Fifty Years of Biochemistry: Progress in Food and Nutrition Security in Bangladesh
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Transcript of Fifty Years of Biochemistry: Progress in Food and Nutrition Security in Bangladesh
Fifty Years of Biochemistry: Progress in Fifty Years of Biochemistry: Progress in Food and Nutrition Security in Food and Nutrition Security in
BangladeshBangladesh
by
Harun K.M. Yusuf, PhD, FBAS
Professor of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition,
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka.
Currently
National Nutrition Advisor to FAO of the UN, National Food Policy
Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP)Presented at the Golden Jubilee Scientific Conference, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dhaka University, 30 November 2008.
PROFESSOR KAMALUDDIN AHMAD
- 2003
Establishment of the Department of Establishment of the Department of Biochemistry at Dhaka University in Biochemistry at Dhaka University in
1957 by Professor Kamaluddin Ahmad1957 by Professor Kamaluddin Ahmad
• A milestone - the birth of the science of biochemistry and nutrition in this part of the Sub-continent.
• This mother Department subsequently gave birth to the Departments of Pharmacy (now a Faculty of 3 Departments), Microbiology and Genetic Engg. & Biotechnology and the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS).
Nutrition Survey of East PakistanNutrition Survey of East Pakistan
1962-64 1962-64
Another milestone –
Revelation of widespread malnutrition, especially
among the children and women widespread vitamin-mineral deficiencies,
particularly vitamin A deficiency
nightblindness, iodine deficiency goitre,
and iron deficiency anaemia.
“This report presents the findings and recommendations of one of the most comprehensive nutrition surveys ever conducted. It is our sincere hope that this study will substantially contribute to improved nutrition and health of the people of Pakistan” ….
…..the organization direction of Dr. Kamaluddin Ahmad, Head of Biochemistry Department at Dhaka University was the “largest single factor in its success” …
Dr. Arnold E. SchaeferExecutive Director Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for NationalDefense, U.S. Department of Health, Education andWelfare
Major recommendations of the Major recommendations of the 1962-64 Survey1962-64 Survey
• Increase in food production and availability• Development of food processing and
preservation• A campaign to improve the nutrition of the
preschool children• Introduce an expanded school lunch
programme• Continued research on micronutrient
deficiencies – iodine deficiency goitre, Vitamin A deficiency nightblindness, iron deficiency anaemia
Fig. 1: Food production in Bangladesh, 1971-2008
5
15
25
35
Tota
l, m
illio
n M
T
00.511.52
Whe
at, m
illion
MT
Rice Total net Wheat
Fig. 2: Changing food intake pattern in Bangladesh, 1991-2005 (BBS HIES)
0200400600800
1000
Total food Rice Wheat Totalcereal
Total non-cereal
g/ca
pita
/day
1991-92 1995-96 2000 2005
Fig. 3: Increases in intake of some food items in Bangladesh, 1991-2005 (BBS HIES)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1991-92 1995-96 2000 2005
g/c
apit
a/d
ay
Meat and Egg Milk Fish Potato Fruits
Share of food groups as percentage of DES (FAOSTAT 2005) (Kcal/capita/day)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Bangladesh
Viet Nam
India
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Pakistan
China
Japan
Thailand
Italy
Germany
USA
Cereals
Sugar
Oil
Roots & tubers
Fruits + vegetable
Meat, milk, egg and fish
Other
Fig. 4: Fall in percent dietary energy supply from cereals in Bangladesh (1991-2005)(BBS HIES) and its
projection up to 2020 (author's own calculation)
72.2 69
6065
72.9
79.6
75.678.5
80.375.277.1
79.7
66.769.2 68.5
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
1991-92
1995-96
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
DE
S c
ereal (
%)
National Rural Urban
Fig. 5: Association between DES Cereal% and % stunting in U-5 children (n = 20, p = 0.000)
(author's own calculation from
FAO RAP data, 2007)y = 0.7634x - 17.671
R 2 = 0.5154
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
DES Cereal%
% S
tun
tin
g
Fig. 6: Stunting and underweight in U-5 children in Bangladesh: Shall we attain MDG target?
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
7519
90
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Pre
va
len
ce
(%
)Stunting Underweight MDG target (stunting) MDG target (underweight)
Fig. 7: Changes in maternal malnutrition rates in Bangladesh, 1997- 2005 (BBS)
53
45
3632
7 1116 17
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1996-97 1999-00 2004 2005
Pre
vale
nce, %
CED (BMI<18.5) Overweight (BMI>=23)
Figure 8: Fall in nightblindness among under-5 children in Bangladesh, 1962-2006
4.13.6
1.781 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1
0
1
2
3
4
5
1962-64
1982 1989 1995 1997 1999 2002 2005
Per
cen
t
Iodine deficiency, the mostIodine deficiency, the most corrosive nutritional corrosive nutritional
diseasedisease• Affects physical growth and
development
• Damages the brain - structurally and - functionally -----leading to loss
of intelligence quotient (IQ)
Implications of Loss of IQImplications of Loss of IQ
•Poor scholastic performance•Frequent failures/grade
repetitions•Absenteeism/drop outs•Reduced contribution to
socio-economic development
Economic cost of IQ loss due Economic cost of IQ loss due to Iodine deficiencyto Iodine deficiency
• The loss of just one IQ point is associated with an overall reduction in lifetime earnings of 2.39%.
• Iodine deficiency is associated with an average loss of 13.5 IQ points, equating to a loss of 13.5 x 2.39 = 32.3% of lifetime earnings. i.e. about 1/3rd of lifetime earnings.
Fig. 9: Change in goitre prevalence among women and children in Bangladesh, 1962-2005
6.217.2
49.9
2611.7
24.2
55.6
32.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1962-64 1993 1999 2004-5
To
tal g
oit
re r
ate
(%
)
Children Women
Figure 10: Fall in iodine deficiency (UIE<100 ug/L) in school aged children and women, 1993 -2004/5
71
42.5
70.2
38.633.8
45.6
20304050607080
1993 1999 2004-5
Perc
ent
Children Women
IQ points saved during the last decade IQ points saved during the last decade in Bangladeshin Bangladesh
Goitre prevalence in 1962-64 = 29% Goitre prevalence in 1993 = 47% Annual incremental rate (in 30 years) = 0.6% Projected goitre prevalence in 2004-05 = 54% Actual goitre prevalence in 2004-05 = 6% IQ lost in goitre on average = 13.5 points Population in 2005 = 139 million Projected loss of IQ in 2005 = 1.01 billion Estimated loss of IQ in 2005 = 1.12 billion
IQ points saved in 12 years (1993-2005) = 0.9 billion
It is indisputable that the National IQ is the nation’s greatest single economic asset.
It must be protected at all costs.
Figure: Anaemia prevalence in Bangladesh, 2001-03 (BBS/UNICEF, 2004)
76.5
58.3
41.949.2
26.2 29.9 30.3
45.5
20304050607080
6-11
m
12-2
3 m
24-5
9 m
6-59
m
Boy
s
Gir
ls
Non
-pr
egna
nt
Preg
nant
Under-5 children Adolescents Women
Perc
enta
ge
Policy actionsPolicy actions
• Bangladesh Food and Nutrition Policy
• Bangladesh National Plan of Action for Nutrition
• National Food Policy 2006
The National Food Policy 2006 is one of the most comprehensive, pro-poor, gender-sensitive equitable food policy government documents.
The global objective of the Policy
is to ensure food and nutrition security for all.
A Plan of Action (PoA) has been developed with the technical assistance of the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP), a project being jointly implemented by GoB (Government of Bangladesh) and FAO of the UN.
The PoA covers areas of action to address all three dimensions of food security - food production and availability, food accessibility and food utilization for nutrition.
The PoA is now under active implementation.
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