FIGURE 01: Phylogenetic relationships of monotremes Data from Westerman, M. and Edwards, D. Platypus...
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Transcript of FIGURE 01: Phylogenetic relationships of monotremes Data from Westerman, M. and Edwards, D. Platypus...
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FIGURE 01: Phylogenetic relationships of monotremes
Data from Westerman, M. and Edwards, D. Platypus and Echidnas (ML Augee, ed.). Royal Zoology Society of New South Wales, 1992.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R.L. and Luo, Z-X. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press, 2004.; and Warren, W.C., et al., Nature 453 (2008): 175-184.
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Paleontology
Teinolophus 112–121 million year old basal platypus from Australia
Monotrematum 62–63 million year old platypus from South America
Fossil record is poor and incomplete
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Ornithorhynchidae (platypus)
Subclass Prototheria Order Monotremata
1 genus / 1 species Australia
leathery bill hindlimb poison Dense, velvety pelage Eye and ear openings covered by skin folds
when submerged Feet webbed
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Ornithorhynchidae
FIGURE 08: Skeleton of the duck-billed platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus
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Reproduction Cloaca present Testis abdominal
Mammae lack nipples Long lactation periods
FIGURE 04: Anatomy of the female reproductive tract of monotremesAdapted from Szalay, F. S., Novacek, M. J., and McKenna, M. C. Mammal Phylogeny. Springer-Verlag, 1993.
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Tachyglossidae (echidnas)
Subclass Prototheria Order Monotremata
2 genera / 2 species Australia & New Guinea
edentate spiny sticky tongue
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Morphology
Beak-like rostrum
Adults are toothless
Sclerotic cartilages in eyes
Lacrimal and frontal bones absent
Septomaxilla bone present
No auditory bulla—cochlea simple
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Morphology
Shoulder girdle retains ancestral features
FIGURE 03: Bones of monotremes
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Derived Characters
Rostrum covered with mechanoreceptors and/or electroreceptors
Reduced dentition
Modified skull morphology
FIGURE 02: Skull of the spiny anteater Tachyglossus
aculeatus. Length of skull 111 millimeters.
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Reproduction
Courtesy of Michael L. Augee
FIGURE 05: Ventral view of a live echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)
Courtesy of P. Rismiller and M. McKelvey
FIGURE 20.04: Young echidna emerging from the egg
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Tachyglossidae
Tachyglossus is capable of daily torpor and seasonal hibernation
Diet consists largely of insects, earthworms, and other soil arthropods
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Morphology
Palatal vacuities present Medially inflected angular process on dentary Unusual pattern of tooth replacement Hindfeet may be specialized (e.g. for arboral
or saltatorial locomotion) Epipubic bones present
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Figure 5.29
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Reproduction Marsupium present in 50% of metatherians
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Reproduction
Gestation is short (8–45 days)
Young born tiny and poorly developed
Newborns crawl to marsupium and attach to nipple
Lactation period is long
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Paleontology
Fossil metatherians include:
Thyacoleo—a lion-like predator
Diprotodon—a rhino-sized metatherian
Procoptodon—massive grazing animal
Many smaller forms
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Paleontology
FIGURE 05: Fossil skull of Procoptodon goliah
Adapted from Tedford, R.H., University of California Publications in Geological Science 64 (1967): 1–165.
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Paleontology
South American radiation rivaled that in Australia
Evolved from basal insectivorous or omnivorous stock
Convergence with eutherians
Over 130 living and fossil genera
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Paleontology
Borhyaenidae—convergent with canids and bears
Thylacosmilidae—convergent with saber-toothed cats
Argyrolagidae—convergent with kangaroo rats and jerboas
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Paleontology
Modified from Romer, A.S. Vertebrate Paleontology. University of Chicago Press, 1966.
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Paleontology
FIGURE 08: Microtragulus (Argyrolagidae), an extinct
bipedal metatherian from theMio-Pliocene of Argentina
Adapted from Simpson, G.G., Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology 139 (1970): 1–86.
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Paleontology
Panamanian land bridge established ~2.5 million years ago
Northern eutherians moved southward
Some metatherians moved northward
Metatherian diversity begins to decline
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Metatherians vs. Eutherians
I. Metatherians less diverse today than eutherians:
There are no flying or marine metatherians Some extremely productive food sources
not part of metatherian diet (e.g. marine plankton and flying insects)
II. Metatherians far more conservative morphologically (e.g. no fins or wings)
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Metatherians vs. Eutherians
III. Metatherians have not been able to exploit great size.
Although there were large metatherians in the Pleistocene, the largest living metatherian is the red kangaroo.
IV. Metatherians have never evolved highly social behavior.
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Metatherians vs. Eutherians
V. Metatherians are less diverse than eutherians.
Only about 6% (335) of the total number of species of living mammals (5,420) are metatherians.
Are metatherians adaptively and competitively inferior to eutherians?
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Metatherians vs. Eutherians
1. The metatherian mode of reproduction is probably more ancestral than that of eutherians.
Metatherians have a brief gestation period and bear almost embryonic young.
The metatherian need for precocious grasping forelimbs at birth may preclude the development of wings, flippers, or other specializations of the forelimb.
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Metatherians vs. Eutherians
2. The cerebral cortex develops more rapidly and attains
greater volume in eutherians than in marsupials.
The brain and nervous system develop best in the highly nutritive, stable, oxygen-rich environment provided by the placenta.
3. Behavioral plasticity is greater in eutherians.
Cooperative social systems, dominance hierarchies, and territoriality are rare in metatherians.
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Metatherians vs. Eutherians
4. Antipredator behavior is more highly developed in eutherians.
Unified herd action, cooperative defense of young,
complex vocal and visual communication, and sustained
high-speed running are absent in metatherians.
5. The relatively low diploid number of chromosomes may be related to the lack of evolutionary flexibility in metatherians.
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Metatherians vs. Eutherians
6. The extended gestation of eutherians produces young that are far more endothermic and allows eutherians to better exploit colder climates.
7. Metatherians tend to have larger litter sizes than eutherians, but eutherians dominate by increasing their population sizes much more rapidly.
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South American Metatherians
Didelphimorphia 17 genera and 87 living species Southeastern Canada to southern Argentina Braincase long and narrow Prominent sagittal crest Marsupium present or absent Tail usually prehensile
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Family Didelphidae (American opossums and opossums)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Didelphimorphia (American marsupials) 17 genera / 60+ species (17/87) North & South America
5/4 1/1 3/3 4/4=50
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Caenolestidae (shrew opossums)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Paucituberculata (shrew opossums)
3 genus / 5 species (3/6) South America Andes No marsupium Lower incissors procumbent
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Microbiotheriidae (monito del monte)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Microbiotheria (monito del monte)
1 genus / 1 species Southern Andes Relict of Australidelphia May hibernate
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Notoryctidae (marsupial moles)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) 1 genus / 2 species (1/1) Australia
ecological convergent of Chrysochloridae Eyes vestigial and lensless Ears lack pinnae Cornified skin on nose Enlarged claws for digging Marsupium opens posteriorly
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Family Thylacinidae (Tasmanian wolf and thylacine) Infraclass Metatheria (marsupial mammals)
Order Dasyuromorphia (dasyuroid marsupials and marsupial carnivores)
1 genus / 1 species Australia
probably extinct digitigrade ecological equivalent of placental dogs
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Family Thylacinidae
© FLPA/Hugh Clark/age fotostock
FIGURE 15B: The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus, Thylacinidae)
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Family Myrmecobiidae (numbat)
Infraclass Metatheria (marsupial mammals) Order Dasyuromorphia (dasyuroid marsupials
and marsupial carnivores) 1 genus / 1 species Australia
ant & termite specialists reduced dentition, small & spaced long sticky tongue banded pelage pattern
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Family Dasyuridae (dasyurids)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria (marsupial mammals)
Order Dasyuromorphia (dasyuroid marsupials and marsupial carnivores)
15 genera / 61 species (18/67) Australia & New Guinea
4/3 1/1 2-3/2-3 4/4=42-46
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Family Dasyuridae
FIGURE 13A: Skull of a dasyurid marsupial
FIGURE 15A: The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii, Dasyuridae)
© Patsy A. Jacks/ShutterStock, Inc.
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Peramelidae (bandicoots and echymiperas)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Peramelemorphia (bandicoots and bilbies)
2 genera / 7 species (6,18) Australia & New Guinea 4th digit of hind foot
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Order Peramelemorphia
Hindfeet modified for cursorial locomotion
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Peroryctinae (spiny bilbies)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Peramelemorphia (bandicoots and bilbies)
4 genus / 11 species Australia & New Guinea 4th digit of hind foot
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Order Peramelemorphia
Family Thylacomyidae (bilbies) Family Chaeropodidae (pig-footed bandicoot
—extinct)
FIGURE 17: The sole remaining thylacomyid
species, the bilby Macrotis lagotis
Courtesy of Anthony Robinson
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Thylacomyidae (bilbies)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Peramelemorphia (bandicoots and bilbies)
1 genus / 2 species Australia & New Guinea Nocturnal, invertivores Dig burrows, occupy during day 1 extinct, 1 endangered
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Chaeropodidae (pig-footed bandicoot)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Peramelemorphia (bandicoots and bilbies)
1 genus / 1 species Australia & New Guinea Front didactyl (2&3), rear monodactyl (4) Extinct
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Order Diprotodontia
Family Vombatidae (wombats)
Family Phascolarctidae (koala)
Family Burramyidae (pygmy possums)
Family Phalangeridae (possums and cuscuses)
Family Tarsipedidae (noolbenger)
Family Acrobatidae (feathertail glider and feathertail possum)
Family Pseudocheiridae (ringtail possums and gliders)
Family Petauridae (trioks, Leadbeater’s possum, lesser gliders)
Family Hypsiprymnodontidae (musky rat-kangaroo)
Family Potoroidae (potoroos, rat-kangaroos, bettongs)
Family Macropodidae (kangaroos, euros, wallabies)
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Phascolarctidae (koalas)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, and relatives)
1 genus / 1 species (Phascolarctos cinereus) Australia
eucalyptus specialist 8–12 kilograms Fairly sedentary Microbial fermentation in caecum Single young dependent on mother for 1 year
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Family Phascolarctidae
FIGURE 21: Skull of the koala
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Vombatidae (wombats)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, and relatives)
2 genera / 3 species Australia
Stocky bodies up to 36 kilograms Limbs short and powerful Tail vestigial Marsupium opens posteriorly Excavate extensive networks of tunnels
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Family Vombatidae
FIGURE 19: Hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus, Vombatidae)
© Timothy Craig Lubcke/ShutterStock, Inc.
FIGURE 09D: Wombat skull
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Phalangeridae (brushtail possums and cuscuses) Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, and relatives)
6 genera / 18 species Australia & New Guinea
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Family Phalangeridae
FIGURE 23A: A male common spotted cuscus
(Spilocuscus maculatus)
© Stuart Wilson/Photo Researchers, Inc.© Gary Unwin/ShutterStock, Inc.
FIGURE 23B: The Australian brushtail possum
(Trichosurus vulpecula)
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Burramyidae (pygmy possums)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, and relatives)
2 genera / 5 species Australia Small, delicately built
(up to 40 grams) Mountain pygmy
possum capable of hibernation
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Family Burramyidae
Pygmy possums 2 genera and five species Small, delicately built (up to 40 grams) Mountain pygmy possum capable of
hibernation
Courtesy of Anthony Robinson
FIGURE 22: A pygmy possum (Cercartetus
concinnus, Burramyidae)
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Pseudocheiridae (ringtail possums)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, and relatives)
5-6 genera / 14 species (6/17) Australia
Ringtail possums and the greater glider Tail prehensile Microbial fermentation in caecum Greater glider largest gliding metatherian Largely herbivorous
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Family Pseudocheiridae
FIGURE 24: Painted ringtail (Pseudochirulus forbesi;
Pseudocheiridae)
Courtesy of Pavel German
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Petauridae (gliders, Leadbeater's possum, and striped possums) Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, & relatives)
3 genera / 10 species (3/11) Australia
Body sizes between 100 and 700 grams Tail long, bushy, and prehensile Dark dorsal stripe on head and back The lesser gliders have gliding membrane Nocturnal and arboreal (except trioks=terrestrial) Scent marking used in sugar gliders
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Family Petauridae
FIGURE 25: The sugar glider
(Petaurus breviceps; Petauridae)
© Alan & Sandy Carey/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Tarsipedidae (honey possum)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, and relatives)
1 genera / 1 species (Tarsipes rostratus) Australia
noolbender elongate rostrum / nectar feeder Long, prehensile tail Long, bristled tongue used to extract nectar Jaw muscles and teeth reduced
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Acrobatidae (feathertail gliders & pygmy gliders) Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, and relatives)
2 genera / 2 species Australia
Feather-like hairs on tail tip Feathertail glider has a gliding membrane between elbows
and knees Feathertail gliders exhibit embryonic diapause Feathertail possums (from New Guinea) are larger and lack
gliding membrane
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Hypsiprymnodontidae (musky rat kangaroo)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, and relatives)
1 genus / 1 species (Hypsiprymnodon moschatus) Australia
Formerly lumped in Potoroidae Quadrapedal Omnivorous Inhabits rain forest and riparian areas Retains all digits on hindfeet—quadrupedal
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Potoroidae (bettongs, potoroos, rat kangaroos) Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, and relatives)
5 genera / 9 species (4/10) Australia
Retain slightly prehensile tail
Well-developed upper canines
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Macropodidae (kangaroos, wallabies)
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, possums, wallabies, & relatives)
11 genera / 54 species (11/65) Australia
3/1, 10/0, 2/2, 4/4=32 or 34 900 grams to 90 kilograms Marsupium opens anteriorly Broad diastema Highly specialized for jumping Hindlimbs elongate (especially 4th metatarsal) Digits 2 & 3 small and syndactylous
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Family Macropodidae
Adapted from Marshall, L.G., Proceedings of the Royal Society Victoria 85 (1972): 51–60.
FIGURE 28: The right foot bones of some macropodid marsupials
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Family Macropodidae
© FLPA/David Hosking/age fotostock
© John Cancalosi/age fotostock
FIGURE 27B-C: Two kinds of macropodid marsupials
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Family Macropodidae
Macropodids are convergent with ungulates Browsing and grazing lifestyle Cursorial Specialized digestive system for microbial
fermentation of plant material
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FIGURE 29: Comparison of the
digestive systems of (A) a kangaroo
(Macropus giganteus) and
(B) a sheep (Ovis aries).
Adapted from Dawson, T. J. Kangaroos: Biology of the largest marsupial. Cornell University Press, 1995.
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