Fig. 7-CO, p. 184. Fig. 7-1, p. 186 Condensation Precipitation 111,000 Precipitation 385,000...
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Transcript of Fig. 7-CO, p. 184. Fig. 7-1, p. 186 Condensation Precipitation 111,000 Precipitation 385,000...
Fig. 7-CO, p. 184
Fig. 7-1, p. 186
Fig. 7-1, p. 186
Condensation
Precipitation 111,000
Precipitation 385,000Transpiration
and GlaciersEvaporation 425,000
GroundwaterOcean
Runoff 40,000Lakes
Evaporation 71,000
Fig. 7-2, p. 187
Fig. 7-2, p. 187
Salt
Table 7-1, p. 188
Fig. 7-3, p. 189
Fig. 7-3, p. 189
One kilogram of seawater
Water 965.6 g
Most abundant ions producing salinity
Other components (salinity) 34.4 g
Sodium (Na+) 10.556 g
Chloride (Cl–) 18.980 g
Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.272 gBicarbonate (HCO3
−) 0.140 gOtherCalcium (Ca2+) 0.400 g
Potassium (K+) 0.380 g
Sulfate (SO42−) 2.649 g
Table 7-2, p. 189
Fig. 7-4a, p. 190
Fig. 7-4a, p. 190
SO2 (Sulfur dioxide)CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
Cl− (chloride)SO4
2− (sulfate)
HCl (Hydrochloric acid)
Sulfur Volcano
H2S (Hydrogen sulfide)
Sea spray (ions)
Adsorption and
precipitation River discharge (ions)Ca2+ (calcium)
K+ (potassium) Ca2+ (calcium)Dissolution SO4
2− (sulfate)
UpliftMg2+ (magnesium)SO4
2− (sulfate) Bottom sediments
Ridge system
Na+ (sodium)
HCO3− (bicarbonate)
Biological processes
Chemical reactions
Fig. 7-4b, p. 190
Fig. 7-5, p. 191
Fig. 7-6, p. 192
Table 7-3, p. 192
Box 7-1, p. 193
Table 7-4, p. 194
Fig. 7-7, p. 194
Fig. 7-7, p. 194
20 20
OXYGEN NITROGEN
15 15
Seawater
10 10
5 Seawater 5
0 0C
on
cen
trat
ion
of
dis
solv
ed g
as a
t 1
atm
osp
her
e (m
illi
lite
rs p
er l
iter
)0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)Co
nce
ntr
atio
n o
f d
isso
lved
gas
at
1 at
mo
sph
ere
(mil
lili
ters
per
lit
er)
Fig. 7-8, p. 195
Fig. 7-8, p. 195
0 0
1,0004,000
2,000 O2 CO2
8,000
Dep
th (
m)
Dep
th (
ft)
3,000
12,000
4,0001 2 3 4 5 6 O2
44 46 48 50 52 CO2
Concentration of dissolved gas in milliliters per liter (ml/l)
Fig. 7-9, p. 196
Fig. 7-9, p. 196
Acidic
Neutral
Basic
pH scale
Fig. 7-10, p. 197
Fig. 7-10, p. 197
ATMOSPHERE
CO2 (dissolved)
H2O H2CO3CO2 (gas)
+ Carbonic acid
H+ HCO3– bicarbonate ion
PhotosynthesisRespiration
OH–
H+ + CO32− carbonate ion
Precipitation Solution
OCEAN BOTTOM CaCO3 Carbonate sediments or shells
CO2
O2 (dissolved)
Fig. 7-11, p. 198
Fig. 7-11, p. 198
100%
HCO3–
(bicarbonate ion)
H2CO3 (carbonic
acid)CO3
2− (carbonate ion)50%
Average pH of seawater
Normal pH range of seawater
Rel
ativ
e ab
un
dan
ce o
f ca
rbo
nic
ac
id,
bic
arb
on
ate
ion
, an
d
carb
on
ate
ion
in
sea
wat
er
0%4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH5
Fig. 7-12, p. 198
Fig. 7-12, p. 198
8.0 average ocean pH
pH7.0 7.5 8.5 9.0
0
Upper sunlit layer2,000
1,000 Bottom of photo-synthetic zone
4,000
6,0002,000
8,000
3,000 10,000
Dep
th (
m)
12,000 Dep
th (
ft)
4,000CCD 14,000
5,000 16,000
18,000
6,000
8.0