Fig. 13.1. Fig. 13.2 Fig. 13.3 Table 13-2. Examples of Neurotransmitters and the Chemical Groups to...

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Fig. 13.1

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Transcript of Fig. 13.1. Fig. 13.2 Fig. 13.3 Table 13-2. Examples of Neurotransmitters and the Chemical Groups to...

Page 1: Fig. 13.1. Fig. 13.2 Fig. 13.3 Table 13-2. Examples of Neurotransmitters and the Chemical Groups to which they belong.

Fig. 13.1

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Fig. 13.2

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Fig. 13.3

Page 4: Fig. 13.1. Fig. 13.2 Fig. 13.3 Table 13-2. Examples of Neurotransmitters and the Chemical Groups to which they belong.

Table 13-2. Examples of Neurotransmitters and the Chemical Groups to which they belong

Chemical Group Neurotransmitter Function

Cholinergic Acetylcholine Excitatory or inhibitorydepending on the type of

receptorBiogenic amines Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Dopamine

Serotonin

Histamine

Amino acids Glutamate Excitatory

Aspartate

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) Inhibitory

Glycine

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Fig. 13.4

Page 6: Fig. 13.1. Fig. 13.2 Fig. 13.3 Table 13-2. Examples of Neurotransmitters and the Chemical Groups to which they belong.

Name of the Structure in thePeripheral Nervous System

Name of the Structure in theCentral Nervous System

Aggregation of cell bodies A ganglion, often associated

with a spinal or cranial nerve

or lying as a chain of ganglia

adjacent to the spinal cord

A nucleus within the gray

matter or a cortex within gray

matter in the roof of certain

brain regions (sometimes also

called a ganglion, a locus, an

area or other terms).

A bundle of myelinated axons A nerve A tract (or, rarely, a nerve, as

for the optic nerve).

Glial cells responsible for

myelination

Schwann cells Oligodendrocytes

Other types of glial cells Astrocytes

Microglia

Aggregation of cell bodies A ganglion, often associatedwith a spinal or cranial nerveor lying as a chain of gangliaadjacent to the spinal cord

A nucleus within the graymatter or a cortex within graymatter in the roof of certainbrain regions (sometimes alsocalled a ganglion, a locus, anarea or other terms).

Table 13-1. Comparison of Terms for Structures and Cells in the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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Fig. 13.5

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Fig. 13.6

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Table 13-3. Four Functional Groups of Neurons

Functional Group Subgroup Information carried Comments

Somatic sensory Special somatic

sensory

Sensory afferents

from ear, lateral lineand electroreceptiveorgans

Restricted to certain

cranial nerves

General somaticsensory

Sensory afferentsfrom pain,temperature and touchreceptors in skin

Found in spinal andcranial nerves

Visceral sensory Special visceralsensory

Sensory afferentsfrom taste buds

Restricted to certaincranial nerves

General visceral

sensory

Sensory afferents

from wall of visceraltube

Found in spinal and

cranial nerves

Visceral motor(= autonomic)

Motor to glands andmuscles of thevisceral tube

Found in spinal andcranial nerves

Somatic motor Motor to skeletalmuscles of the bodywall, includingbranchiomericmuscles

Found in spinal andcranial nerves

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Fig. 13.7

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Fig. 13.8

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Fig. 13.9

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Fig. 13.10

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Fig. 13.11

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Fig. 13.12

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Fig. 13.13

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Fig. 13.14

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Fig. 13.15

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Fig. 13.16

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Fig. 13.17

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Fig. 13.18

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Table 13-4. Cranial Nerves and Their Major Functional Components

Chondrichthyans Condition in

amniotes

Somatic Sensory Visceral Sensory Visceral

Motor

Somatic

motor

Nerves General

&

Proprio-

receptive

Special General Special

0 Terminal X No change

I Olfactory X Vomeronasal

component usually

added

II Optic X Less decussation of

fibers

III Oculomotor X X No change

IV Trochlear X No change

VI Abducens X No change

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Table 13-4. Cranial Nerves and Their Major Functional ComponentsChondrichthyans Condition in

amniotes

Somatic Sensory Visceral Sensory Visceral

Motor

Somatic

motor

Nerves General

&

Proprio-

receptive

Special General Special

ADLLN

Anterodorsal

Lateral Line

Nerve

X Lost

AVLLN

Anteroventral

Lateral Line

Nerve

X Lost

OLLN Otic

Lateral Line

Nerve

X Lost

MLLN Middle

Lateral Line

Nerve

X Lost

STLLN

Supratemporal

Lateral Line

Nerve

X Lost

PLLN

Posterior

Lateral Line

Nerve

X Lost

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Table 13-4. Cranial Nerves and Their Major Functional Components

Chondrichthyans Condition in

amniotes

Somatic Sensory Visceral Sensory Visceral

Motor

Somatic

motor

Nerves General

&

Proprio-

receptive

Special General Special

V Trigeminal X X No change

VII Facial X X X X Autonomic fibers to

lacrimal and rostral

salivary glands

added

VIII

Statoacoustic

or

Vestibulo-

cochlear

X No change

IX

Glossopharyn-

geal

X X X X Autonomic fibers to

parotid glands added

X Vagus X X X X X Reduction of

somatic motor

fibers; accessory

branch becomes

cranial nerve XI

Occipitals X X Becomes cranial

nerve XII

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Fig. 13.19

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Fig. 13.20

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Table 13-5. Segmentation of Cranial Muscles and Nerves Head

Segment

Origin Visceral

Arch

Muscles Ventral

Nerves(Somatic

Motor)

Dorsal Nerves

(Somatic MotorGeneral Somatic

and Visceral

Sensory)

Octavo-

LateralisNerves

Chemosensory

Nerves

O Terminal

I Olfactory

1 Somito

mere

1

2

Most

extrinsic

ocular

muscles

III Oculo-

motor

Deep ophthalmic

branch of V?

(profundus)

2 3

4

1 Mandibular

arch and

Dorsal

oblique

IV

Trochlear

V Trigeminal

3 5

6

2 Hyoid arch

and Lateralrectus

VI

Abducens

VII Facial X X (Gustatory)

X

VII Stato-acoustic

4 7

Lost?

3 1st branchial

arch

IX Glosso-

pharyngeal

X X

(Gustatory)

5 Somites

1

4 2nd

branchial

arch

X Vagus X X

(Gustatory)

6 2 5 3rd branchial

arch and

Hypo-

branchialmuscles

Occipital X Vagus X X

(Gustatory)

Head

Segment

Origin Visceral

Arch

Muscles Ventral

Nerves

(Somatic

Motor)

Dorsal Nerves

(Somatic Motor

General Somatic

and Visceral

Sensory)

Octavo-

Lateralis

Nerves

Chemosensory

Nerves

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Fig. 13.21

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Fig. 13.22

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Sensory ganglia Parasympathetic ganglia

Nerve Proximal Distal

0 Terminal

I Olfactory

II Optic

III Oculomotor Ciliary ganglion

IV Trochlear

V Trigeminal Semilunar ganglion

VI Abducens

VII Facial Geniculate ganglion(dual origin fromneural crest and anepibranchialplacode)

Submandibular ganglionSphenopalatine ganglionEthmoidal ganglion

VIII Statoacoustic orVestibulocochlear

Acoustic ganglion

IX

Glossopharyngeal

Superior ganglion Petrosal ganglion Otic

X Vagus Jugular ganglion Nodose ganglion

XI Accessory

XII Hypoglossal

Table 13-6. Ganglia associated with cranial nerves of an amniote

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Fig. 13.23

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Fig. 13.24

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Table 13-8. Comparison of Characteristics of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Location of cell body within CNS and outflowpoint for preganglionic neurons

Hindbrain and sacralregions of spinal cord

(= craniosacral)

Thoracic and lumbarregions of spinal cord

(= thoracolumbar)

Location of ganglia Close to target organ Close to spinal cord

Length of preganglionic axons Long Short

Length of postganglionic axons Short Long

Preganglionic neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Acetylcholine

Postganglionic neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Norepinephrine

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Page 35: Fig. 13.1. Fig. 13.2 Fig. 13.3 Table 13-2. Examples of Neurotransmitters and the Chemical Groups to which they belong.

Figure 13-7. Examples of the Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Stimulation in Mammals Organs Sympathetic Stimulation Parasympathetic Stimulation

Endocrine glands

Adrenal medulla Secretes *

Cardiovascular System

Heart rate

Force of ventricular contraction

Coronary arteries

Arteries in skeletal muscles

Increases

Increases

Dilate

Active ones dilate

Decreases

-

Constrict

-

Lungs

Muscles in bronchioles Relax Contract

Digestive organs

Salivary glands

Gastric glands

Pancreas

Liver

Visceral blood vessels

Intestinal muscles

Anal sphincter

Secretion of mucous

-

-

Releases sugar into blood

Constrict

Relax

Contracts

Secretion of enzymes

Secretion

Secretion

Bile flows

Dilate

Contract

Relaxes

Urogenital organs

Bladder sphincter

Arteries of external genitalia

Contracts

Constrict

Relaxes

Relax

Skin

Hair muscles

Sweat Glands

Cutaneous arteries

Contract

Secretion

Constrict

-

-

-

Eye

Iris sphincter

Iris dilator

Ciliary muscles

-

Contracts

Relax

Contracts

-

Contract* Innervation not present

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