Rate, (g/sec)

Exit Gas Velocity, (m/sec)

Exit Gas

Temp, (oK )

Boiler

70.0 1.80

SPM 2.60 423 SO2 0.055 15

NOx 0.02

No. Parameter Maximum Baseline

Status (98 %), µg/m3

Incremental Value, µg/m3

(x, y Co-ordinates)

After Proposed Project, µg/m3

Permissible Limits, µg/m3

1 PM2.5 57.92 -- -- 60.00

2 PM10 83.52 0.23 (SPM) (-2000.00, -1000.00)

83.75 100.00

3 SO2 28.52 0.005 (-2000.00, -1000.00)

28.525 80.00

4 NOx 26.26 0.002 (-2000.00, -1000.00)

26.262 80.00



Figure 5.1 Isopleths of PM



Figure 5.2 Isopleths of SO2



Figure 5.3 Isopleths of NOx



Base line study indicates that the ambient levels of various pollutants like

PM10, SO2, NOx, etc. are within the limits stipulated by National Ambient Air

Quality (NAAQ) Standards for notified Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other

Areas. As mentioned, the company shall regularly monitor the ambient air

quality within and outside the factory, so as to take care of the air

environment. This will help in assessing the performance to the Air Pollution

Control Systems. Moreover, the height of the stack will be so chosen that the

pollutants emitted from the stacks will be effectively dispersed into the

atmosphere. As a result, there will not be any major contribution to the

addition of any of the pollutant mentioned above.

The Fly Ash that will be generated (36 TPD) from the proposed Co-generation

Captive Power Plant is proposed to be utilised 100 %, the break – up of which

is given as below :

1) Sold to Fly Ash Manufacturers : 16 TPD

2) Sold to Asbestos Sheet Manufacturers : 6 TPD

3) Used For Road Construction projects : 14 TPD

From the above, it can be concluded that even after the operation of the

proposed project, the Ambient Air Quality does not exceed NAAQ Standards.

5.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Construction activities are not expected to have any adverse impact on the

quality or quantity of water as only the local workers shall be engaged for the

construction activities. The existing facilities shall be used by the workers

there by reducing the chances of sewage waste. The water consumed is

sourced from the GIDC supply.



5.2.1 Water Consumption

a) DOMESTIC

The total domestic water requirement after the proposed project will be about

50 m3 / day. Local workers shall be engaged for the construction activities for

set up of the plant. As a result, there will not be any increase in domestic

water requirement during the construction phase. Thus, it is not expected to

have any impact on an existing domestic water quantity requirement.

b) INDUSTRIAL

The net total water requirement for the proposed project will be about 1868 m3

/ day. There shall be marginal increase in the water requirement due to the

construction activities of the project. The water requirement shall be met

through Darotha River of Daman Ganga Canal.

5.2.2 Waste Water Generation

a) DOMESTIC

The total domestic waste water generation due to the proposed project will be

about 10 m3 / day. During construction, local workers shall be employed and

hence would not contribute to the waste water generation.

The domestic effluent will be treated and disposed off in scientifically designed

septic tank / soak pit system.

b) INDUSTRIAL

The total industrial effluent generation after the proposed project will be about

868 m3 / day. The effluent generation from various stages due to the operation

of the proposed project has been elaborated in Chapter 2.

The effluent generated from the proposed project shall be treated scientifically

in the effluent treatment plant and recycled back into the process as detailed in

Chapter 2 of this EIA report. However, there are all possibilities for an over all

reduction in effluent generation due to waste minimization, modernization &

cleaner production technology that may be adopted by the company.



The characteristics of the untreated effluent and treated effluent are

represented earlier in Chapter 2. It may be noted that Company shall treat

effluent generated in a full-fledged Effluent Treatment Plant within the complex

comprising of Primary, Secondary and proposed Tertiary Treatment facilities.

Thus, it can be concluded that there will not be any adverse and negative

impact on the surrounding environment due to the discharge of treated

wastewater from the proposed project.

5.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Construction activities normally result in temporary and short duration increase

in noise levels. The main sources of noise during construction period include

movement of vehicles for loading and unloading of construction materials,

fabrication, handling of equipment and materials, operation of power shovels,

concrete mixing plants, generators etc. The areas affected are those close to

the site.

It is a known fact that there is a reduction in noise level as the sound wave

passes through a barrier. The transmission loss values for common

construction materials are given below:

Material Thickness of Construction Material, Inches

Decrease in Noise Levels, dB(A)

Light Concrete 4 38 6 39

Dense Concrete 4 40

Concrete Block 4 32 6 36

Brick 4 33 Granite 4 40



Thus, the walls of the adjoining buildings along with other factors like air

absorption, tree cover, etc. would result in significant attenuation of atleast 20

- 25 dB(A) at 100 m distance. The resultant noise levels on proposed project

site at 50 m distance at peak level of construction are anticipated to be about

55 – 60 dB(A), which is well within the limit for commercial area during the day

time.

Further to minimize these potential impacts, major construction activities

would be scheduled during normal daylight working hours and would be

implemented consistent with the applicable standards. The construction

contractor will use equipments that are adapted to operate with appropriate

noise muffling devices resulting in the least possible noise. Every effort would

be taken to minimize the noise levels including the mandatory use of

construction equipment with operable mufflers.

During operation, the Boiler, central air conditioning plant and the DG set (only

during emergency) will be the point sources of noise pollution in the complex.

The DG set room, compressor and pumps room will be isolated from the

outside environment and proper acoustic arrangements will be made to control

the noise generated from the rooms. The noise levels outside the room will be

maintained within the stipulated norms both during the day and night time.

The effect of high noise levels on the operating personnel in the DG,

compressor and pump rooms will also be considered and appropriate

mitigation measures would be adopted. The continuous exposure to high

noise levels above 90 dB (A) affects the hearing capacity of the workers /

operators and hence would be avoided.

The occasional noise will be attenuated by the development of Green Belt

around the industrial complex, and ear-protecting devices will be provided for

personnel working in high noise generating zones.



Thus, it can be concluded that there will not be any adverse and negative

impact on the surrounding environment due to noise.

5.4 SOIL ENVIRONMENT

The site clearing and preparation activities will involve removal of only scanty

vegetation existing on the proposed plant site. The project site is primarily

dominated by undergrowth and unwanted bushes. As the topography in and

around the site is mostly plain with no slope, the digging of the site before the

start of the construction work for the foundation work would not result any

significant effect on soil erosion and silt run off, even during the heavy rains.

The project requires extensive work on the excavation and removal of soil and

hence will temporarily affect soil structure and stability localized. The project

proponent will adopt good construction practices that will ensure the

environmental impacts of waste generated on-site during construction will be

minimized.

Construction Wastes

The generation of waste material is inevitable during the construction phase.

Waste is generated at different stages of construction process. During

construction activity, waste generated is in the form of excess cement mix or

concrete left over, rejection caused due to change in design or wrong

workmanship etc. Estimated waste generation during construction is 40 to 60

kg / m2. Concrete appears in two forms in the waste: Structural elements of

building having reinforced concrete and foundations having mass non-

reinforced concrete.

Excavation of earth and rock generates muck. Other wastes include top soil,

clay, sand and gravel. These are normally re-used as filler at the same site

after completion of excavation work. Other miscellaneous materials that arise

as waste include glass, plastic material, general refuse, scrap metal,

cardboard, plastics, etc. Construction waste is bulky and heavy and is mostly

unsuitable for disposal by incineration or composting. Unutilized or unused



solid wastes generated during construction will be disposed off to a

designated landfill site.

Since the proposed project is located in the vicinity of the notified industrial

GIDC area of Sarigam, it will not have any adverse effect on the soil

environment.

5.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

There are no Forest, National Park and Protected Sanctuaries within the study

area, no impact is anticipated on the same.

Inspite of there being no impact, all efforts will continue not only to maintain

the ecological balance of the surroundings but also improve upon the same.

The attributes that are identified to describe ecology are animals, birds, fish,

field crops, threatened species, natural vegetation etc. The area does not

have any identified endangered species, Forest, National Park, Sanctuaries

and hence there is no question of impact on the same.

Emphasis will be placed on social forestry programme wherein tree plantation

would be undertaken within the premises. The tree plantation under this

programme would help in absorbing atmospheric heat, noise as well as

pollutants.

Hence, all efforts will be put-up by the project proponent to maintain the

ecological balance and improve the environment in terms of ecology and

Green Belt development.



5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Since the surrounding study area is an undeveloped area, the overall socio-

economic status of the local population is below average. People are mostly

engaged in farming activities and which ultimately depends on the vagaries of

nature. The project shall generate employment opportunities, though

temporary, during construction or erection stage.

In terms of the major socio-economic impacts, the project will provide more

direct and indirect job opportunities and better economic standards to the

project affected people and others, through improved infrastructural,

community facilities, etc.

The proposed project of M/s. NRAIL is in a well-established industrial notified

estate. Thus, the said project will not have any major significant impact on

socio-economic pattern of the surrounding region.

5.7 LAND ENVIRONMENT AND AESTHETICS

The required plant & machinery for the full production capacity will be installed

within the earmarked premises. No new and extra land will be acquired other

than the proposed demarcated land for the installed capacity of the project.

Thus, no adverse impact is likely to be generated by the proposed project.

Construction phase is for small period during erection and installation of

machineries and therefore there is no question of impacts on land use pattern.

During operational phase, there will not be any effect on the surrounding soil.

The only emission of gas during operation would be from the coal fired Boiler

of the Co-generation Captive Power Plant, which has been taken care up

providing suitable height to stack and suitable highly efficient pollution control

equipment like Electrostatic Precipitator. Also, the low sulphur content

imported coal will be used as fuel. Fly Ash Handling System will be

connected to an efficient bag filter system for control of emission. Coal

crushing unit shall be connected to air pollution control system. Fly Ash shall



be sold to brick manufacturers. There will be pneumatic conveying system for

fly ash with silos for storage and unloading of same in trucks.

Hence there will be practically no effect on the Air / Land / Soil.

The effluent will be suitably treated and recycled back into the process

resulting in Zero Discharge of the effluent.

All the solid / hazardous waste generated are packed in HDPE bags having 25

/ 50 kg capacity and stored in solid waste storage facility having impervious

layer and leachate collection system. Solid / hazardous waste (ETP waste /

MEE & de-inking sludge) shall be disposed into approved TSDF site of M/s.

Vapi Waste and Effluent Management Company Ltd. (VWEMCL) at GIDC

Vapi; non recyclable plastic waste shall be sent to TSDF of M/s. SEPL, Kutch.

Fly Ash generated shall be sold to brick manufacturers, asbestos sheet

manufacturers as well as for road construction projects. The Company will

dispose off their ETP sludge and other solid wastes in the above stated landfill

site in Polyethylene bags and through approved transporters.

5.8 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

The workers working in the industry are of different culture and religion. The

interaction and intermingling of all these people will improve the understanding

of various cultures. This will definitely improve strengthen friendliness,

brotherhood and unity among them.

Figure 2.2 WATER BALANCE DIAGRAM (WRITING, …gpcb.gov.in/pdf/N_R_Aggarwal_part_II.pdf · 1 MSEP 8...

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Transcript of Figure 2.2 WATER BALANCE DIAGRAM (WRITING, …gpcb.gov.in/pdf/N_R_Aggarwal_part_II.pdf · 1 MSEP 8...