Fig. 3-00. Fig. 3-01 Carbon skeletons vary in length Carbon skeletons may have double bonds, which...
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Transcript of Fig. 3-00. Fig. 3-01 Carbon skeletons vary in length Carbon skeletons may have double bonds, which...
Fig. 3-00
Fig. 3-01
Carbon skeletons vary in length Carbon skeletons may have double bonds,which can vary in location
Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings
Double bond
Fig. 3-01a
Carbon skeletons vary in length
Fig. 3-01b
Double bondCarbon skeletons may have double bonds,
which can vary in location
Fig. 3-01c
Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched
Fig. 3-01d
Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings
Fig. 3-02
Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model
Fig. 3-02a
Structural formula
Fig. 3-02b
Ball-and-stick model
Fig. 3-02c
Space-filling model
Fig. 3-03
Fig. 3-04
Short polymer Monomer
Dehydrationreaction
Longer polymer
Hydrolysis
(a) Building a polymer chain (b) Breaking a polymer chain
Fig. 3-04a
Short polymer Monomer
Dehydrationreaction
Longer polymer
(a) Building a polymer chain
Fig. 3-04b
Hydrolysis
(b) Breaking a polymer chain
Fig. 3-05
Glucose Fructose
C6H12O6 C6H12O6
Isomers
Fig. 3-05a
Glucose Fructose
C6H12O6 C6H12O6
Isomers
Fig. 3-06
(a) Linear and ring structures
(b) Abbreviatedring structure
Fig. 3-06a
(a) Linear and ring structures
Fig. 3-06b
(b) Abbreviated ring structure
Fig. 3-07
Glucose Galactose
Lactose
Fig. 3-08
processed to extract
broken down into
converted to sweeter
added to foods ashigh-fructose corn syrup
Starch
Glucose
Fructose
Ingredients: carbonated water,high-fructose corn syrup,caramel color, phosphoric acid,natural flavors
Fig. 3-09
Glucosemonomer
(a) Starch
(b) Glycogen
(c) Cellulose
Starch granules
Glycogengranules
Cellulose fibril
Cellulosemolecules
Fig. 3-10
Oil (hydrophobic)
Vinegar (hydrophilic)
Fig. 3-11
Fatty acid
Glycerol
(a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol
(b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”
Fig. 3-11a
Fatty acid
Glycerol
(a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol
Fig. 3-11b
(b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”
Fig. 3-12
Saturated Fats
TYPES OF FATS
Unsaturated Fats
Margarine
Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats
INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND
DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS
Fig. 3-12a
Saturated Fats
Fig. 3-12b
Unsaturated Fats
Margarine
Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats
INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND
DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS
Fig. 3-13
Cholesterol
Testosterone A type of estrogen
Fig. 3-14
THG
Fig. 3-15
MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS
Structural Proteins Storage Proteins Contractile Proteins Transport Proteins Enzymes
Fig. 3-15a
Structural Proteins (provide support)
Fig. 3-15b
Storage Proteins (provide amino acids for growth)
Fig. 3-15c
Contractile Proteins (help movement)
Fig. 3-15d
Transport Proteins (help transport substances)
Fig. 3-15e
Enzymes (help chemical reactions)
Fig. 3-16
(a) The general structure of an amino acid
(b) Examples of amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilicside groups
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Hydrophobicside group
Hydrophilicside group
Leucine Serine
Sidegroup
Fig. 3-16a
(a) The general structure of an amino acid
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
Fig. 3-16b
(b) Examples of amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilicside groups
Hydrophobicside group
Hydrophilicside group
Leucine Serine
Fig. 3-17-1Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Amino acid Amino acid
Fig. 3-17-2Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Amino acid Amino acid
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Dehydration reaction
Peptide bond
Fig. 3-18
Amino acid
1 510
20
15
253035
40
45
50 55
6065
70
75 8085
9095100
105
110 115
120125
129
Fig. 3-19
Normal red blood cell
Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
(b) Sickle-cell hemoglobin
(a) Normal hemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin
1 2 3 45 6 7. . . 146
1 2 3 4 5 6 7. . . 146
SE
MS
EM
Fig. 3-19a
Normal red blood cell
(a) Normal hemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin
1 2 3 45 6 7. . . 146
SE
M
Fig. 3-19b
Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
(b) Sickle-cell hemoglobin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7. . . 146
SE
M
Fig. 3-20-1
(a) Primarystructure
Fig. 3-20-2
(a) Primarystructure
(b) Secondary structure
Aminoacids
Pleated sheet
Alpha helix
Fig. 3-20-3
(a) Primarystructure
(b) Secondary structure
Aminoacids
Pleated sheet
Alpha helix
(c) Tertiarystructure
Polypeptide
Fig. 3-20-4
(a) Primarystructure
(b) Secondary structure
Aminoacids
Pleated sheet
Alpha helix
(c) Tertiarystructure
Polypeptide
(d) Quaternarystructure
Protein withfour polypeptides
Fig. 3-21
Protein
Target
Fig. 3-22
Gene
DNA
RNA
Protein
Amino acid
Nucleic acids
Fig. 3-23
Nitrogenous base(A, G, C, or T)
Thymine (T)
Phosphategroup
Sugar(deoxyribose)
(a) Atomic structure (b) Symbol used in this book
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Fig. 3-23a
Nitrogenous base(A, G, C, or T)
Thymine (T)
Phosphategroup
Sugar(deoxyribose)
(a) Atomic structure
Fig. 3-23b
(b) Symbol used in this book
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Fig. 3-24
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Space-filling model of DNA
Fig. 3-24a
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Fig. 3-24b
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Space-filling model of DNA
Fig. 3-25
Sugar-phosphatebackbone
NucleotideBasepair
Hydrogenbond
Bases
(a) DNA strand(polynucleotide)
(b) Double helix(two polynucleotide strands)
Fig. 3-25aSugar-phosphatebackbone
Nucleotide
Bases
(a) DNA strand(polynucleotide)
Fig. 3-25b
Basepair
Hydrogenbond
(b) Double helix(two polynucleotide strands)
Fig. 3-26
Phosphategroup
Nitrogenous base(A, G, C, or U)
Uracil (U)
Sugar (ribose)
Fig. 3-27
DNA
Human cell(DNA in 46
Chromosomes)
Chromosome 2(one DNA molecule)
Section ofchromosome 2
Lactase gene
14,000 nucleotides
C at this site causeslactose intoleranceT at this site causeslactose tolerance
Fig. 3-28
Fig. 3-UN01
Short polymer Monomer Hydrolysis
Dehydrationreaction
Longer polymer
Fig. 3-UN02
Large biologicalmolecules
Functions Components Examples
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Dietary energy;storage; plantstructure
Long-termenergy storage(fats);hormones(steroids)
Enzymes, structure,storage, contraction,transport, and others
Informationstorage
Monosaccharides:glucose, fructoseDisaccharides:lactose, sucrosePolysaccharides:starch, cellulose
Fats (triglycerides);Steroids(testosterone,estrogen)
Lactase(an enzyme),hemoglobin(a transport protein)
DNA, RNA
Monosaccharide
Components ofa triglyceride
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Fatty acid
Glycerol
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Fig. 3-UN02a
Functions Components Examples
Dietary energy;storage; plantstructure
Monosaccharides:glucose, fructoseDisaccharides:lactose, sucrosePolysaccharides:starch, cellulose
Monosaccharide
Carbohydrates
Fig. 3-UN02b
Functions Components Examples
Lipids
Long-termenergy storage(fats);hormones(steroids)
Fats (triglycerides);Steroids(testosterone,estrogen)Components of
a triglyceride
Fatty acid
Glycerol
Fig. 3-UN02c
Functions Components Examples
Proteins
Enzymes, structure,storage, contraction,transport, and others
Lactase(an enzyme),hemoglobin(a transport protein)
Amino acid
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
Fig. 3-UN02d
Functions Components Examples
Nucleic acids
Informationstorage DNA, RNA
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Fig. 3-UN03
Primary structure
(sequence ofamino acids)
Secondary structure
(localized folding)
Tertiary structure
(overall shape)
Quaternary structure
(found in proteins with
multiple polypeptides)
Fig. 3-UN04
DNAdouble helix DNA strand DNA nucleotide
Base
Sugar
Phosphategroup